O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor nutricional de diferentes fontes protéicas para o Dourado (Salminus brasiliensis). Trinta juvenis por grupo (33,51±1,4 g) foram alimentados ad libitum com ração referência (70%) mais ingredientes-teste (30%) e marcador de óxido de cromo III (0,1%). Foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da energia bruta (CDAEB), proteína bruta (CDAPB) e aminoácidos. Entre os ingredientes de origem vegetal, a glutenose apresentou os melhores resultados para CDAEB e CDAPB (95,7 e 96,9%, respectivamente). A farinha de sangue se destacou entre os ingredientes de origem animal (94,1 e 96,3%, respectivamente). O farelo de trigo apresentou menor digestibilidade entre todos, 77% para CDAEB e 88,2% para CDAPB.The objective of this work was to determine the nutritional value of different protein sources for "dourado" (Salminus brasiliensis). Thirty juveniles per group (33.51±1.4 g) were hand fed on a reference diet (70%) added of tested ingredients (30%) and chromium oxide III (0.1%). Apparent digestibility coefficients of the gross energy (ADCGE), crude protein (ADCCP) and amino acids of the tested ingredients were evaluated. Corn gluten meal yielded the best results for ADCGE and ADCCP (95.7 and 96.9%, respectively) amongst plant ingredients. Spray-dried blood meal yielded the best values of ADCGE and ADCCP amongst animal ingredients (94.1 and 96.3%, respectively). Wheat bran yielded poorest ADCs coefficients (77 for ADCGE and 88.2% for ADCCP)

Borghesi, Ricardo

Braga, Luís Gustavo Tavares

Cyrino, José Eurico Possebon

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Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.43, n.2, p.271-274, fev. 2008Digestibility of ingredients in diets for Salminus brasiliensis 271Notas CientíficasApparent digestibility of ingredients in diets for Salminus brasiliensisLuís Gustavo Tavares Braga(1), Ricardo Borghesi(2) and José Eurico Possebon Cyrino(2)(1)Universidade Estadual Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Salobrinho, CEP 45662-000Ilhéus, BA, Brazil. E-mail. lgtbraga@gmail.com (2)Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Zootecnia, Setor dePiscicultura, Caixa Postal 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. E-mail: rborghes@carpa.ciagri.usp.br, jepcyrin@esalq.usp.brAbstract – The objective of this work was to determine the nutritional value of different protein sources for“dourado” (Salminus brasiliensis). Thirty juveniles per group (33.51±1.4 g) were hand fed on a reference diet(70%) added of tested ingredients (30%) and chromium oxide III (0.1%). Apparent digestibility coefficients of thegross energy (ADCGE), crude protein (ADCCP) and amino acids of the tested ingredients were evaluated. Corngluten meal yielded the best results for ADCGE and ADCCP (95.7 and 96.9%, respectively) amongst plant ingredients.Spray-dried blood meal yielded the best values of ADCGE and ADCCP amongst animal ingredients (94.1 and96.3%, respectively). Wheat bran yielded poorest ADCs coefficients (77 for ADCGE and 88.2% for ADCCP).Index terms: aquaculture, biologic value, digestible energy, digestible protein, nutritive value.Digestibilidade aparente de ingredientes em dietas para Salminus brasiliensisResumo – O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor nutricional de diferentes fontes protéicas para oDourado (Salminus brasiliensis). Trinta juvenis por grupo (33,51±1,4 g) foram alimentados ad libitum com raçãoreferência (70%) mais ingredientes-teste (30%) e marcador de óxido de cromo III (0,1%). Foram determinados oscoeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da energia bruta (CDAEB), proteína bruta (CDAPB) e aminoácidos. Entreos ingredientes de origem vegetal, a glutenose apresentou os melhores resultados para CDAEB e CDAPB (95,7 e96,9%, respectivamente). A farinha de sangue se destacou entre os ingredientes de