International audienceThe study of the material performance at high strain rate is an important topic in material sciences, since the materials usually exhibit strong viscous effects as the rate rises. In some material processes, the metallic materials may experience very high strain rates up to 10 6 s −1 , such as the laser shock peening (Yu et al., 2009). Studying the dynamic behaviour of the materials requires to perform dynamic tests on a wide range of strain rate. The classical Split Hopkionson Pressure Bar (SHPB), also referred to as the Kolsky bar (Davies, 1948; Kolsky, 1949), is a simple device that is widely adopted to perform such dynamic tests. The classical SHPB device is capable to attain strain rates ranging from 10 2 to 10 4 s −1 (Gorham et al., 1992; Ramesh, 2008). Attempting to reach higher strain rate may yield the incident bar. Thus a direct-impact Hopkinson device has been developed (Dharan and Hauser, 1970) by removing the incident bar. On this direct-impact device, a very high strain rate of the order of 10 5 s −1 is achieved by Dharan and Hauser (1970) and Kamler et al. (1995). In this work, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy is tested on a direct-impact Hopkinson device at strain rates ranging from 3000 to 25000s −1. Then an inverse identification is carried out to identify the Johnson-Cook model (Johnson and Cook, 1983) for the Ti-6Al-4V on this wide range of strain rates

Guo, XiaoLi

Heuzé, Thomas

Othman, Ramzi

Racineux, Guillaume

English

Archive Ouverte en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication

HAL Id: hal-02279965
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02279965
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Direct-impact Hopkinson tests on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy at
very high strain rate and inverse identification of the
Johnson-Cook constitutive model
Xiaoli Guo, Thomas Heuzé, Guillaume Racineux, Ramzi Othman
To cite this version:
Xiaoli Guo, Thomas Heuzé, Guillaume Racineux, Ramzi Othman. Direct-impact Hopkinson tests on
the Ti-6Al-4V alloy at very high strain rate and inverse identification of the Johnson-Cook constitutive
model. MECAMAT, Jan 2015, Aussois, France. ￿hal-02279965￿
Direct-impact Hopkinson tests on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy at very high strain rate and inverse identi-
fication of the Johnson-Cook constitutive model
X. GUO, T. Heuzé, G. Racineux. Research Institute in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (GeM, UMR
6183 CNRS), École Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la Noë, 44321 Nantes cedex 3, France Adresse(s)
électronique(s) : {Xiaoli.Guo, Thomas.Heuze, Guillaume.Racineux}@ec-nantes.fr
R. Othman. Mechanical engineering department, Faculty Engineering, King Abdulaziz University,
P.O.BOX, 80248, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia Adresse(s) électronique(s) : Ramzi.Othman@ec-nantes.fr
Mots clés : Direct impact Kolsky bar, Inverse analysis, High strain rate, Johnson-Cook constitu-
tive model
1 INTRODUCTION
The study of the material performance at high strain rate is an important topic in material sciences,
since the materials usually exhibit strong viscous effects as the rate rises. In some material processes,
the metallic materials may experience very high strain rates up to 106s−1, such as the laser shock
peening (Yu et al., 2009). Studying the dynamic behaviour of the materials requires to perform dynamic
tests on a wide range of strain rate. The classical Split Hopkionson Pressure Bar (SHPB), also referred
to as the Kolsky bar (Davies, 1948; Kolsky, 1949), is a simple device that is widely adopted to perform
such dynamic tests. The classical SHPB device is capable to attain strain rates ranging from 102 to
104s−1 (Gorham et al., 1992; Ramesh, 2008). Attempting to reach higher strain rate may yield the
incident bar. Thus a direct-impact Hopkinson device has been developed (Dharan and Hauser, 1970)
by removing the incident bar. On this direct-impact device, a very high strain rate of the order of 105s−1
is achieved by Dharan and Hauser (1970) and Kamler et al. (1995). In this work, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy
is tested on a direct-impact Hopkinson device at strain rates ranging from 3000 to 25000s−1. Then an
inverse identification is carried out to identify the Johnson-Cook model (Johnson and Cook, 1983) for
the Ti-6Al-4V on this wide range of strain rates.
2 DIRECT-IMPACT TESTS ON THE TI-6AL-4V AT VERY HIGH STRAIN RATE
2.1 Design of the direct-impact configuration and experimental plan
The dynamic tests are performed on a dedicated direct-impact device which design is solution of an
optimization problem as detailed in (Guo et al., 2014). This device consists mainly of a transmitted bar,
the projectile and the compulsory systems for the measurement. The transmitted bar is 1.2m length
and 10mm diameter. To compress the specimen on a wide range of strain rate, four projectiles are
manufactured, of diameter 15.8mm and lengths of 500mm, 125mm, 60mm and 30mm respectively.
The bar and the projectiles are all made of a high strength steel, MARVAL X2NiCoMo18-8-5, with a
yield stress of 1800MPa. Three Wheastone bridges of double gauges are mounted along the bar length
to measure the elastic strain and monitor the dispersion. Two laser diodes are equipped to measure the
impact velocity of the projectile. A high speed camera is also equipped to observe the compression of
the specimen and the movement of the projectile during the impact.
The experimental plan comes down to determine the value of the specimen length ls, the projectile
length lp and its impact velocity vp. However, the combination of these three parameters is not unique
to get a given strain rate. Provided the expected strain rate ε˙s and the allowable strain εs in the specimen,
their maximum values can be approximated through the following equations, cp being the sound speed
in the projectile :
ε˙smax ≈
vp
ls
, εsmax ≈ ε˙s
2lp
cp
(1)
The combination of the parameters for each objective strain rate is presented in table 1.
1
TABLE 1 – Experimental plan and results
Test Obj. ε˙ vp lp ls ε˙max εmax Test Obj. ε˙ vp lp ls ε˙max εmax
no (s−1) (m/s) (mm) (mm) (s−1) no (s−1) (m/s) (mm) (mm) (s−1)
T1 3000 15 500 5 3064 11% T7 18000 36 60 2 17970 33%
T2 5000 25 125 5 4642 16% T8 18000 30 60 1.5 18350 16%
T3 7000 28 125 4 6925 17% T9 20000 30 60 1.5 21222 23%
T4 10000 30 60 3 10740 17% T10 20000 40 30 2 19659 24%
T5 12000 36 60 3 12040 25% T11 25000 37.5 30 1.5 25050 25%
T6 15000 30 60 2 15010 11%
2.2 Measurements from the direct-impact tests
The measured data consist of the elastic strain εb(t) in the transmitted bar and the impact velocity vp
of the projectile. The force Fs(t) applied by the bar on the specimen is computed from the recorded
strain εb(t) :
Fs(t) = EbSbεb(t) (2)
where Eb and Sb are the Young’s modulus and the cross-section of the bar. The force Fs(t) computed
for the tests listed in table 1 is plotted in the figure 1 for each projectile length. In these curves, some
trays are observed during the unloading part. These arise from (i) the shorter length of the projectile
than that of the bar and (ii) the mismatch of the generalized wave impedances (Wang, 2007) of the
projectile (ρcS)p, the specimen (ρcS)s and the transmitted bar (ρcS)b. Moreover, when the projectile is
long enough, the loading time is equivalent to the characteristic time, as shown in the figure 1(a) where
the projectile is 500mm length. As the projectile length shortens, the actual period of the compression
of the specimen lasts approximately twice the characteristic time or even longer as observed in the
figures 1(b)-1(d). This results from the different cross-sections of the projectile and the bar in these
experiments.
0 200 400 600 800−60
−40
−20
0
time (µs)
fo
rc
e 
(kN
)
 
