Ruzek, J. M.

Stout, R. D.

Tor, S. S.

English

Lehigh University: Lehigh Preserve

Lehigh University
Lehigh Preserve
Fritz Laboratory Reports Civil and Environmental Engineering
1951
Effect of plate edge preparation on notch
toughness, July 6, 1951
S. S. Tor
J. M. Ruzek
R. D. Stout
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Recommended Citation
Tor, S. S.; Ruzek, J. M.; and Stout, R. D., "Effect of plate edge preparation on notch toughness, July 6, 1951" (1951). Fritz Laboratory
Reports. Paper 1450.
http://preserve.lehigh.edu/engr-civil-environmental-fritz-lab-reports/1450

"•
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Part I
....
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.' ..,' .
The.Effect of Fabrlcation Processes
on Steels Used in Pressure Vessels
EFFECT OF PLATE EDGE PREP;\RllTION CN
NOTCH TOUGHNESS
By
s.S. T6r, J.M. Ruzek, R,D. Stout
This work has beon carried out ~sa
part of an investigation sponsored
by Tho Fabrication Division of the
Pressuro Vossel Research Committee.
Fritz Engineering Laboratory
Lehigh University
Bothlohem, POlli£6ylvania
July 6, 1951
!''!/
INTRODUCTI ON -
TEST PROCEDURE -
P~SULTS ~1ID DISCUSSI0N
SUMivlaRY
ACICN OHLEDGMEN TS
REFERENCE
FIGURES
T03LE OF CCNTENTS·
- ...;
~ - ..,.
1
2
4
6
7
7
8
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EFFECT OF PL.~TE EDGE PREPAR~TI CN ON nOTCH TOUGHNESS
By
s.S~ T8r*, J.M. Ruzek**, and R.D. Stout***
INTRODUCTI CN
This paper is one of a series resulting from a project
at Lehigh University sponsored by the Fabrication Division of the
Pressure Vessel Research Committee. Th~s project has as its object,
the study of the effect of various fabrication operations such as
welding, cold. forming, and heat treatment on the mechanical pro-
per ties of pressure vessel steels.
One of the steps in fabrication is the sizing of plates
by madhin~ng, flame cutting, or shearing. The question aris~s
whether these operations will affect the notch toughness of the
steel by introducing notches or metallurgical changes~ It may be
said that these conditions will later be erased during the join~
ing of the plate edges by welding; but not all of the edges neces-
sarily receive welding, and others may be incompletely joined by
skip welds or partial fillet or lap welds r
It was decided to investigate the ·notch toughness of steel
plate whi ch had been prepared by machining, by flame cutting, or
by shearing.
* Sadun S. T8r is associatod with E. I. du Pont, Wilmington, Del-
aware, formorly Research .~ssociato, Fritz Engineoring Laboratory,
Lohigh University.
** Jan M. Ruzek is Rflsearch .~ssistant, Fritz Engin80ring Laboratory,
Lohigh Univorsity~
"'** RobArt D. Stout is Professor of Motallurgy, Lehigh University.
-2-
TEST PROCEDURE
Specimen Design
In order to measure the affect ·of edge preparation on
notCh toughness~ it was necessary to develop a specimen that would
incorporate a notch in whi Ch the p·repared· edge Would be an integral
part~ Thi s was to av·oid an artificialn·o.tch which wO\1-1d mask the
effect of the originitl edge condl tion. The designwhiehwas adopted
is shown in Fig. 1. Thi s specimen :!.S tested. under slow bend.1.ngt
with the center notch in tension.
It will be noticed that the notch is of large radius to
perrrJi tits preparation by shearing or flame cutting.. ~e ends of
the specimenaro undercut to preven.t possiblet~1tingduring bending.
The width of the specimen is equal to tho original plate thickness.
The Steels
