The modified Carpinteri-Spagnoli (C-S) criterion is a multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criterion based onthe critical plane approach. According to such a criterion, the orientation of the critical plane is linked to boththe averaged directions of the principal stress axes and the fatigue properties of the material. The latterdependence is taken into account through a rotational angle, ?. Then, the multiaxial fatigue strength estimationis performed by computing an equivalent stress amplitude on the critical plane. In the present paper, somemodifications of the original ? expression are implemented in the modified C-S criterion. More precisely, suchmodified expressions of ? depend on the ratio between the fatigue limit under fully reversed shear stress andthat under fully reversed normal stress (in accordance with the original expression), and can be employed formetals ranging from mild to very hard fatigue behaviour. Some experimental data available in the literature arecompared with the theoretical results in order to verify if the modified ?expressions are able to improve thefatigue strength estimation capability of the modified C-S criterion

?agoda, Tadeusz

Carpinteri, Andrea

Fortese, Giovanni

Kurek, Marta

Ronchei, Camilla

Spagnoli, Andrea

Vantadori, Sabrina

Italian Group Fracture (IGF): E-Journals / Gruppo Italiano Frattura

 C. Ronchei et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 34 (2015) 74-79; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.34.07                                                                      74  Focussed on Crack Paths     Life estimation by varying the critical plane orientation  in the modified Carpinteri-Spagnoli criterion   Camilla Ronchei, Andrea Carpinteri, Giovanni Fortese, Andrea Spagnoli, Sabrina Vantadori Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma - Parma, Italy camilla.ronchei@nemo.unipr.it   Marta Kurek, Tadeusz Łagoda Department of Mechanics and Machine Design, Opole University of Technology - Opole, Poland     ABSTRACT. The modified Carpinteri-Spagnoli (C-S) criterion is a multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criterion based on the critical plane approach.  According to such a criterion, the orientation of the critical plane is linked to both the averaged directions of the principal stress axes and the fatigue properties of the material.  The latter dependence is taken into account through a rotational angle, .  Then, the multiaxial fatigue strength estimation is performed by computing an equivalent stress amplitude on the critical plane.  In the present paper, some modifications of the original  expression are implemented in the modified C-S criterion.  More precisely, such modified expressions of   depend on the ratio between the fatigue limit under fully reversed shear stress and that under fully reversed normal stress (in accordance with the original expression), and can be employed for metals ranging from mild to very hard fatigue behaviour.  Some experimental data available in the literature are compared with the theoretical results in order to verify if the modified expressions are able to improve the fatigue strength estimation capability of the modified C-S criterion.  KEYWORDS. Constant amplitude loading; Fatigue lifetime prediction; Modified C-S criterion; Multiaxial high-cycle fatigue; Critical plane.    INTRODUCTION   n the high-cycle fatigue related to a linear-elastic material, several criteria available in the literature to assess fatigue strength are based on the so-called critical plane approach.  This approach takes into account the crack nucleation and early growth mechanisms experimentally observed during cyclic loading.  According to such criteria, fatigue failure assessment is performed on a specific plane (the critical plane) within the test specimen or component. The above criteria are characterized by different rules suitable to define the orientation of the critical plane but, for all these criteria, the fatigue life assessment is carried out by employing a combination of stresses acting on the critical plane itself [1] (see also the review on the critical plane and other approaches to multiaxial fatigue, published in Ref. [2]).  For instance, several researchers define the critical plane as the plane where amplitude or some stress component or a combination of them exhibits a maximum value [3-6].  