Jenkins, June

Urbanski, Jan

English

Georgia Southern University: Digital Commons@Georgia Southern

Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern National Youth-At-Risk Conference Savannah Mar 4th, 3:00 PM - 4:15 PM Connecting Bullying and School Drop Out June Jenkins Clemson University, june2@clemson.edu Jan Urbanski Clemson University, janurbanski@email.com Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/nyar_savannah  Part of the Educational Sociology Commons, Junior High, Intermediate, Middle School Education and Teaching Commons, Other Education Commons, Secondary Education Commons, Secondary Education and Teaching Commons, and the Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education Commons Recommended Citation Jenkins, June and Urbanski, Jan, "Connecting Bullying and School Drop Out" (2019). National Youth-At-Risk Conference Savannah. 25. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/nyar_savannah/2019/2019/25 This presentation (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences & Events at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in National Youth-At-Risk Conference Savannah by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@georgiasouthern.edu. Connecting Bullying and School Drop OutJune Jenkins, M.Edjune2@Clemson.edu.Safe & Humane Schools Clemson University1(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S. 2Quick Fact #1An estimated 160,000 U.S. children miss school every day due to fear of attack or intimidation by other students.3(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Bullying and Student DropoutBullying affects student engagement, behavior, and academic outcomes.  Student dropout has been linked to bullying and the disengagement of students from school.Gastic, 2008; Morrison, 20024(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.University of  VA StudyDropout rate was 29% above average in schools with high levels of teasing and bullying.Dropout rate was 28% below average in school with low levels of teasing and bullying.Cornell et al.,  20125(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Uniform Definition of BullyingBullying is any unwanted aggressive behavior(s) by another youth or group of youths…that involves an observed or perceived power imbalance and is repeated multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated. Bullying may inflict harm or distress on the targeted youth including physical, psychological, social, or educational harm.6(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Challenge #1:  Is the behavior unwanted aggression or is it rough play or teasing?Cues for adults:The relationship between the children Expressions, body language, atmosphereUnwanted means that the targeted youth wants the aggressive behaviors to stopTwo children may enjoy taunting each other in a playful manner.  This should not be considered bullying.7(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Challenge #2: What constitutes a power imbalance?Physical characteristics• Age, size, strengthPopularity or association with popular peersBackground/demographic characteristics• Member of majority/minority group, socio-economic statusAbilities and skills• Academic, physical, artistic Access to money, resources information• Being outnumbered• Presence of weapons8(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Challenge #3:What about repeated behavior?The child must either• Experience multiple incidents of aggression (pattern of aggression)OR• There is a strong concern that a single aggressive behavior has a high likelihood of being followed by more incidents of aggression9(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.About the Definition…Bullying may inflict harm or distress on the targeted youth…But, not all bullied youth may be able to identify or express harm or distress that they have experienced from bullying.Includes a wide range of negative experiences or injuries:Physical cuts, bruises or painPsychological consequencesSocial damage to reputation or relationshipLimits to educational opportunities10(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Quick Fact #257% of boys and 43% of girls reported being bullied because of religious or cultural differences.11(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.BullyingRecognized as a pervasive and often neglected problem in schools around the world.Swearer, Espelage, Vaillancourt, & Hymel, 2010Approximately 28% of United States adolescents reported bullying victimization at school during the past school year.Robers, Zhang, Truman, & Snyder, 201212(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Effects of Bullying on Victims• Lower self-esteem • Higher anxiety and depression • Higher rates of illness• More suicidal ideation Social/Emotional • Have higher absenteeism rates • avoid going to school • Say they dislike school • receive lower gradesAcademic 13(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Perpetrators of Bullying • Have positive attitudes toward violence • Be impulsive and have quick tempers• Show little empathy for victims• Be aggressive to adults• Be involved in other antisocial or rule-breaking activities• Be physically stronger than peers (boys)14(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.15Effects of Bullying on School Climate• Creates a climate of fear and disrespect• Interferes with learning• Students may feel insecure and not like school as well• Students may perceive lack of control and caring (c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Quick Fact #3Nearly 9 out of 10 LGBTQ youth report being verbally harassed at school in the past year because of their sexual orientation.16(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Students Involved with BullyingStudents who experience bullying are at increased risk for poor school adjustment, sleep difficulties, anxiety, and depression.Center for Disease Control, 20151Students who are both bully others and are bullied themselves are at greater risk for both mental health and behavior problems than students who only bully or are only bullied.Center for Disease Control, 20152Bullied students indicate bullying has a negative effect on how they feel about themselves (19%),  relationships with friends and family and on their school work (14%).National Center for Educational Statistics, 2016).317(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.18BullyingDropoutBullying can lead to fear of school, absenteeism, and stunted academic progress, which in turn are precursors to dropping out of school. (Townsend et al., 2008)(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Effects of Bullying on Students-Long lasting effectsSCHOOL DROPOUTLack of ConcentrationReduced MotivationLess Class ParticipationLess AttendanceLower Academic AchievementBuhs, et al., 2006; Juvonen, et al., 2000; Schwart, et al., 200519(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.20(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.21(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.School Dropout is a Process22• Disengagement from school• Life events• Family problemsJimerson, Reschly, and Hess (2008)(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Student Dropouts• Unemployed• In poor health• Live in poverty. be on public assistance• Become single parents of children who also drop out of school• Be incarceratedBalfanz et al., 2010 23(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.How valuable is a high school diploma?