Clare, Alexis G.

English

Lehigh University: Lehigh Preserve

Lehigh University
Lehigh Preserve
17th University Glass Conference Glass Conferences and Workshops
Summer 6-26-2005
VII. Biofunctionality of glass
Alexis G. Clare
Alfred University
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Clare, Alexis G., "VII. Biofunctionality of glass" (2005). 17th University Glass Conference. 6.
https://preserve.lehigh.edu/imi-tll-conferences-17thuniversityglassconference/6
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
The Biofunctionality of 
Glass
( The Closet Biomaterial)
Alexis G. Clare
Professor of Glass Science
New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University
An IMI Video Reproduction of Invited Lectures 
from the 17th University Glass Conference
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
18th University Conference on 
Glass
• May 20-23 2007
• Rochester NY = Alfred
• Transport Phenomena 
in Glasses and Glass-
Forming Melts
– Electrical and Ionic 
Conductivity
– Ion Exchange
– Chemical Dissolution
– Weathering
– Gas Diffusion
– Fining of Melts
hallmm@alfred.edu
http://engineering.alfred.edu/outreach/conf
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Outline
• Why Glass?
• Glass as an old biomaterial
• Glass as an accidental biomaterial
• Glass as a structural/repair material
• Glass as a Facilitator 
• Glass as a Medicine
• What is not well understood
• Techniques that can be applied to understand what 
is not well understood
• Predicting the future
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Why Glass?
• Flexibility of Composition (just say no to 
stoichiometry)
• Flexibility of forming procedures leading to 
varied microstructures
• Flexibility of surface chemistry and surface 
engineering
• Can be even more bioactive than 
hydroxyapatite
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Driving Forces for New 
Biomaterials Development
• Fast Analysis and Diagnosis
• Preventative Medicine
• Minimally Invasive Treatments
Short Hospital Stays
Lower Health Care Costs
Higher Success Rates
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Barriers to New Biomaterials 
Development
• Length of time to market
• Expense of FDA process
• Litigation
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Glass as an Old Biomaterial
• Glass is not glass is not glass is not 
glass
• All glasses are not equal: some glasses 
are more equal than others
• Glass is not bioinert
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Degrees of Interaction
• “Bioinert” 
– shoved back in the closet
• Bioactive
– bonds and sticks around a while 
• Bioresorbable
– does what it is meant to the 
dissappears
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Glass as an Accidental 
Biomaterial
• Fiberglass insulation
• Made to be bioresorbable but with 
reasonable durability 
• High alumina fiberglass study
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Glass as a Structural 
Biomaterial:
• For many years the definition of biomaterial 
had to do with replacement parts: 
predominantly structural
• A-W glass ceramics Japan
• Fiberglass reinforced polymers (shape 
memory polymers and glass ionomer 
cements)
• Bulk Metallic Glasses
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Bioglass®
• Soda lime silica glass
• Bonds to bone and soft 
tissue
• More osteoconducive than 
hydroxyapatite
• Glass “turns on” genes
• Possible applications in 
prevention/remediation of 
osteoporosis
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Tissue Engineering
• Stem Cell Research
– Non embryonic; harvested by transplanting a 
differentiated cell nucleus into an egg
– The cells differentiate upon stimulus into 
specified cells
– Regenerate tissue
– Reduce the need for transplants
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Engineered Porosity
• Sol-Gel/Sonogel 
Processing
• Spinodal Phase 
Separation+Leaching
• Composite 
Compact+Leaching
• Foaming
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
P. Sepulveda, J.R. Jones, and L.L. Hench, 
“Bioactive sol-gel foams for tissue repair,”
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 
59 340-348 (2002).
Porous Bioactive Glasses as Tissue Scaffolds
Bioreactor Tissue
Donor/Recipient
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
10 µm 10 µm 10 µm 10 µm 10 µm
10 CaO·90 SiO2 20 CaO·80 SiO2 30 CaO·70 SiO2 40 CaO·60 SiO2
50 CaO·50 SiO2
Foamed Calcium Silicates by Thermal Bloating of 
Xerogels
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Bioactive Material Applications
• Bioglass and Bioglass-
Like Compositions
– Bone Filler
– Composite Healing 
Plates
– Adhesive for bone 
allografts
– Dental Applications
– Alternative therapies 
(see later)
– Tissue Engineering
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Glass as a Facilitator for 
Better Diagnostics, Sensing 
and Remediation
• Diagnostics Laboratory on a Chip and 
Microfluidics