 
Test T1
(a) Projectile length 500mm
0 100 200 300 400−60
−40
−20
0
time (µs)
fo
rc
e 
(kN
)
 
 
Test T2
Test T3
(b) Projectile length 125mm
0 50 100 150 200−60
−40
−20
0
time (µs)
fo
rc
e 
(kN
)
 
 
Test T4
Test T5
Test T6
Test T7
Test T8
Test T9
(c) Projectile length 60mm
0 20 40 60 80 100−60
−40
−20
0
time (µs)
fo
rc
e 
(kN
)
 
 
Test T10
Test T11
(d) Projectile length 30mm
FIGURE 1 – Force on the specimen in the direct-impact tests
Without any input bar to measure the input force, the strain rate in the specimen is assessed by the
following equation (Gorham et al., 1992; Guo et al., 2014) :
ε˙s(t) = −
vp +
Sp+Sb
Sp
cbεb(t)
ls
(3)
2
where Sp and cb are the cross-section of the projectile and the sound speed of the bar. The maximum
compressive strain rate ε˙max assessed by this equation and the measured compressive strain εmax are
presented in table 1 for each test. According to this formula, the compressive strain rate gets its ex-
tremum equal to vp/ls at the beginning of the impact. However, this equation is only valid within the
characteristic time (Gorham et al., 1992).
Since the force equilibrium of the specimen can not be checked, and the actual loading period is much
longer than the characteristic time, an inverse analysis is carried out to identify the dynamic behaviour
of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
3 INVERSE IDENTIFICATION OF THE JOHNSON-COOK CONSTITUTIVE MODEL
A constitutive model is first postulated to describe the behaviour of the tested material. The parameters
of this constitutive model are then identified so that some given quantities extracted from the numerical
simulation fit experimental data. The Johnson-Cook model is widely adopted to describe the dynamic
behaviour of metallic materials, and is here used for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The temperature effects are
not addressed in this work, the Johnson-Cook equation thus reads :
σ(εpeq,
˙εpeq) =
(
A+B(εpeq)
n
)(
1 + C ln
ε˙peq
ε˙0
)
(4)
The parameters A, B and n are identified on quasi-static stress-strain curves obtained at the strain rate
of 10−4s−1 :A=955MPa,B=770MPa and n=0.557. A reasonable range of search of 0.005 ≤ C ≤ 0.05
is set for the parameter C. Then a 2D axisymmetric finite element model is established in ABAQUS to
run the inverse analysis in order to identify the parameter C. The cost function f(x) is defined as the
euclidean norm of the difference between the simulated strain εsim(x, t) extracted at the location of the
gauge and the recorded one εexp(t).
f(x) = ‖ εsim(x, t)− εexp(t) ‖2 (5)
The figure 2 presents the superposed plots of the recorded and calibrated strain curves of some tests,
and also shows the values of C identified on each test with respect to the experimental strain rates
assessed by equation 3. In the figures 2(a)-2(c), the calibrated strain curves fit well the recorded ones
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
−3
−2
−1
0
x 10−3
time (µs)
ε b
 
