Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are based on a drive system that combines an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motor (EM) with a chemical energy storage...A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) has a battery/ultracapacitor that is able to be recharged from an electrical outlet. The vehicle is used for short trips of moderate speed when it operates as a purely electric vehicle (EV). The long-range and additional power of the ICEE is available when needed. In the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept, the rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) has three important purposes. First, it accumulates energy delivered by a dynamo, regenerative breaking, or power grid. Second, it provides energy to the electric propulsion system during the drive. Third, a number of PHEVs could deliver electrical energy tot he power grid and improve power conditioning on the national level, acting as a distributed power generation system...In this paper, modular and cascaded charger topologies are presented and their operation is analyzed in detail --Abstract, page iv
