Sauromatum horsfieldii (Araceae – Areae) is reported here as a new record for India. A detailed description and photographic illustration are provided, along with an account and revised key of the Indian species of Sauromatum

Dey, Santanu

Mao, Ashiho Asosii

Odyuo, Nripemo

Roy, Dilip Kumar

The University of Sydney: Sydney eScholarship Journals online

© 2015 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trustplantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/Telopea • escholarship.usyd.edu.au/journals/index.php/TEL • ISSN  0312-9764 (Print) • ISSN  2200-4025 (Online)TelopeaJournal of Plant SystematicsVolume 18: 227–232  Publication date: 28 August 2015  dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea8886Sauromatum horsfieldii (Araceae – Areae): an addition to the Flora of IndiaNripemo Odyuo1, Dilip Kr. Roy1, 3, Santanu Dey2 and A. A. Mao11Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong- 793003, Meghalaya, India 2Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami- 798627, Nagaland, India 3Author for correspondence: dilipbsierc@gmail.com AbstractSauromatum horsfieldii (Araceae – Areae) is reported here as a new record for India. A detailed description and photographic illustration are provided, along with an account and revised key of the Indian species of Sauromatum.Introduction The genus Sauromatum (Araceae – Areae) was established by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott (1832) to accommodate S. guttatum (Aiton) Schott (basionym Arum guttatum Aiton) and S. pedatum (Link & Otto) Schott (basionym Arum pedatum Link & Otto). He classified the genus in his subtribe Euaroideae together with Arum L., Biarum Schott and Typhonium Schott. From the first two genera, Sauromatum was separated by having staminodes only grouped below the male flowers and not above (as seen in Arum and some Biarum) and from Typhonium by the connate spathe base, distant staminodes, the ovaries possessing two rather than one ovule, the leaf appearing after the inflorescence and being pedate rather than entire and the peduncle being very short (Hetterscheid and Boyce 2000; Cusimano et al. 2010). The morphological complexities of the members of Sauromatum fascinated many taxonomists. Subsequently Hetterscheid and Boyce (2000) reduced the generic status and merged it into the genus Typhonium based on a few preliminary phylogenetic analyses of a character matrix including all Typhonium and Sauromatum species. Later on, Cusimano et al. (2010) separated Sauromatum from Typhonium as a distinct genus based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. So far the genus Sauromatum consists of 10 species, of these, nine are accepted according to the Plant List (2015) and one species published recently by Talukdar et al. (2014) is not yet cited in the Plant List. They are distributed in South East Asia from China to Indonesia through Nepal, Bhutan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. In India, the genus is represented by four species viz. S. brevipes (Hook.f.) N.E.Brown, S. diversifolium (Wall. ex Schott) Cusimano & Hett., S. meghalayense D.K.Roy, A.D.Talukdar, B.K.Sinha & M.Dutta Choudhury and S. venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth (Talukdar et al. 2014).During field exploration in May 2015, in the Tuensang district of Nagaland state, North East India, one aroid plant (flowering and fruiting) was collected in the bank of Chingse stream, c. 10 km south-east of Noklak to Chingmei village. The plant was found growing in the semi-evergreen forest floor. The significant morphological characters of the mature plant viz. pedatisect leaves, convolute spathe tube, clavate lower staminodes, differently shaped upper staminodes from the lower ones, fruiting zone with spathe tube remaining, revealed that the plant is a member of the genus Sauromatum. After