High-precision measurements of the scattering observables such as cross
sections and analyzing powers for the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up
reactions have been performed at KVI in the last two decades and elsewhere to
investigate various aspects of the three-nucleon force (3NF) effects
simultaneously. In 2006 an experiment was performed to study these effects in
$\vec{p}+d$ break-up reaction at 135 MeV with the detection system, Big
Instrument for Nuclear polarization Analysis, BINA. BINA covers almost the
entire kinematical phase space of the break-up reaction. The results are
interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations and are
partly presented in this contribution.Comment: Proceedings of 19th International IUPAP Conference on Few-Body
  Problems in Physics, Bonn University, 31.08 - 05.09.2009, Bonn, GERMAN

Amir-Ahmadi, H. R.

Biegun, A.

Eplelbaum, E

Eslami-Kalantari, M.

Gasparic, I.

Hammer, HW

Joulaeizadeh, L.

Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.

Kozela, A.

Mardanpour, H.

Meibner, UG

Messchendorp, J. G.

Moeini, H.

Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani, A.

Shende, S. V.

St Kistryn, [No Value]

Stephan, E.

Sworst, R.

English

arXiv

High-precision measurements of the scattering observables such as cross sections and analyzing powers for the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up reactions have been performed at KVI in the last two decades and elsewhere to investigate various aspects of the three-nucleon force (3NF) effects simultaneously. In 2006 an experiment was performed to study these effects in p+d break-up reaction at 135 MeV with the detection system, Big Instrument for Nuclear polarization Analysis, BINA. BINA covers almost the entire kinematical phase space of the break-up reaction. The results are interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations and are partly presented in this contribution

NARCIS 

Measurements of scattering observables for the pd break-up reaction

M. Eslami-Kalantari

H.R. Amir-Ahmadi

A. Biegun

I. Gašparic

L. Joulaeizadeh

N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki

St. Kistryn

A. Kozela

H. Mardanpour

J.G. Messchendorp

H. Moeini

A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani

S.V. Shende

E. Stephan

R. Sworst

Crossref

Measurements of scattering observables for the
                    pd

High-precision measurements of the scattering observables such as cross sections and analyzing powers for the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up reactions have been performed at KVI in the last two decades and elsewhere to investigate various aspects of the three-nucleon force (3NF) effects simultaneously. In 2006 an experiment was performed to study these effects in p+d break-up reaction at 135 MeV with the detection system, Big Instrument for Nuclear polarization Analysis, BINA. BINA covers almost the entire kinematical phase space of the break-up reaction. The results are interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations and are partly presented in this contribution.</p

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

High-precision measurements of the scattering observables such as cross sections and analyzing powers for the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up reactions have been performed at KVI in the last two decades and elsewhere to investigate various aspects of the three-nucleon force (3NF) effects simultaneously. In 2006 an experiment was performed to study these effects in p+d break-up reaction at 135 MeV with the detection system, Big Instrument for Nuclear polarization Analysis, BINA. BINA covers almost the entire kinematical phase space of the break-up reaction. The results are interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations and are partly presented in this contributio

Amir-Ahmadi, H.R.

Kistryn, St.

Messchendorp, J.G.

Shende, S.V.