 
T1: measured
T1: identified
(a) T1
0 50 100 150 200
−3
−2
−1
0
x 10−3
time (µs)
ε b
 
 
T2: measured
T2: identified
T3: measured
T3: identified
(b) T2 and T3
0 50 100 150 200
−3
−2
−1
0
x 10−3
time (µs)
ε b
 
 
T4: measured
T4: identified
T5: measured
T5: identified
(c) T4 and T5
0 50 100 150 200
−3
−2
−1
0
x 10−3
time (µs)
ε b
 
 
T6: measured
T6: identified
T8: measured
T8: identified
(d) T6 and T8
0 20 40 60 80 100
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
x 10−3
time (µs)
ε b
 
 
T10: measured
T10: identified
T11: measured
T11: identified
(e) T10 and T11
103 104 105
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
ε˙ (s−1)
C
(f) Identified C
FIGURE 2 – Recorded and calibrated strain curves
in the loading stage. However some discrepancies can also be observed during the unloading period. In
the figure 2(d), slight discrepancies appear in the loading stage, when the strain rates exceed 104s−1.
This kind of discrepancies increases as the strain rate goes beyond 20000s−1 as shown in the figure
2(e). In the figure 2(f), the parameter C is almost constant in the range of 3000 to 15000s−1. As the
strain rate increases, the results of the identification are subject to more scattering. A much greater
3
value of C of about 0.03 is obtained when the strain rate is over 20000s−1, whereas a smaller one
is identified on the tests T7 and T9. For many ductile materials, it has been observed that the stress
increases more rapidly as the strain rates excess the level of 103s−1(Rule and Jones, 1998). However
here, more tests and identifications are required to come to a reliable conclusion for the highest strain
rates.
4 CONCLUSION
In this work, the Ti-6Al-4V has been tested on the direct-impact Hopkinson device on a wide range of
strain rate ranging from 3000 to 25000s−1. Due to the mismatch of the material impedances and cross-
sections, a longer loading period has been observed in the force curves. Thus an inverse identification
procedure has been adopted to identify the Johnson-Cook model for the Ti-6Al-4V on the experimental
data. It has been shown that this model works well at least up to 20000s−1, even though more tests are
required for strain rates greater than this value.
Références
Davies, R. M. (1948). A critical study of the Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 240(821) :375–457.
Dharan, C. K. H. and Hauser, F. E. (1970). Determination of stress-strain characteristics at very high
strain rates. Experimental Mechanics, 10(9) :370–376.
Gorham, D. A., Pope, P. H., and Field, J. E. (1992). An improved method for compressive stress-strain
measurements at very high strain rates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.
Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 438(A) :153–170.
Guo, X., Heuzé, T., Othman, R., and Racineux, G. (2014). Inverse identification at very high strain rate
of the Johnson-Cook constitutive model on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a specially designed direct-
impact Kolsky bar device. Strain, 50(6) :527–538.
Johnson, G. R. and Cook, W. H. (1983). A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large
strains, high strain rates and high temperatures. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on
Ballistics, pages 541–547.
Kamler, F., Niessen, P., and Pick, R. J. (1995). Measurement of the behaviour of high-purity copper at
very high rates of strain. Canadian Journal of Physics, 73(5–6) :295–303.
Kolsky, H. (1949). An investigation of the mechanical properties of materials at very high rates of
loading. Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B, 62.
Ramesh, K. T. (2008). Part D : Chapter 33. High strain rate and impact experiments. In Springer
handbook of experimental solid mechanics, pages 1–31. Springer.
Rule, W. K. and Jones, S. E. (1998). A revised form for the Johnson-Cook strength model. International
Journal of Impact Engineering, 21(8) :609–624.
Wang, L. (2007). Foundations of stress waves. Elsevier Science.
Yu, C., Gao, H., Yu, H., Jiang, H., and Cheng, G. J. (2009). Laser dynamic forming of functional ma-
terials laminated composites on patterned three-dimensional surfaces with applications on flexible
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Direct-impact Hopkinson tests on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy at very high strain rate and inverse identification of the Johnson-Cook constitutive model

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Direct-impact Hopkinson tests on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy at very high strain rate and inverse identification of the Johnson-Cook constitutive model

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