• Multisensing fiber optic bundles
• Sol gel chemistry for encapsulation of 
Bioindicators
• Optical biopsy and imaging endoscopy
• Facilitating X-ray analysis
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Fast Diagnostics
• Affymetrix
– Glass Slide tagged 
with fluorescent 
antibodies
– Inject sample and 
put into 
spectrometer
10µm
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Fast Diagnostics
• Illumina
– Fiber Bundle with etched wells
– Fluorescent tagged beads
– Pattern of light determines antibody 
presence
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Fluorescent Beads
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Luciferin Based Sensing
• Luciferin + ATP + O2 Mg2+ Luciferase Oxyluciferin + AMP + PP
• Oxyluciferin*    Oxyluciferin + hn
• Hence in the presence of ATP and oxygen luciferin 
gives light
• ATP is the energy carrier for cells and is prevalent 
during bacterial activity
• Encapsulation in a sol gel matrix to immobilize and 
perhaps put onto a fiber optic sensor
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Optical Fibers
• Imaging
– Bundles
• Remediation
– CO2 laser light 
delivery
– Omniguide 
– Photonic Bandgap
– 510K
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
X-rays and EUV
• Glass Capilliary 
Converters
– Guiding
– Focusing
– Polarization Analysis
• High resolution X-
ray imaging
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Alternative Glass-Based 
Therapies
• Cancer
– In situ radiotherapy
– In situ Gene Therapy
– In situ Heat Therapy
• Light Therapies
– Laser surgery glass 
delivery systems
– Photodynamic therapy 
glass delivery systems
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
In-situ Radiotherapy
• Inject into bloodstream, 
concentrate at malignancy
• 5-7 times the dose that can be 
given externally (typically 
15000 rads to liver)
• Little/no discomfort.  1 day in 
hospital
• Glass remains after 
radioactivity has decayed
• No leakage/release of 
radioactivity
1997 Scholes Lecture Delbert E. Day
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Ex Vivo Gene Therapy
ADVANTAGES of porous 
glass device:
* Keep modified cells 
localized to tumor 
area
* Continually supply 
modified cells to 
tumor area
* Collect tumor cells
* Inhibit cancer cell 
migration/metastasis
Cytokine Gene-Transduced Tumor Vaccine Strategy6
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
• Hypethermia known cancer treatment:
– induced erysipelas
– hot baths
– inhaled hot gases
– microwave
– ultrasonics
– Bioactive glass ceramics
Magnetic Hysteresis Hyperthermia
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Magnetic Hysteresis Hyperthermia
• Glass-ceramic invented at Corning by Joe 
Panzarino
• Contains microscopic ferromagnetic crystals 
which exhibit hysteresis on exposure to 
oscillating magnetic field
• Malignant tumors susceptible to 
temperatures in excess of 43°C, healthy 
tissue not damaged below 46°C
• Glass is bioresorbable
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
What is not Well-Understood
• Very little is known about how biological 
species really interact with glass: return to 
fundamentals
– Kinetics of Bioglass® reactions inorganic 
reactions
– Energy of reactions of molecules with glass
• What happens to molecules once attached?
• How can we use molecular modeling and 
model biomolecules to work out what’s 
happening?
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
How Does this Help New 
Functionality?
• You can’t build bridges without 
knowing the limitations of your 
building materials
• You can’t find out about your materials 
by building bridges out of it
• Sometimes new functionality comes 
from detailed investigations (c.f 
Viagra)
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Some Techniques That Might 
Help
• CFM
• Modeling
• Microcalorimetry
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Chemical Force Microscopy
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Modeling
Figure 1  Partial view of BPTI orientation 2.  Note the highly structured water at the MgO surface adjacent to the
hydrophobic pocket formed by the Ala-Cys-Met domain whereas the hydration water at  the edge of the
protein:material interphase interacts with the bulk solvent.
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Microcalorimetry
• Interaction between 
solids and liquids
• High surface area 
needed
• Direct adhesion
Au
17th University Conf. on Glass
PSU June 2005
Predicting the Future
• As light plays a larger role in 
medicine and biotechnology so will 
glass
• As we understand more about 
inorganic reactions in biological 
systems there will be more 
opportunities
• There is a whole world of light 
based sensor/actuator opportunities 
to restore motor movement


VII. Biofunctionality of glass

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VII. Biofunctionality of glass

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