origem animal (94,1 e 96,3%,respectivamente). O farelo de trigo apresentou menor digestibilidade entre todos, 77% para CDAEB e 88,2% paraCDAPB.Termos para indexação: aqüicultura, valor biológico, energia digestível, proteína digestível, valor nutritivo.The growth of aquaculture industry, associated to theuse of intensive production strategies, requires high-quality ingredients to allow the formulation of diets ofhigh nutritional value, economically viable andenvironmentally correct, aiming at maximizing fishproduction and minimizing environmental impact. As forany animal production, food comprises 40–60% of theoperational costs in fish farming (Cheng et al., 2003).Some feedstuffs, considered excellent nutrientssources based on their chemical composition, canotherwise be of little biological value, hence they cannot be well digested and absorbed by animals. Therefore,the determination of digestibility coefficients of feedingredients provides a more precise evaluation of theirvalue as energy and protein sources in the formulationof balanced fish feeds (Furuya et al., 2001).Dietary protein sources differ regarding theirnutritional and biological values. The biological value ofa protein varies with its composition in amino acids anddigestibility. Deficiency or low availability of a singleessential amino acid in a given protein source limits itsuse in animal diets and reduces animals’ growth(Anderson et al., 1995).The “dourado”, Salminus brasiliensis, a golden-yellow, carnivorous, diurnal, neotropical characiformspecies is the largest scale fish of the Plata Basin. Recentstudies have been conducted on the species ecology(Esteves & Lôbo, 2001), reproduction and hatchery (Mai& Zaniboni Filho, 2005; Vega-Orellana et al., 2006), andfarming (Fracalossi et al., 2004). However, little is knownabout the biological value of food sources and proteinand amino acid requirements of “dourado”.Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.43, n.2, p.271-274, fev. 2008L.G.T. Braga et al.272The objective of this work was to determine apparentdigestibility coefficients of energy, protein and aminoacids of feedstuffs ordinarily used in the formulation ofdiets for the “dourado”.The experiment was conducted at Laboratório deNutrição de Peixes, Departamento de Zootecnia, EscolaSuperior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, SP,Brazil (22º42'S; 47º38'W; altitude 546 m). Groups of“dourado” juveniles (33.51±1.4 g; n = 30) were randomlydistributed in 60 L, cylindrical plastic cages, housed incircular fiberglass tanks (1,000 L) with continuous watersupply (8 L min-1) in closed, biological-filtered circulationsystem, with controlled temperature (25±2ºC) andphotoperiod (12 light/dark hours). Water qualityparameters – temperature (25±2ºC), dissolved oxygen(5.1 mg L-1) and pH (6.7±0.3) – were monitored dailyand remained within the recommended range for tropicalfish (Neill & Bryan, 1991).The experiment lasted 39 days. Fish were hand-fed toapparent satiety in four daily meals for seven days withthe reference, fish meal-based diet (45.19% crudeprotein, 4,491 kcal kg-1 gross energy). After that, fishwere fed to apparent satiety with test diets combining70% of the reference diet (RD) and 30% of test differentanimal or plant ingredients, added of 0.1% chromiumoxide III (Cr2O3) as inert marker. Three-day intervalswere observed before changing the test ingredients.Percent composition and aminograms of the testedingredients – fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM),spray-dried blood meal (S-DBM), poultry by-productsmeal (PBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), soybean meal(SBM), corn meal (CME) and wheat bran (WBR) – arepresented in Table 1. Ingredient particles were homogenizedto 0.5 mm before mixing to the reference diet. Afteradditions of soybean oil and water (20%), the different,combined feeds were granulated in 3 mm die