critical examination of the 228 Telopea 18: 227–232, 2015 Odyuo, Roy, Dey and Maospecimens and literature (Hooker 1884; Hetterscheid and Boyce 2000; Hetterscheid et al. 2001; Cusimano et al. 2010; Heng and Hetterscheid 2010; Talukdar et al. 2014), the plant is identified as Sauromatum horsfieldii Miq., a hitherto unknown species in India. This was further compared and confirmed with the photograph of type specimens of Typhonium  larsenii  S.Y.Hu, a heterotypic synonym of  Sauromatum horsfieldii deposited at Museum Botanicum Hauniense, University of Copenhagen (C) [available at https://plants.jstor.org/partner/C]. The Indian specimens of this plant are morphologically slightly different in having a pale green petiole without any stripe or spot, leaf blades without spots or splash, spathe tube uniformly pale green without any spot or stripe outside. However, these differences are regarded as not being of taxonomic significance.In this publication, Sauromatum horsfieldii is reported as an addition to the Flora of India. A detailed description, along with in-situ image and photographic illustration has been provided. An account of Indian Sauromatum is given, along with a revised key to the species. Materials and MethodsThe collection, pressing and preparation of herbarium specimens were in accordance to the conventional herbarium techniques (Jain and Rao 1977). Inflorescences were preserved in FAA solution. Taxonomic measurements and descriptions of each plant part are based on living material. Microscopic details were observed using Olympus stereo-zoom microscope SZ-2-ILST, Japan and photographed with Nikon COOLPIX P520, China.Taxonomic treatmentSauromatum horsfieldii Miquel, Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 3: 196 (1856)Tuber depressed globose, c. 1.5–2 cm high and c. 2–2.5 cm diam., producing several annual offsets. Petiole glabrous, pale green, up to 35 cm long and 1 cm diam., partially subterranean. Leaf blade abaxially pale to grey-green, adaxially mid- to dark green, deeply 9–12-pedatified; lobes elliptic-lanceolate, margin entire to slightly crenate, apex acuminate, central lobe up to 12 cm long, 2.7 cm wide; lateral lobes gradually smaller. Inflorescence appearing simultaneously and in conjugation with the leaf, 3 or 4 per tuber, c. 5–27 cm long. Peduncle largely subterranean, greenish white, 10–18.5 cm long, 2.5–3.4 mm wide. Spathe convolute, 10.5–13.5 cm long; spathe tube triangular-ovate, strongly convolute, 5–7 cm long, 2.5–3.5 cm wide, outside mid-green, inside white, apex tapering to constricted; limb convolute at base, lanceolate, outside pale green turning yellowish in mature, inside white turning yellowish in mature, apex long acuminate. Spadix shorter than spathe, 5–8 cm; female zone cylindric, 3–5 mm long, 2.8–5 mm wide; ovary ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 1-loculate, white; stigma sessile, ring like, surrounding depression; sterile zone narrowly conic, 1.3–3.5 cm long, 2–3 mm wide, carrying staminodes of two types in proximal half, these distally gradually shorter and finally disappearing, distally verruculose; proximal staminodes clavate, bent upward, white, brown when dry, c. 3.2 mm long; sub-basal staminodes linear-aristate, strongly bent and pointing upwards, white, suddenly shorter and disappearing; male zone cylindrical, 0.6–0.8 cm long, 3–4 mm wide; male flowers cream-white, subclavate to spathulate; appendix stipitate, flattened, smooth, erect, 2.2–3.5 cm long, 3–3.3 mm wide, cream-coloured, apex obtuse. Fruiting zone elongated, with spathe base remaining, c. 1.5–2 cm long, 1.8–2 cm wide; berries whitish-green, crowded, cylindric, 5–7 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, apex truncate.Flowering & Fruiting: April–July.Specimen examined: INDIA: Nagaland: Tsuengsang district, Noklak, 1500–1600m, 26°12'38.6"N, 