Alternatively, the position of the critical plane may be correlated with that of the principal stress directions by using appropriate weight functions [7]. I                                                                     C. Ronchei et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 34 (2015) 74-79; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.34.07  75  It is important to highlight that the above definitions represent just some of those reported in the literature (a general account on the critical plane orientation is given in Ref. [8]). Among the critical plane fatigue criteria, the modified Carpinteri-Spagnoli (C-S) criterion [9], a simplified version of the original C-S criterion [10], correlates the critical plane orientation with the weighted mean directions of the principal stress through an off-angle,  (which is regarded to be dependent on the ratio between the fatigue limit under fully reversed shear and that under fully reversed normal stress, , 1 , 1af af   ).  Then, the multiaxial fatigue assessment is performed by using a nonlinear combination of the equivalent normal stress amplitude and the shear stress amplitude acting on the critical plane (see Ref. [11] for a general account of the criterion). In accordance with the original idea developed by Carpinteri et al. [9, 10], Łagoda et al. [12] have recently proposed some modifications to the original  expression which, in limit conditions, are pertinent to both mild and very hard metals. The goal of the present paper is to implement the different expressions of the rotational angle  in the modified C-S criterion.  In order to verify whether the above expressions are able to improve the fatigue lifetime estimation capability of the criterion, some experimental data available in the literature [13-17] are examined.   CRITICAL PLANE ORIENTATION AND FATIGUE LIFE EVALUATION   he high-cycle multiaxial fatigue criterion, known as the modified Carpinteri-Spagnoli (C-S) criterion [9], is a simplified version of the original one proposed in Ref. [10].  In particular, the modifications are related to a simplified weighting procedure to determine the averaged principal stress axes, and to the effect of the non-zero normal mean stress on the fatigue limit. Fig. 1 summarizes how to use the modified C-S criterion to estimate fatigue lifetime of structural components failing in high-cycle fatigue regime.    Figure 1: Graphical representation of the modified C-S criterion.  In particular, from the stress state at a material point P, the averaged directions of principal stress axes can be determined on the basis of their instantaneous directions by means of the averaged values of the principal Euler angles.  The orientation of the critical plane is linked to the above averaged directions through the rotational angle :    21 , 1 , 13 2 1 45af af                                                                                  (1)   T  C. Ronchei et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 34 (2015) 74-79; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.34.07                                                                      76  Then, the fatigue strength is assessed through an equivalent stress amplitude expressed by a quadratic combination of the equivalent normal stress amplitude ( ' ,a eqN ) and the shear stress amplitude ( aC ) acting on the critical plane.  Finally, the number of loading cycles to failure, fN , can be found by solving the following equation through an iterative procedure:      2 2 *22 2, 1' 0, , 1, 1 0 0mm maf f fa eq a afaf fN NNN CN N N                                                                     (2)  where 0N  is the reference number of loading cycles (for example 60 2 10N   ), and m  and *m  are the slopes of S-N curve for fully reversed normal and shear stress, respectively.   Recently, Łagoda et al. [12] have proposed some modifications to the original  expression.  In accordance with the idea originally developed by Carpinteri et al. [9-10] to assume that   is function of the ratio , 1 , 1af af    (such an expression can be employed for metals ranging from mild to very hard fatigue behaviour), the relationships reported in Ref. [12] are the following:    42 , 1 , 19 1 458 af af                                                                                            (3)    33 , 1 , 13 3 1 453 3 1 af af                                                                                   (4)    4 , 1 , 13 3 1 453 3 3 af af                                                         (5)      25 , 1 , 123 1 453 1af af                                                                  (6)   EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION   n the present paper, the different relationships of the rotational angle  previously described are implemented in the modified C-S criterion in order to verify whether they are able to improve the above criterion in terms of lifetime estimation of some experimental test results available in the literature. The examined data are related to samples made of 30CrNiMo8 Steel [13,14], 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy [15,16] and S335J0 Alloy Steel [17] subjected to synchronous, sinusoidal, in-phase loading (with zero and non-zero mean value).  