matrix anddried in forced-air circulation oven (55ºC) for 24 hours.One hour after the last daily meal, fish weretransferred to cylindrical-conical aquariums, aeratedwith partial water exchange in the upper portion(Portz & Cyrino, 2004). Three aquaria were used foreach test diet, each containing 15 fish. At the end ofeach collection period, samples of feces were collectedfrom each aquarium. Feces were collected overnight(6 pm to 6 am) by sedimentation in cooled containers(n = 3). Feces samples were combined for analysis.Table 1. Percent composition and aminograms(1) of the test ingredients: fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), spray-dried blood meal (S-DBM), poultry by-products meal (PBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), soybean meal (SBM), corn meal (CME)and wheat bran (WBR).Contents FM MBM S-DBM PBM CGM SBM CME WBRDrymatter 95.19 95.52 92.80 95.74 92.73 91.06 89.62 88.87Crude protein 69.16 46.41 90.50 67.93 64.07 47.37 8.47 15.27Lipids 5.85 11.10 0.42 13.63 3.79 1.38 3.46 3.37Crude fiber 0.70 1.28 0.34 1.56 1.03 5.92 1.95 8.97Ash 20.86 33.99 3.26 5.91 2.07 6.64 1.28 5.16Essential amino acidsArginine 4.395 3.561 3.969 4.781 1.996 3.709 0.519 1.132Phenylalanine 2.411 1.567 7.002 2.460 4.031 2.592 0.461 0.688Histidine 1.489 0.795 6.075 1.404 1.310 1.321 0.287 0.445Isoleucine 2.456 1.248 0.735 2.464 2.588 2.337 0.32 0.529Leucine 4.547 2.888 14.89 4.885 13.000 4.146 1.044 1.069Lysine 4.747 2.590 10.62 4.563 0.951 3.240 0.356 0.727Methionine 1.749 0.647 1.39 1.363 1.373 0.709 0.214 0.280Methionine + Cystine 2.183 0.989 2.151 2.012 2.436 1.425 0.413 0.634Threonine 2.784 1.540 5.266 2.619 2.171 2.026 0.362 0.585Valine 3.121 2.069 9.503 3.077 3.011 2.424 0.443 0.756Non-essential amino acidsAspartic acid 6.135 3.603 10.93 5.736 3.994 6.137 0.680 1.200Glutamic acid 8.754 5.719 8.906 9.195 14.81 9.469 1.625 3.332Alanine 5.584 4.561 11.25 5.364 7.227 2.379 0.649 0.821Cystine 0.435 0.342 0.761 0.649 1.063 0.716 0.199 0.353Glycine 9.221 10.400 4.718 9.096 1.729 2.338 0.407 0.906Serine 2.931 1.976 6.000 2.863 3.595 2.756 0.469 0.764Tyrosine 1.961 1.038 2.960 2.016 3.188 1.753 0.329 0.465---------------------------------------(%)------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------(1)Dry matter basis.Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.43, n.2, p.271-274, fev. 2008Digestibility of ingredients in diets for Salminus brasiliensis 273Collected fecal material was stored in freezer (-10ºC)for chemical analyses, according to Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists (1995). Digestibilitycoefficients (%) of dietary dry matter of reference, testdiets and ingredients were calculated according to Lovell(1998). Both RD and the test diet (TD) were consumedregularly by the fish all along the experimental period.ADCs of energy of ingredients of animal originwere all higher than 90%, CGM stood out at 96%.ADC of energy of plant ingredients ranged between77% (wheat bran) and 95% (corn gluten meal). Corngluten meal yielded the highest absolute value ofapparent digestible energy (ADE) (5,188 kcal kg-1),and CME, the smallest (3,214 kcal kg-1). ADC ofprotein of S-DBM (96%) and CGM (97%) stoodabove the mean ADC value concerning all proteinsources (92%), contrasting with the MBM and WBR,which presented the lowest, and similar value of ADCof protein (88%) (Table 2).ADC of protein reported by Portz & Cyrino (2004)for SBM (94.3%) and CGM (93.6%) relative to thelargemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were similarto values of the present work; however, smaller ADCswere registered for FM (87.7%) and PBM (81.5%).ADCs of energy found for FM (78.3%), PBM (85.2%),SBM (75.4%), and CGM (76.5%) for largemouth basswere comparatively smaller than those of the “dourado”.The present work indicates that S-DBM and CGMare excellent protein sources for balanced carnivorousfish feeds. Still, restrictions