The steels used for these tests were the two pedigreed
steels described fully in previous report;(l). Thoy were .~STM
grades A-20l and Ao-285. 5/8 inches thick a..'1d ~a1yzil1g as follows:
Steel Analysis
.Q.-201 0.15,0.. 53 0.20 0,.022
.11-285 0.20 0.• 35 0.19 0.028
c P S 8i
0.20
0.02
Cr
0.04'
0.04
Ni
0.• 05
O.iO
Cu.
0.07
0.. 14
.Ul specimens were cut from plates in the as-rolled. condition..
....
..
.,
Specimen Preparation
The significant stop in the preparation of the specimens
was the production of. the notch contour. Three series of speqimens
wore preparod~ one by machining, one by flame cutting, and one by
shearing.
The machined notches were obtained by drilling and reaming
a one-inch diameter hole in the plato a~d then splitting the plat~
through the holo on a band-saw,· Two specimens could then be pro.,.
duced. from the pieces.
The flame-cut notches were made on a special machine which
provided a c~rcular motion at the proper speed for a standard c~tting
torch.
Thn sheared notches were produced by pu.'1ching a on~inch
diameter halo in tho plate on a commercial press and. then splitting
the plate as was dQne for the drilled holes.
Enough specimens were prepared to permit postheati~g to
be a part of tho study. Postheating was carried out for one hour
at 500oF~ ll50o~, and 1600~ (the latter on .~-20l steel only).
The appearance of the prepared notches is represented in
Fig. 2.
Testing
The spocimens wore in sufficient number ~o allow tests
over a range of temperature. The ob~ervations recorded during t~o
,..
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tests included the percentage of latoral contraction at the bottom
of tho notcl! and the energy absorbed to failure, Tho transition
tempnrature was dp.fined as that at which the contraction or onergy
absorption had dropped to half its valuo in the shear fracture tAmp-
erature range.
Testing temporatures were obtained by a cool~ng (or hoat~
ing) bath from which the spocimens were transferred to tho testing
jig shown in Fig. 3. Nato thG guido at one side of the jig to
prevont tipping of tho spocimen. Tho crosshoad of tho tensile
machine provided loading at 20 7 inches per' minuto.
RESULTS AND Dr SCUSSI OR.
Tho results of tho investigation are prosonted as transition tempera-
ture curves in Figs, 5 through 11. The transition temperatures have
boon seloctod from those curves and plotted in a summar~rbar graph
in Fig. 12 for easier examination. Only the latoral contra.ctlon
data have boen given, because the enorgy absorption criterion loads
to identical conclusions and Virtually idontical transi tion tempera-
tures. Typical fractured specimens arc shown in Fig. 4. Note the
large deformation and shoar fractures evident in tests at tho highor
temperature as comparod to the slight deformation an~ clea.vagofrac-
turos at tho low temperature - oxcept for tho m~chined notch~
Examination of Fig•. 12 roveals several points of intbrest.,
....
..
-5-
In both stools the machined notches were too mild to p'roduc~ a
transi hon even at -l40oF~ the lowest temperature tested. ~e
flame· cut notches had higher transition tempera tur os , but they
were not nearly so high as those obtained with the shearod notches.
Heat treatment as 500°F had an adverse effect on both
flame cut and sheared specimens~ whereas treatment at ll500F im-
proved both. types noticeably,
~e postheating nt l6000F of thQ .a~201 platos was especial~
1;)' significant. The transi tion temperatures of both flame cut and