Stephan, Elżbieta

Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Śląskiego RE-BUŚ

             Title: Measurements of scattering observables for the pd break-up reaction  Author: M. Eslami-Kalantari, H.R. Amir-Ahmadi, A. Biegun, I. Gasparic, L. Joulaeizadeh, Elżbieta Stephan i in.  Citation style: Eslami-Kalantari M., Amir-Ahmadi H.R., Biegun A., Gasparic I., Joulaeizadeh L., Stephan Elżbieta i in. (2010). Measurements of scattering observables for the pd break-up reaction. “EPJ Web of Conferences” (vol. 3 (2010), art. no. 05010), doi 10.1051/epjconf/20100305010.  Measurements of scattering observables for the pd break-up reactionM. Eslami-Kalantari1,2,a, H.R. Amir-Ahmadi1, A. Biegun1, I. Gasˇparic3, L. Joulaeizadeh1, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki1,St. Kistryn4, A. Kozela5, H. Mardanpour1, J.G. Messchendorp1, H. Moeini1, A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani1,6, S.V.Shende1, E. Stephan7, and R. Sworst41 KVI, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands2 Faculty of Physics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran3 Rudjer Bosˇkovic´ Institute, Zagreb, Coratia4 Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kracow, Poland5 Henryk Niewodniczan´ski, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kracow, Poland6 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran7 Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, PolandAbstract. High-precision measurements of the scattering observables such as cross sections and analyzingpowers for the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up reactions have been performed at KVI in the last two decadesand elsewhere to investigate various aspects of the three-nucleon force (3NF) effects simultaneously. In 2006 anexperiment was performed to study these effects in p+d break-up reaction at 135 MeV with the detection system,Big Instrument for Nuclear polarization Analysis, BINA. BINA covers almost the entire kinematical phase spaceof the break-up reaction. The results are interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations and arepartly presented in this contribution.In the last few decades, several nucleon-nucleon poten-tials (NNPs) have been studied extensively to describe theproperties of bound nuclear systems by comparing high-precision two-nucleon scattering data with modern poten-tials based on the exchange of bosons [1–4]. The mod-ern NNPs reproduce the world database with a reduced χ2close to one and have, therefore, been accepted as high-quality potentials. Deficiencies of theoretical predictionsbased on pair-wise nucleon-nucleon potentials have beenobserved in three-nucleon scattering observables. For ex-ample, exact solutions of the Lippmann-Schwinger equa-tions (Faddeev calculations) [5] solely based on modernNN interactions fail to describe high-precision differentialcross sections of proton-deuteron elastic scattering at inter-mediate energies obtained at many laboratories includingKVI [6–9], Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RIKEN)[14,15] and RCNP [16]. Calculations based on NNPs in-cluding 2pi-exchange type three-nucleon forces (3NFs) re-move this discrepancy for a large part and lead to a gooddescription of the measured cross sections for energies be-low 100 MeV/nucleon. However, the description of spinobservables such as vector and in particular the tensor ana-lyzing powers is not satisfactory and an inclusion of 3NFsis not sufficient to remedy the observed discrepancies [11,6–8].The break-up reaction has a rich phase space whichallows a systematic study of the 3NF. Predictions showthat large 3NF effects can be expected at specific kine-a e-mail: meslami@yazduni.ac.irmatical regions in the break-up reaction. For other phasespace regions, the effect can be small, which make them,therefore, suitable for benchmark studies. In elastic andbreak-up reactions, precision data for a large energy inter-val for the differential cross section and analyzing powerhave come from recent experimental studies at KVI [6–8,10,9,12,13]. Break-up cross sections and analyzing pow-ers for a beam energy of Edlab = 130 MeV have been pub-lished in Refs. [17–21]. For a further study of 3NF effects,we have measured the break-up cross sections and vectoranalyzing powers for a proton beam energy of Eplab = 135MeV. In this experiment, cross sections and vector ana-lyzing powers in p + d → p + p + n reaction were mea-sured using a polarized beam on a liquid-deuterium tar-get [22]. The results are compared with predictions derivedfrom state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations and are partlyreported here.The proton-deuteron break-up experiment described inthis paper was performed using the recently-developed de-tection system, BINA. The energy correlation between thetwo outgoing protons, E1 vs. E2, as shown in Fig. 1, wasstudied for a large number of kinematic configurations. Toobtain the cross section and the analyzing power, severalslices along the S -curve were made. The angular rangesfor the integration of events was chosen to be ∆θ1=∆θ2=4◦and ∆φ12=10◦, which were wide enough to have sufficientstatistics, while variations of the cross section within theseranges are small. In this way, the experimental cross sec-tions can be directly compared with the theoretical predic-tions calculated for the central values of a specific config-EPJ Web of Conferences ?, 05010 (2010) DOI:10.1051/epjconf/2010??05010 © Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2010 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License 3.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any noncommercial medium, provided the original work is properly cited?Article available at http://www.epj-conferences.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20100305010EPJ Web of Conferencesuration. The projection of the indicated region in Fig. 1 on [MeV]2E0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 [MeV]1E020406080100120140°=18012φ °=252θ °=251θD−axisFig. 