Studies of earthquakes over the last 50 years and the examination of dynamic soil behavior reveal that soil behavior is highly nonlinear and hysteretic even at small strains. Non-linear behavior of soils during a seismic event has a predominant role in current site response analysis. The pioneering work of H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss during the late 1960’s introduced modern site response analysis techniques. Since then significant efforts have been made to more accurately represent the non-linear behavior of soils during earthquake loading. This paper reviews recent advances in the field of non-linear site response analysis with a focus on 1-D site response analysis commonly used in engineering practice. The paper describes developments of material models for both total and effective stress considerations as well as the challenges of capturing the measured small and large strain damping within these models. Finally, inverse analysis approaches are reviewed in which measurements from vertical arrays are employed to improve material models. This includes parametric and non-parametric system identification approaches as well as the use of Self Learning Simulations to extract the underlying dynamic soil behavior unconstrained by prior assumptions of soil behavior