094°59'37.0"E, N. Odyuo 132792, 30 May 2015 (ASSAM).Distribution: Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, S China, Thailand, Vietnam.Conservation status in India: Not evaluated. The species was encountered only in one locality in India. Therefore, further field assessment is required in the entire areas of Tsuengsang district, Nagaland, India to ascertain its population status. Five individuals were collected for ex-situ conservation and introduced in the Garden of Botanical Survey of India, ERC, Shillong, Meghalaya. The plants are growing well. Sauromatum horsfieldii, a new record for India Telopea 18: 227–232, 2015 229Plate 1. Sauromatum horsfieldii Miq.: A. Plant in situ; B. Inflorescences; C. Lower half of Plant.230 Telopea 18: 227–232, 2015 Odyuo, Roy, Dey and MaoPlate 2. Sauromatum horsfieldii Miq.: A. Habit; B. Longitudinally opened spathe; C. Spadix; D. L.S. of spathe tube (dorsal view); E. L.S. of spathe tube (ventral view); F. Female zone and lower clavate staminodes; G. Sterile zone with two type of staminodes; H. Male zone; I. Fruiting zone with berries.Sauromatum horsfieldii, a new record for India Telopea 18: 227–232, 2015 231Key to the Indian species of SauromatumIn India, the genus comprises five species represented by S. brevipes, S. diversifolium, S. meghalayense and S. venosum (Talukdar et al. 2014) and the new record, S. horsfieldii.1a. Leaf blade diversified (often in one plant) from simple to pedatisect  ................................. S. diversifolium1b. Leaf blade always pedatisect  ................................................................................................................................ 22a. Spathe tube connate; 1 type of staminodes  ........................................................................................................ 32b. Spathe tube convolute; 2 types of staminodes  ................................................................................................... 43a. Inflorescence appearing before leaves; spathe tube dark purple inside  ....................................... S. venosum3b. Inflorescence appearing alongside first developing leaf; spathe tube greenish to white inside  ..... S. brevipes4a.  Peduncle greenish white, to 20 cm long; spathe tube pale green outside, white inside  ..........  S. horsfieldii4b.  Peduncle purplish brown, to 5 cm long; spathe tube purplish brown to dark brown outside, purple inside but creamy to white on margin and toward the limp inside  ...............................................  S. meghalayenseSauromatum brevipes (Hook.f.) N.E.Br., Gardeners’ Chronicle, ser. 3, 34(2): 93 (1903)Typhonium brevipes Hook.f., Flora of British India 6: 511(1893)Syntypes: India: Darjeeling, 7500 ft., Clarke 26708 (K); Jore Pokri, 7600 ft., Gammie s.n. (K).Distribution: INDIA: Sikkim; BANGLADESH, CHINA, NEPAL.Other specimens examined: INDIA: Uttarakhand: Udhampur, Pouni village, A. Swami 1108, 5 Apr 1987 (BSD); Sikkim: Lachung Valley, G.A. Gammie 763, 14 Aug 1862 (CAL).Sauromatum diversifolium (Wall. ex Schott) Cusimano & Hett., Taxon 59(2): 445 (2010)Typhonium diversifolium Wall. [in Wallich’s Numer. List n. 8933 (1949), nom. nud.] ex Schott, Aroideae 13: 20 (1855)Holotype: Nepal, Wallich’s Numer. List. no. 8933a, anno 1821 (K).Distribution: INDIA: NW and NE India; BHUTAN, CAMBODIA, CHINA, MYANMAR, NEPAL.Sauromatum horsfieldii Miquel, Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 3: 196 (1856) Typhonium horsfieldii (Miq.) Steenis, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 17: 403 (1948) Arisaema submonoicum Gagnep., Notulae Systematicae 9: 128 (1941) Typhonium larsenii S.Y.Hu, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Udgivet af Dansk Botanisk Forening 23: 448 (1968) Pedatyphonium larsenii (S.Y.Hu) J.Murata & Ohi-Toma, Systematic Botany 36: 254 (2011)Holotype: Indonesia: Java, Oenagaran, Horsfield s.n. (K); iso: Ungarang, T. Horsfield s.n. (isotype; BM – image).Distribution: INDIA: Nagaland; CAMBODIA, INDONESIA, LAOS, MYANMAR, S CHINA, THAILAND, VIETNAMOther specimen examined: THAILAND: Chiang Mai, T. Sorensen 3931, K. Larsen & B. Hansen, 7 Jul 1958 (C – image).Sauromatum meghalayense D.K.Roy, A.D.Talukdar, B.K.Sinha & M.Dutta Choudhury, NeBIO 5(3): 1–3 (2014)Holotype: India, Meghalaya, South Garo Hills, Hatisia, D.K. Roy 130216, 5 Jun 2014 (ASSAM).Distribution: INDIA: Meghalaya, Endemic.Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum, Secundum Familias Naturales Disposita, Adjectis Characteribus, Differntiis et Synonymis 3: 28 (1841) Arum venosum Dryand. ex Aiton, Hortus Kewensis 3: 315 (1789)Holotype: Plant of unknown origin introduced into cultivation at Kew by William Malcolm in 1774 (BM).Distribution: INDIA: Peninsular, NE and NW India; AFGHANISTAN, AFRICA, BHUTAN, CHINA, MYANMAR, NEPAL.232 Telopea 18: 227–232, 2015 Odyuo, Roy, Dey and MaoOther specimens examined: INDIA: Kashmir: Bhadrawah – Jai, 2000–2500m, T.A. Rao 9031, 29 May 1959 (BSD). Maharastra: Thane, K.V. Billor 116259, Feb 1968 (CAL); Poona, D. Prain s.n., 14 May 1896 (CAL496355,); Chota Nagpur, D. Prain 4, 13 Sep 1886 (CAL). Meghalaya: Woodland, D.M. Verma 35665, 17 Jul 1967 (ASSAM); Mowprem, Near Hindu Mission, K.M. Dey 32631, 1 May 1964 (ASSAM). Uttarakhand: Dehra Dun, BSI office compound, S.K. Malhtra 18061, 10 Oct 1961 (BSD); Rajpur Canal Road, S.K. Malhotra 18508, 3 Nov 1961 (BSD); Arcadio Tea Estate, 600m, N.P. Singh 31316, 18 Jul 1964 (BSD); Garhwal, Nandheswari, 1300m, U.C. Bhattacharjee 35151, 28 Apr 1967 (BSD); Uttarkashi, B. Balodi 91550, May 1996 (BSD); Kumaon, Baram, 1100m, U.C. Bhattacharjee 21187, 24 Apr 1962 (BSD). Uttar Pradesh: Saharanpur, Mohan, V.S. Murty 869 & A.K. Goel, Aug 1974 (BSD).AcknowledgmentsAuthors are grateful to Dr. P. Singh, Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata for facilities and encouragement and Dr. Olof Ryding, Collection Manager, National History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen for sending the image of the type of Typhonium larsenii. They also thankfully acknowledge the help rendered by Department of Forests, Ecology, Environment and Wildlife, Kohima, Nagaland during field survey.ReferencesCusimano N, Barrett MD, Hetterscheid WLA, Renner S (2010) A phylogeny of the Areae (Araceae) implies that Typhonium, Sauromatum, and the Australian species of Typhonium are distinct clades. Taxon 59(2): 439–447Heng L, Hetterscheid WLA (2010) Sauromatum Schott. Pp. 36–39 in Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong DY (eds.) Flora of China 23 (Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis)Hetterscheid WLA, Boyce PC (2000) A reclassification of Sauromatum Schott and new species of Typhonium Schott (Araceae).  Aroideana 23: 48–55Hetterscheid WLA, Sookchaloem D, Murata J (2001) Typhonium (Araceae) of Thailand: New Species and a Revised Key. Aroideana 24: 30–55 Hooker JD (1893) Aroideae.  Flora of British India 6. L. Reeve and Co., London, pp. 490–556Jain SK, Rao RR (1976) A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods (Today & Tomorrow’s Printer Publisher, New Delhi)Schott HW (1832) Araceae. Pp. 16–22 in Schott HW, Endlicher S (eds.) Meletemata botanica (Gerold, Vienna) Talukdar AD, Roy DK, Sinh BK, Choudhury MD (2014) Sauromatum meghalayense (Araceae; Tribe: Areae), a new species from Meghalaya, India. NeBIO 5(3): 1–3The Plant List (2015) Version 1.1, www.theplantlist.org [accessed 24 Jul 2015]Manuscript received 24 June 2015, accepted 20 August 2015

Sauromatum horsfieldii (Araceae – Areae): an addition to the Flora of India

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Sauromatum horsfieldii (Araceae – Areae): an addition to the Flora of India

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