1: The coincidence spectrum between the ener-gies E1 versus E2 of the two protons registered at(θ1,θ2,φ12)=(25◦±2◦,25◦±2◦,180◦±5◦). The solid line showsthe kinematical curve, the so-called S -curve calculated for thecentral values of the experimental angular ranges.the line perpendicular to the S -curve is shown in Fig. 2.This spectrum contains break-up events around channel 0and background from accidental events and contributionsresulting from the hadronic interaction of particles in thescintillator material of the detector. This projection axis isdenoted the D-axis. The crossing point of the S -curve withthe D-axis defines the zero point.D [MeV]-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30Counts050100150200250300350400Fig. 2: The projection of the slice chosen in Fig. 1 along theD-axis. The solid line is the sum of a third-order polynomialbackground function and a Gaussian distribution representing thepeak.The accidental background is located at channels higherthan the main peak in Fig. 2 and is already subtracted ex-ploiting the relative time-of-flight information between thetwo protons. The contributions from hadronic interactionare located at lower channels on the D-axis which corre-spond to events below the S -curve in Fig. 1. These eventsare mostly “true” break-up events. At this stage, this con-tribution is fitted using a third-order polynomial togetherwith the main peak represented by a Gaussian function.The number of events underneath the Gaussian peak willbe referred to as the number of break-up events and willbe used to obtain the cross section and analyzing powerafter making efficiency corrections such as the one fromhadronic interaction.Figure 3 shows the cross section, d5σdΩ1 dΩ2 dS[µb/(sr2MeV)],as a function of S [MeV] for the symmetric and coplanarconfiguration with (θ1, θ2, φ12) = (25◦, 25◦, 180◦). In this1=25o2=25o12=180o40 60 80 100 120 140234NNNN+TM’CDB+This Exp.d5/d12dS[b/(sr2 MeV)]S [MeV]Fig. 3: The cross section is plotted as a function of S [MeV]for the kinematical configuration, (θ1, θ2, φ12) = (25◦, 25◦, 180◦).Lines represent Faddeev calculations from the Hannover-Lisbon,and Bochum-Krakow groups. The dotted line represents the crosssection using the CD-Bonn two-nucleon potential, the solid lineshows the CD-Bonn+TM’ calculation. The dashed line repre-sents the results of a calculation by the Hannover-Lisbon group,which is based on the extended CD-Bonn potential, including avirtual ∆ excitation in a coupled-channel approach.figure, the lines represent the predictions by the Bochum-Krakow and Hannover-Lisbon theory groups [23–27]. Thedotted line is the result of calculations using the CD-Bonntwo-nucleon potential and the solid line presents the calcu-lation including the three-body force, TM’, as well. Thedashed line represents the result of a calculation by theHannover-Lisbon group, which is based on the extendedCD-Bonn potential including a virtual ∆ excitation in acoupled-channel approach.05010-p.219th International IUPAP Conference on Few-Body Problems in PhysicsIn the following, we describe the determination of thevector analyzing power, Ay, by using a polarized protonbeam and by measuring the induced asymmetry in the crosssection. The relation between dσs= dσ↑,↓ and the unpo-larzied cross section, dσ0, isdσ↑,↓ = dσ0(1 + p↑,↓ · Ay · cos φ), (1)for an incoming proton beam with spin up (↑) or spin down(↓) and a vector analyzing power, Ay. Here φ is the anglebetween quantization axis for the beam polarization andthe normal to the scattering plane in the laboratory frameof reference. From the two cross sections, dσ↑ and dσ↓,with polarizations, p↑ and p↓, the analyzing power can beobtained from the asymmetry,Ay cos φ =dσ↑ − dσ↓dσ↓p↑ − dσ↑p↓ . (2)The reaction asymmetry can be measured by exploitingthe distribution of events obtained with beam polarizationsup and down together with the values of the beam polar-ization in these two modes. This gives a periodic functionin φ with an amplitude that corresponds to Ay. Figure 4shows the asymmetry as a function of φ for a particular binin S . By exploiting the asymmetry distribution for each [deg]φ0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350)↓ p↑σ- ↑ p↓σ)/(↓σ- ↑σ(-0.4-0.200.20.40.6Fig. 4: The asymmetry, Ay cos φ, in the break-up reaction as afunction of the azimuthal scattering angle of one of the protons,φ.S -bin, the vector-analyzing power, Ay, is obtained for ev-ery kinematical configuration, (θ1, θ2, φ12). Figure 5 repre-sents the analyzing-power for the configuration (θ1, θ2, φ12)= (25◦,25◦,180◦). The various lines represent calculationsfrom the Hannover-Lisbon and Bochum-Krakow theory gr-oups as explained before.We determined the cross sections and analyzing pow-ers for configurations in which 14◦ < θ1,2 < 30◦, and theazimuthal opening angle, φ12, varied from 20◦ to 180◦ insteps of 20◦. Fig. 6 shows the results of the fixed combina-tion (θ1, θ2) = (25◦, 25◦) with different azimuthal openingangles, φ12, as a function of S . The top panels depict the1=25o2=25o12=180o40 60 80 100 120 140-0.3-0.2-0.10.00.10.20.3NNNN+TM’CDB+This Exp.AyS [MeV]Fig. 5: Analyzing powers of the break up reaction for the coplanarkinematics, (θ1, θ2, φ12) = (25◦, 25◦, 180◦), as a function of S . Forthe explanation of the curves, see Fig. 3.cross sections and the bottom panels show the analyzingpowers.The presented error bars in all the figures are statistical.The main source of systematic uncertainties for the break-up cross sections are: the uncertainty in the target thickness(3.85±0.2 mm→∼5%), the correction for the hadronic re-action efficiency for both protons obtained via a GEANT-3simulation (92±3%→ ∼6% for two protons), the correc-tion for the efficiency of the MWPC (92±1%→ 2% for twoprotons), and the correction for the geometrical inefficien-cies obtained via GEANT-3 simulations which is at most12% for small azimuthal opening angles, φ12 = 20◦, andat most 2% for the larger azimuthal opening angles. Alto-gether, by adding the systematic uncertainties in quadra-ture, the maximum systematic uncertainty for cross sec-tions at small azimuthal opening angles is less than 14%and at larger azimuthal opening angles less than 9%. Thesystematic error for the analyzing power stems primarilyfrom the uncertainty in the measurement of the beam polar-ization via the proton-deuteron elastic-scattering reaction.For instance, the beam polarization for the down-mode hasbeen measured