regarding palatability – attractiveness of feeds – and possible alteration offlesh coloration of fillet also have to be considered todefine maximum inclusion levels of these feedstuffsas substitutes for FM in commercial aquafeedsformulations.Little variation was observed for mean value ofamino acids ADC between ingredients of animalorigin, with prominence for S-DBM, which reachedmean digestibility of 97.9%, a value only 6% superiorto the average ADC of MBM amino acids (92%)(Table 3). The mean ADC of amino acids wassuperior to 94%, that is, juvenile “dourado” presenteda good digestive ability of amino acids. The highestvalues of amino acids ADC were registered for S-DBM(98.6%), except for isoleucin, which presented betterADC values (96.4%) when originated from PBM. Inregard to plant ingredients, CGM presented the bestamino acids ADC, 97.7% in average.The smaller ADC was registered for WBR, 90.6%average. These data corroborate several reports,showing that WBR consistently present smallerADCs of protein and energy in comparison to anyother ordinarily used aquafeed ingredients. During thefecal collection period, aquaria in which fish receivedWBR, as tested ingredient, always presented greatervolume of excrements in comparison to the othercollecting structures. Similar observations werereported by Furuya et al. (2001), who worked withtilapia, and attributed to the high crude fiber and non-starch polysaccharides contents of WBR the higheramounts of fecal material observed for fish fed dietscontaining increasing levels of this feedstuff.The smallest amino acids ADC among all testedingredients was registered for cystine (91%). Alanine,cystine and glycine contents of FM (12.5; 6.5 and 42.9%,respectively) exceeded values ordinarily reported(Anderson et al., 1995). However, lysine and methioninemean contents, for instance, were 27 and 26% smaller,respectively. Except for glycine (ADC = 7.2%), ADCof FM amino acids varied in average 2% (1.6% forlysine, for instance). Therefore, it will remain difficultto top or equal FM as the best ingredient forformulating and processing aquafeeds whichadequately meet fish nutritional requirements.Formulation of balanced aquafeeds for carnivorous,neotropical characins, thus, demands considering bothspecies protein requirements and the amino acidprofiles of feedstuffs.The results of the ADCs of energy and protein of theingredients tested suggest all can be useful in theTable 2. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) values ofenergy and protein and digestible energy (DE) and digestibleprotein (DP) values of tested ingredients (dry matter basis):fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), spray-dried bloodmeal (S-DBM), poultry by-products meal (PBM), corn glutenmeal (CGM), soybean meal (SBM), corn meal (CME) and wheatbran (WBR).Ingredient(1) ADCenergy DE ADC protein DP(%) (kcal kg-1) ----(%)---------FM 93.86 4,147 94.67 68.78MBM 91.80 4,420 88.15 40.91S-DBM 94.07 5,205 96.28 93.89PBM 95.33 4,735 89.08 63.20CGM 95.73 5,188 96.93 65.30SBM 85.00 3,664 94.51 50.42CME 80.84 3,214 89.65 8.47WBR 77.02 3,351 88.24 15.16-------- --Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.43, n.2, p.271-274, fev. 2008L.G.T. Braga et al.274formulation of diets for “dourado”, with some restrictionon corn meal and wheat bran, which presented lowercoefficients. The use of specific amino acid digestibilitycoefficients might allow more accurate and economicalfeed formulation.AcknowledgementsTo Agroceres Nutrição Animal Ltda., for providingthe ingredients and their analysis; to Ajinomoto Biolatina,for providing the amino acids analysis.ReferencesANDERSON, J.S.; LALL, S.P.; ANDERSON, D.M.; McNIVEN,M.A. Availability of aminoacids from various fish meals fed to Atlanticsalmon (Salmon solar). Aquaculture, v.138, p.291-301, 1995.ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS.Official methods of analyses of the Association of OfficialAnalytical Chemists. 