sheared specimens were lowered beyond .,.160oF. This is strong. ovi.,.
dence that the harmful effects of these methods of cdge preparation
are not due to the sharp notches that are introduced by the ripples
of the flame cut or the small tears accompany-ing she:.l.ring, but rather
that. the heat effect or the plastic deformation is responsible.
In other. words, the adverse effects are not due to geometri~
factors such as tiny notches; they are duo to metallurgical changos
resulting from flame cutting or shearing.
Ono other factor must not bo overlooked with.respect to
tho 16000F treatment. In the furnaco,. tho atmosphere scales the
steol and thus sloughs off'a few thousandths of ~ inch of the
motal. This can conceivably con tribute to tho imDrovemen t by its
removal of suporficial imperfections •. It is not believod. however,
that this effect was important in these tests •.
I t can therefore be concluded that flame cutting, and
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especially shearing,. 10w€Jr the notch toughness of tho plato. In
fl3Illo cutting. tho rapid t:18l"ml cycle probably produces micro-
structures of reduced ductfli ty.· In shoaring tho ,cut odge of tho
plato is so severely doforme~ plastic~ly that it retains little
ductility when further dcforma.tion is imposed, Since heat troat-
men t at 11500F relieves t:2ese conditions SbinO\7hat, it is measurably
beneficial. Normalizing at 16000F rost'o~es the "ls-rolled properties
of the plato. Thus local flame-normalizing of oi ther of these edge
condi tions might' he of dcf:ILHo benefit in actual fabrication.
SUMMA.RY",
1. .~ specimen has ueen developed to allow study of tho effect
of plate edge preparation on notch toughness.
2. . Flame cutting and especially shearing Imler the notch
toughnoss.
3. Postheating at 5000F raises further the transition tompera-
ture of flame cut and shearod specimens •. Postheating at 11500 F is
noticoably boneficial to the steels.
4. . Posthcatingat 16000 F lowers the transition temperature
belOW -160°F. This behavior is strong ovidenco that the adverso
effects of flamo cutting or shearing are not due to the formation
of notches at the surface but. r!:tthor are due to motallurgical changos.
.in the motal at the propared edge by heating or pls.stic deformation.
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AC;;gil" OVlLED GlvJEN T8
This work was spon~ored by the Pressure Vessel Research
Commi tteo of tho Vle1ding.RJsearch Council,-vhfoh is directod by
iiilliam 8praragen•. P~~R Cassidy. is chairilian of the Pressure V8ssol
Research ComIlli. ttO(l ,and Bon: iace E. ·Rossr 1s exccutiva. secre tary.
F. L. Plurn.mer is chairman \)f the Fabrication DivisiOn of tho Pres-
sure Vessel Resoarch.,Committee, which guided the project staff i!).
this nork.
The projDct ·W'3.S carrind. onjoihtly by tho Fri tz Engineoring
Laboratory of the Civil Enginonring Departill0nt, 'and; thu lvietallur~J
Dopartment of Lehigh Univorsity.
Tho oxocution of ~7ork was ma.do Jfossib1e by tho cooperation
of E:emH)th R. Harpo]" 1atoratory foreman,'· and thoonti:re la.boratory
staff.
REFERENCE' .
"Composi tion and Proporty.Variation of ~"i70 Steels" by
C.J. Osborn t A.F•.ScotchbroOk, R.D•.Stout and B. G. oJ ohns ton i Hold-
ing Journal RosearchSupp1emont voL'28, No.5, pp. 227-235 (1949).
, .
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9" -----------;1
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1- 2"-----.-1
FIG~ I. PLATE EDGE EFFECT TEST SPECIMEN
\
•FLAME CUT
I
I SHEARED