at a value of ∼0.70 ± 0.04, which gives riseto a 6% systematic uncertainty in the analyzing power.The predictions of the Faddeev calculations using dif-ferent NN and 3NF models are added to every panel withdifferent line colors and styles. The blue (long-dashed), red(dash-dotted), green (dashed), and black (solid) lines cor-respond to calculations based on CDB (NN), CDB+TM’(3NF) from the Bochum-Krakow group [23–25], CDB+∆(3NF), and CDB+∆+Coulomb calculations from the Hann-over-Lisbon group [26,27], respectively. Here, all theory05010-p.3EPJ Web of Conferences251030 60 90 120 15051025-0.20.00.20.4-0.4-0.20.00.20.430 60 90 120 150-0.4-0.20.00.20.460 90 120 15060 90 120 15060 90 120 15060 90 120 150d5/d12dS[b/(sr2 MeV)]AyS [MeV]12=20 12=40 12=6012=80 12=100 12=12012=140 12=160 12=18012=20 12=40 12=6012=80 12=100 12=12012=140 12=160 12=180Fig. 6: The cross sections and the analyzing powers at (θ1, θ2) = (25◦, 25◦) as a function of S for different azimuthal opening angles. Theerror bars reflect only statistical uncertainties. The blue (long-dashed), red (dash-dotted), green (dashed), and black (solid) lines showpredictions of Faddeev calculations using CDB (NN), CDB+TM’ (3NF), from the Bochum-Krakow group [23–25], CDB+∆ (3NF) andCDB+∆+Coulomb calculations from the Hannover-Lisbon group [26,27], respectively.05010-p.419th International IUPAP Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physicscurves have been calculated in a fully non-relativistic frame-work with non-relativistic observables and, therefore, thelength of S for these calculations is slightly shorter thanthat in the data. The typical difference in length of S forthe relativistic and non-relativistic kinematics is less than1-2 MeV, depending on the azimuthal opening angle, φ12.This difference is less than the experimental resolution inS of 4 MeV (FWHM), and we, therefore, did not transformthe non-relativistic S -curves to the relativistic ones.For the configurations at large azimuthal opening an-gle, φ12 ≥ 40◦, and taking the systematic uncertainties intoaccount, a reasonable agreement is observed between thecross-section data and the corresponding theoretical pre-dictions. For the configuration with a small relative az-imuthal angle, the picture changes. Here, the measured cro-ss sections show a large discrepancy with a calculationwhich includes the TM’ 3NP. In this region, the CDB+∆+C-oulomb calculation has a smaller deficiency when com-pared with the experimental data, but the deficiency is stilllarge for small value of polar angle, φ12 = 20◦, as shownin Fig. 6.For the analyzing powers, the major discrepancies be-tween the data and the theoretical calculations arise at smallazimuthal opening angles. In this range, the predictionsbased solely on a NN potential are closest to the data, al-though, the disagreement is still significant. The inclusionof 3NPs increases the gap between data and predictions ascan be seen from bottom panels of Fig. 6. The contribu-tion of the TM’ 3NP appears to be larger than the implicitinclusion of the ∆ resonance by the Hannover-Lisbon the-ory group. It is interesting to note that a similar, but evenlarger, discrepancy has been observed in a break-up studyat an incident beam energy of 190 MeV [10].This paper discusses some of the preliminary resultsof a proton-deuteron break-up experiment carried out withan incident proton beam of 135 MeV. The data were takenusing a nearly 4pi detection system, BINA, and exploitinga polarized beam of protons. With this, precision differ-ential cross sections and analyzing powers were measuredand compared to Faddeev calculations based on moderntwo- and three-nucleon potentials. The large coverage ofthe detection system provides an ideal tool to systemati-cally explore the rich phase space of the break-up reaction.We have identified various configurations at which signifi-cant discrepancies are observed between our data and pre-dictions by Faddeev calculations based upon state-of-the-art potentials. Intriguing deficiencies are observed for theanalyzing power for configurations at which the relativeenergy between the two outgoing protons becomes small.The discrepancies cannot be explained by the Coulomb in-teraction and higher-order relativity, since these effects areaccounted for in the present state-of-the-art calculations.Therefore, the data provide an ideal basis to develop a bet-ter understanding of three-nucleon force effects in few-nucleon interactions.References1. V.G.J. Stoks et al., Phys. Rev. C 48 792 (1993).2. V.G.J. Stoks et al., Phys. Rev. C 49 2950 (1994).3. R.B. Wiringa et al., Phys. Rev. C 51 38 (1995).4. R. Machleidt, Phys. Rev. C 63 024001 (2001).5. W. Glo¨ckle et al., Phys. Rep. 274 107 (1996).6. K. Ermisch et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 5862 (2001).7. K. Ermisch et al., Phys. Rev. C 68 051001(R) (2003).8. K. Ermisch et al., Phys. Rev. C 71 064004 (2005).9. H. Amir-Ahmadi et al., Phys. Rev. C 75 041001(R)(2007).10. H. Mardanpour, Ph.D. thesis, KVI, University ofGroningen, 2008.11. R. Bieber et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 606 (2000).12. A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani et al., Phys. Rev. C78 014006 (2008).13. M. Eslami-Kalantari, Ph.D. thesis, KVI, University ofGroningen, 2009.14. H. Sakai et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5288 (2000).15. K. Sekigushi et al., Phys. Rev. C 65 034003 (2002).16. K. Sekigushi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 162301 (2005).17. A. Biegun et al., Acta. Phys. Pol. B 37 213 (2003).18. St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 68 054004 (2003).19. St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 72 044006 (2005).20. St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Lett. B 23 641 (2006).21. E. Stephan et al., Phys. Rev. C 76 057001 (2005).22. N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth.in Phys. Res. A 417 215 (1998).23. H. Witała et al., Few-Body Systems 15 67 (1993).24. H. Witała et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 1183 (1998).25. H. Witała et al., Phys. Rev. C 63 024007 (2001).26. A. Deltuva et al., Phys. Rev. C 71 054005 (2005).27. A. Deltuva et al., Phys. Rev. C 72 054004 (2005).05010-p.5