The relevant mechanical properties for each examined material are reported in Tab. 1.   Material u  [MPa]  , 1af   [MPa] m  [-] , 1af   [MPa] *m  [-] 30CrNiMo8 Steel 1014 427.37 -0.13 371.52 -0.04 6082 - T6 Aluminium Alloy 290 152.83 -0.11 87.90 -0.15 S355J0 Alloy Steel 611 276.58 -0.15 183.70 -0.09  Table 1: Static and fatigue properties for each examined material. I                                                                     C. Ronchei et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 34 (2015) 74-79; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.34.07  77  The mean square-root error method [12] is applied to the statistical analysis of the fatigue lifetime results determined by using the modified C-S criterion. In particular, the value of the root mean square logarithmic error is computed as follows:     2 ,exp ,1lognf f caliRMSN NEn                                                                            (7)  where n  is the total number of data, ,expfN  is the experimental multiaxial fatigue life, and ,f calN  is the theoretical multiaxial fatigue life determined by considering Eqs (1; 3-6) .  The mean square error RMST  is given by: 10 RMSERMST  .  For the different examined materials, Fig. 2 (a), (b) and (c) represents the mean square error obtained for the five expressions of angle   (from 1  to 5 ).  00.511.522.5T RMS a) 30CrNiMo8 Steel1 = 16.49°2 = 21.71°3 = 19.12°4 = 13.91°5 = 4.30° 1.51.752T RMS (b) 6082-T6 Aluminium Alloy1 = 45.17°2 = 45.09°3 = 45.12°4 = 45.24°5 = 45.47° 00.511.522.53T RMS (c) S355J0 Alloy Steel1 = 37.72°2 = 40.77°3 = 39.40°4 = 35.76°5 = 28.41°  Figure 2: Mean square error related to: (a) 30CrNiMo8 Steel; (b) 6082 - T6 Aluminum Alloy ; (c) S335J0 Alloy Steel.   (a)(b)(c) C. Ronchei et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 34 (2015) 74-79; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.34.07                                                                      78  A good agreement between experimental and theoretical results is in general observed, since the value of RMST  is lower than 3 (note that if all the calculated results fell within the scatter band 2, the value of RMST  would be equal to 2).  Moreover, the analysis of the results in terms of the mean square error for the examined materials indicates that: a) for 30CrNiMo8 Steel, higher accuracy is gained for the orientation of the critical plane computed by means of 4 . Note that, by implementing Eq.(5) in the modified C-S criterion, the value of RMST  decreases to 6% in comparison to that determined by applying the 1  expression; b) for 6082 - T6 Aluminum Alloy, the same accuracy is deduced by using the five different  expressions, since the value of  is essentially the same; c) for S335J0 Alloy Steel, the most accurate result is provided by using the 5  expression to determine the critical plane, with a decrease of the RMST  value up to 20.4% with respect to that deduced by computing the critical plane orientation through Eq.(1). Therefore, the implementation of the  relationships (proposed by Łagoda) in the modified C-S criterion yields, only for materials characterized by fatigue limit ratio typical of hard and very hard metals, fatigue lifetime results different from those determined through the original  expression.  In particular, the 4  and 5  expressions, respectively for 30CrNiMo8 Steel and for S335J0 Alloy Steel, provide better results than those deduced by employing the other relationships.     CONCLUSIONS  n the present paper, the orientation of the critical plane, linked to the averaged principal stress directions, is computed by taking into account different expressions of the rotation angle .  In particular, such relationships have been implemented in the modified C-S criterion in order to estimate the fatigue lifetime by varying the critical plane orientation.  The comparison with some experimental data related to stress-controlled fatigue tests of specimens under biaxial loading appears to be satisfactory.  In particular, better estimations in terms of fatigue life are obtained for experimental data related to hard metals by using some of the modified  expressions (instead of the original one).    REFERENCES  [1] Socie, D.F., Marquis, G.B., Multiaxial Fatigue, Society of Automative Engineers, Warrendale, USA (1999). [2] Marquis, G.B., Karjalainen-Roikonen, P., Long-life multiaxial fatigue of a nodular graphite cast iron, in: A. Carpinteri, M. de Freitas, A. Spagnoli (Eds.), Biaxial/Multiaxial Fatigue and Fracture, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2003) 383-400. [3] Susmel, L., Lazzarin, P., A stress-based method to predict lifetime under multiaxial fatigue loadings, Fatigue Fract. Engng Mater. Struct., 26 (2003), 1171-1187. DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-2695.2003.00723.x.  [4] Łagoda, T, Ogonowski, P., Criteria of multiaxial random fatigue based on stress, strain and energy parameters of damage in the critical plane, Mat. Wiss. U. Werkstofftech, 36 (2005) 429–37. [5] Anes, V., Reis, L., Li, B, Freitas, M., Crack path evaluation on HC and BCC microstructures under multiaxial cyclic loading, Int. J. Fatigue, 58 (2014) 102-113, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.03.014. [6] Wang, C., Shang, D.G., Wang, X.W., A new multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criterion based on the critical plane for ductile and brittle materials, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 24 (2015) 816-824. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-014-1335-7. [7] Carpinteri, A., Karolczuk, A., Macha, E., Vantadori, S., Expected position of the fatigue fracture plane by using the weighted mean principal Euler angles, Int. J. Fracture, 115 (2002), 87–99. DOI: 10.1023/A:1015737800962. [8] Karolczuk, A., Macha, E., A review of critical plane orientations in multiaxial fatigue failure criteria of metallic materials, Int. J. Fracture, 134 (2005) 267-304. DOI: 10.1007/s10704-005-1088-2. [9] Carpinteri, A., Spagnoli, A., Vantadori, S., Multiaxial fatigue assessment using a simplified critical plane-based criterion, Int. J. Fatigue, 33 (2011) 969-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2011.01.004 [10] Carpinteri, A., Spagnoli, A., Multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criterion for hard metals, Int. J. Fatigue, 23 (2001) 135-45. DOI: 10.1016/S0142-1123(00)00075-X. I                                                                     C. Ronchei et alii, Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, 34 (2015) 74-79; DOI: 10.3221/IGF-ESIS.34.07  79  [11] Carpinteri, A., Spagnoli, A., Vantadori, S., Bagni, C., Structural integrity assessment of metallic components under multiaxial fatigue: the C–S criterion and its evolution, Fatigue Fract. Engng. Mater. Struct., 36 (2013) 870-883. DOI: 10.1111/ffe.12037 [12] Walat, K., Łagoda, T., Lifetime of semi-ductile materials through the critical plane approach, Int. J. Fatigue 67 (2014) 73-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.11.019. [13] Sanetra, C., Untersuchungen zum Fetigkeitsvwrhalten bei mehrachsiger Randombeanspruchung unter Biegung und Torsion, Dissertation, Technische Universitat Clausthal (1991). [14] Łagoda, T., Macha, E., Estimated and experimental fatigue lives of 30crnimo8 steel under in-and out-of-phase combined bending and torsion with variable amplitudes, Fatigue Fract. Engng. Mater. Struct., 17 (1994) 1307-1318. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2695.1994.tb00218.x [15] Niesłony, A., Łagoda, T., Walat, K., Kurek, M., Multiaxial fatigue behaviour of selected aluminium alloys under bending with torsion loading condition, Mat.-wiss. U. Werkstofftech., 45 (10) (2014) 947-952. [16] Kurek, M., Łagoda, T., Including of ratio of fatigue limits from bending and torsion for estimation fatigue life under cyclic loading, 6th New Methods of Damage and Failure Analysis of Structural Parts (MDFA), Ostrava, Czech Republic (2014). [17] Krzysztof, K., Łagoda, T., New energy model for fatigue life determination under multiaxial loading with different mean values, Int. J. Fatigue, 66 (2014) 229-245. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.04.008.  

Life estimation by varying the critical plane orientation in the modified Carpinteri-Spagnoli criterion

The modified Carpinteri-Spagnoli (C-S) criterion is a multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criterion based on

the critical plane approach. According to such a criterion, the orientation of the critical plane is linked to both

the averaged directions of the principal stress axes and the fatigue properties of the material. The latter

dependence is taken into account through a rotational angle, . Then, the multiaxial fatigue strength estimation

is performed by computing an equivalent stress amplitude on the critical plane. In the present paper, some

modifications of the original  expression are implemented in the modified C-S criterion. More precisely, such

modified expressions of  depend on the ratio between the fatigue limit under fully reversed shear stress and

that under fully reversed normal stress (in accordance with the original expression), and can be employed for

metals ranging from mild to very hard fatigue behaviour. Some experimental data available in the literature are

compared with the theoretical results in order to verify if the modified expressions are able to improve the

fatigue strength estimation capability of the modified C-S criterio

Life estimation by varying the critical plane orientation in the modified Carpinteri-Spagnoli criterion

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