• The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that dropouts bring in just $20,241 annually, which is $10,000 less than high school graduates and over $36,000 less than a person holding a bachelor’s degree. • The poverty rate for dropouts is over twice as high as college grads, and the unemployment rate for dropouts is generally 4 percentage points higher than the national average. • In the end, the lifetime earnings of high school dropouts are $260,000 LESS than peers who earn a diploma24(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Student Bullying and Dropout25• Academic failure• Disciplinary problems• At risk behaviors• Social & psychological issues• Poor attendance• Disengagement• School Avoidance(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Quick Fact #4One out of every 10 students who drop out of school does so because of repeated incidents of bullying.26(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.The Social Context of  BullyingYouth are embedded in multiple contexts, and each of these contexts interacts with individual characteristics of youth.27National Academies, 2016(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Risk Factors 28IndividualFamilySchoolCommunityPeer(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Individual FactorsDropping out• Disengaged with school, lack of effort• Poor attendance• Low commitment to academics and school• Lack of participation in extracurriculars Bullying• Youth who bully - have an active, hot-headed temperament, lack social skills• Youth who are bullied - have a quiet, passive temperament.29(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Peer FactorsDropping out• Friends interested in sex, drinking, and using drugs • Low rate of being enrolled in advanced academic programs Bullying• Friends with aggressive, violent, or delinquent behaviors   30(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.What Roles Do Students Play In Bullying Situations?BCDHGEFAStart the bullying and take an active partTake an activepart, but do    not start  the bullyingSupport the bullying, but do not take an active partLike the bullying, but do not display open supportDislike the bullying and think they ought to help, but don’t do itDislike the bullying, help or try to help the bullied studentStudent Who Is BulliedStudents Who BullyFollowersSupportersPassive   SupportersDisengagedOnlookersPossibleDefendersDefendersWatch what happens, don’t take a stand31(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Risk and Protective Factors 32IndividualFamilySchoolCommunityPeer(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Family FactorsDropout• High family mobility• Disengaged families• Low education level of parents• Family disruption• Low education expectationsBullying• Disengaged families• Parental conflict & domestic violence• Parental use of drugs & alcohol• Family incarceration• Child abuse33(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Positive and supportive school climatePositive and supportive school climateStudent engagement in the school communityDegree of respect and fair treatmentStudents’ sense of belonging to the schoolStudents’ sense of belonging to the schoolAwareness and responsiveness of staffAwareness and responsiveness of staff, good supervision34Dropout BullyingSchool Factors(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Quick Fact #5Six out of 10 teenagers say they witness bullying in school once a day.35(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Drop out1. Exposure to violence 2. Unsafe neighborhood 3. Low community expectations for school successBullying1. Cultural norms and beliefs that are anti-social and violent2. Unsafe neighborhood 3. Lack of connection to adults in neighborhood36Community Factors(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Recommended Efforts to Address Student Dropout and BullyingAddress school climate1Support and encourage student & family engagement2Supervise students academically & behaviorally337(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Bullying in Schools:  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2011• School engagement protects victims from truancy and low academic achievement.• When schools provide a safe learning environment in which adults model positive behavior, they can mitigate the negative effects of bullying.• Any interventions to address bullying or victimization should be intentional, student-focused engagement strategies that fit the context of the school where they are used.38(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.What Might Help Students Stay in School More than half (57%) felt their schools did not do enough to help students feel safe from violence. Seven in ten (71%) said their schools did not do enough to make school interesting.Build a school climate that fosters academics. Seven in ten favored increasing supervision in school and more than three in five (62%) felt more classroom discipline was necessary.39Bridgeland et al., 2006(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Quick Fact #6Nearly 70% of students think schools respond poorly to bullying.40(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Ten Practical Strategies from the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program1.  Schoolwide effort2.  Assess climate and bullying3. Form team to coordinate the efforts4. Train all staff 5. Adopt rules against bullying6.  Involve students in regular discussions7. Increase adult supervision 8. Intervene appropriately & consistently9. Engage families10. Continue efforts over time41(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.42(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.In conclusionVictims of bullying are associated with an increased risk of dropping out of school (Gastic, 2008). The link between bullying and dropping out requires serious attention (Nansel et al., 2001). 43(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.Thank youJune JenkinsTraining-Consultation CoordinatorOlweus Bullying Prevention ProgramSafe & Humane Schools/Clemson Universityjune2@Clemson.edu44(c) 2018 Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, U.S.

Connecting Bullying and School Drop Out

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Connecting Bullying and School Drop Out

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