High-precision measurements of the scattering observables such as cross sections
                    and analyzing powers for the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up reactions have
                    been performed at KVI in the last two decades and elsewhere to investigate
                    various aspects of the three-nucleon force (3NF) eﬀects simultaneously. In 2006
                    an experiment was performed to study these eﬀects in p+d break-up reaction at 135 MeV with the detection system,
                    Big Instrument for Nuclear polarization Analysis, BINA. BINA covers almost the
                    entire kinematical phase space of the break-up reaction. The results are
                    interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations and are
                    partly presented in this contribution

EDP Sciences OAI-PMH repository (1.2.0)

Measurements of scattering observables for the

University of Groningen

University of Groningen Research Database

High-precision measurements of the scattering observables such as cross sections  and analyzing powers for the proton-deuteron elastic and break-up reactions have  been performed at KVI in the last two decades and elsewhere to investigate  various aspects of the three-nucleon force (3NF) eﬀects simultaneously. In 2006  an experiment was performed to study these eﬀects in p+d break-up reaction at 135 MeV with the detection system,  Big Instrument for Nuclear polarization Analysis, BINA. BINA covers almost the  entire kinematical phase space of the break-up reaction. The results are  interpreted with the help of state-of-the-art Faddeev calculations and are  partly presented in this contribution

Stephan E.

Shende S.V.

Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani A.

Moeini H.

Messchendorp J.G.

Mardanpour H.

Kozela A.

Kistryn St.

Kalantar-Nayestanaki N.

Joulaeizadeh L.

Gašparic I.

Biegun A.

Amir-Ahmadi H.R.

Eslami-Kalantari M.

Sworst R.

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Measurements of scattering observables for the  pd break-up reaction

Measurements of scattering observables for the $pd$ break-up reaction

Measurements of scattering observables for the $pd$ break-up reaction

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Measurements of scattering observables for the pdpdpd break-up reaction

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Measurements of scattering observables for the $pd$ break-up reaction