16th ed. Washington: AOAC, 1995. 2000p.CHENG, Z.J.; HARDY, R.W.; USRY, J.L. Effects of lysinesupplementation in plant protein-based diets on the performance ofrainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and apparent digestibilitycoefficients of nutrients. Aquaculture, v.215, p.255-265, 2003.ESTEVES, K.E.; LÔBO, A.V.P. Feeding pattern of Salminusmaxillosus (Pisces, Characidae) at Cachoeira das Emas, Mogi-Guaçuriver (São Paulo State, southeast Brazil). Revista Brasileira deBiologia, v.61, p.267-276, 2001.FRACALOSSI, D.M.; MEYER, G.; SANTAMARIA, F.M.;WEINGARTNER, M.; ZANIBONI FILHO, E. Desempenho dojundiá, Rhamdia quelen, e do dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, emviveiros de terra na região sul do Brasil. Acta Scientiarum, v.26,p.345-352, 2004.FURUYA, W.M.; PEZZATO, L.E.; PEZZATO, A.C.; BARROS,M.M.; MIRANDA, E.C. Coeficientes de digestibilidade e valoresde aminoácidos digestíveis de alguns ingredientes para tilápia doNilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia,v.30, p.1143-1149, 2001.LOVELL, R.T. Fish nutrition and feeding experiments. In: LOVELL,R.T. (Ed.). Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. 2nd ed. Boston: KluwerAcademic Publishers, 1998. p.123-134.MAI, M.G.; ZANIBONI FILHO, E. Efeito da idade de estocagemem tanques externos no desempenho da larvicultura do dourado,Salminus brasiliensis (Osteichthyes, Characidae). ActaScientiarum, v.27, p.287-296, 2005.NEILL, W.M.; BRYAN, J.D. Responses of fish to temperature andoxygen, and response integration through metabolic scope. In:BRUNE, D.E.; TOMASSO, J.R. (Ed.). Aquaculture and waterquality: advances in world aquaculture. Baton Rouge: The WorldAquaculture Society, 1991. v.3. p.31-57.PORTZ, L.; CYRINO, J.E.P. Digestibility of nutrients andaminoacids of different protein sources in practical diets bylargemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepéde, 1802).Aquaculture Research, v.35, p.312-320, 2004.VEGA-ORELLANA, O.; FRACALOSSI, D.M.; SUGAI, J.K.Dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) larviculture: Weaning andontogenetic development of digestive proteinases. Aquaculture,v.253, p.484-493, 2006.Table 3. Apparent digestibility coefficients values of the essential and non-essential amino acids (dry matter basis) on theingredients: fish meal (FM), meat and bone meal (MBM), spray-dried blood meal (S-DBM), poultry by-products meal (PBM),corn gluten meal (CGM), soybean meal (SBM), corn meal (CME) and wheat bran (WBR).Aminoacid FM MBM S-DBM PBM CGM SBM CME WBREssential amino acidsArginine 97.50 93.78 97.96 97.64 97.77 96.99 94.37 93.91Phenylalanine 95.26 91.77 98.79 92.70 98.42 95.00 90.86 89.75Histidine 96.53 93.35 99.38 97.11 97.72 95.84 92.98 92.14Isoleucine 95.56 91.94 95.32 96.35 97.61 95.03 90.89 89.92Leucine 96.11 93.04 99.20 96.97 99.58 95.48 92.53 91.04Lysine 96.72 93.17 98.91 97.21 96.32 95.47 92.14 91.20Methionine 96.27 92.55 97.28 96.93 97.72 94.31 92.14 90.82Methionine + Cystine 95.06 90.54 96.77 96.05 97.45 93.58 90.09 89.07Threonine 95.83 91.99 98.30 96.18 97.11 94.57 90.99 89.96Valine 95.57 92.23 99.11 96.27 97.40 94.44 90.61 89.65Non-essential amino acidsAspartic acid 95.24 90.86 97.88 96.10 96.38 95.01 90.07 88.77Glutamic acid 96.72 93.83 97.63 97.39 98.74 96.61 94.01 93.53Alanine 96.46 92.33 98.89 96.80 98.42 94.11 91.46 90.32Cystine 91.23 85.88 95.80 94.07 97.28 92.53 85.58 85.70Glycine 97.49 93.12 97.56 97.58 96.94 95.26 93.61 92.96Serine 96.22 92.70 98.43 96.77 98.00 95.62 92.37 91.45Tyrosine 95.36 91.52 97.84 96.35 98.38 94.74 90.30 89.40Received on June 19, 2007 and accepted on February 7, 2008

Apparent digestibility of ingredients in diets for Salminus brasiliensis

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Apparent digestibility of ingredients in diets for Salminus brasiliensis

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