cROOM
MACHINED
1 •
I •
EDGE EFFECT TESTS
• • MACHINED EDGES
e---~ FLAME CUT ~DGES
.-._.... SHEARED EDGES
PLATE
STEEL: ASTM A-20r
CRITERION: '0 CONTRACTION
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TEST TEMPERATURE, OF
TRANSITION CUR,YES OF A-2·01 STEEL, 5/S" T:HICK, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF MACHINED,
FLAME CUT AND SHEARED EDGES WITHOUT HEAT- TREATMENT.
FIG. 5.
. .
"
120 160
EFFECT OF MAOHINED,
PLATE EDGE EFFECT TESTS
STEEL: ASTM A-285 •• MACHINED EDGES
CRITERION: '0 CONTRACTION ~---0 FLAME CUT EDGES
~'-'--' SHEARED EDGES
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C!160 -120 -80 -40 0 40 80
TEST TEMPERATURE, of
FIG. 6. TRANSITION CURVES OF A-2S5 STEEL 5/S
Il THICK, SHOWING THE
FLAME CUT AND SHEARED EDGES WITHOUT HEAT-TREATMENT.
,. ..
"
..
EFFECT TESTS
• • MACHINED EDGES
~---e FLAME CUT EDGES
....._.--. SHEARED EDGES
I
• ... •
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<:)
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PLATE EDGE
STEEL: ASTM A-201
HEAT-TREATMENT: 500°F
CRITERION: '0 CONTRACTION
50
z
o 30
~
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0::
~
Z
o
o 20
o
-160 -120 -SO -40 0 40 SO
TEST TEMPERATURE, of
FIG. 7 TRANSITION CURVES OF A-201 STEEL 5/S
11 THICK, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF MACHINED,
FLAME CUT AND SHEARED EDGES AFTER HEAT-TREATMENT AT 500°F.
.. ,
"
.'
PLATE EDGE EFFECT TESTS
STEEL: ASTM A-285 •• MACHINED EDGES
HEAT-TREATMENT: 500°F 0---~ FLAME CUT EDGES
CRITERION' % CONTRACTION .--._.-. SHEARED EDGES
40
30
z
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<{
0:: 20~
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16012080-80-120 -40 0 40
TEST TEMPERATURE, of
TRANSITION CURVES OF A-285 STEEL 5/S1 THICK, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF MACHINED,
FLAME CUT AND SHEARED' EDGES AFTER HEAT - TREATMENT AT 500°F..
~rG. 8.
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10
PLATE EDGE EFFECT TESTS
STEEL: ASTM A- 201 •• MACHINED EDGES
HEAT-TREATMENT~ 1150°F o----~ FLAME CUT EDGES
CRITERION: '0 CONTRACTION &-._.~ SHEARED EDGES
50
40
z
0 30~
(,)
<t
0::
~
Z
0
(,) 20
~
~160 -120 -eo -40 0 40 eo
TEST TEMPERATURE, OF
TRANSITION CURVES OF A':' 201 STEEL 5/e" THICK, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF MACHINED,
FLAME CUT AND SHEARED EDGES AFTEr< HEAT-TREATMENT AT 1150°F.
FIG. 9.
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.
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V
PLATE EDGE EFFECT TESTS
STEEL: ASTM A-201 G----e:> FLAME CUT EDGES
HEAT-TREATMENT: 1600°F ....-.-.. SHEARED EDGES
CRITERION: % CONTRACTION
50
40
z
0
-~(,)
<{
(}:: 30~
z
0
(,)
~
20
SO40-120 -SO -40 0
TEST TEMPERATURE~ OF
FIG. II. . TRANSITION CURVES OF A-201 STEEL 5/S" THICK, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF FLAME
CUT AND SHEARED EDGES AFTER HEAT -TREATMENT AT 1600°F.
",~ .....
\,
t
PLATE EDGE EFFECT TESTS
STEEL: ASTM A-285 •• MACHINED EDGES
HEAT TREATMENT~ 1150°F 0----0 FLAME CUT EDGES
CRITERION: % CONTRACTION ...._ .... SHEARED EDGES
40
30
z
o
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120SO-120 -SO -40 0 40
TEST TEMPERATURE 1 OF
FIG. 10. TRANSITION CURVES OF A-2S5 STEEL 5/S" THICK, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF MACHINED,
'FLAME CUT AND SHEARED EDGES AFTER HEAT-TREATMENT AT 1150°F.
r. , , ,"
-200r-----------------------------------------,
MACHINED FLAME CUT SHEARED
' A_-2;;..;...85 ----J1
AS AFFECTED BY EDGE PREPARATION
MACHINED FLAME CUT SHEARED
I A~201 I
SUMMARY OF' TRANSITION TEMPERATURES
50
-150~__.___'P___'P_-----......'"~~----
w
~ -100
~
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a..
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t- -50
z .'o
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FIG. 12.
:i1---l ci." ~~-~ ci ~------I ci.
E ''S//h...' E E El"-"-"IV//A~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~
EOoo Eoo o Eoo E OO
0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00OO&()w Oo&()o OO&() ~~&()O::&()=_ O::&()=~ O::&()= ~~~
100L--"--L.-L.-L.-_L.-L.-L.-L.-L.-_L.......JL..-L.......JL.......JL..-__----JL.....;.JL-...IL.....;.JL...-----JL.....I---I~i....___t'___l___'___'___I
NOTCH CONDITION
STEEL


Effect of plate edge preparation on notch toughness, July 6, 1951

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Effect of plate edge preparation on notch toughness, July 6, 1951

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