Background and Objectives:Due to the importance of finding of new antibacterial agents, the antibacterial properties of Prosopis cinerariaaerial parts were investigated using a bioassay guided fractionation scheme. Materials and Methods:The organic extract was prepared via maceration in methanol, followed by the fractionation using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The MICs of fractions were determined against some human pathogenic bacteria using broth micro-dilution assay. The primary characterization and identification of bioactive substance(s) was based on a bio-autograph- ical method using HPTLC and flash chromatography in parallel with agar overlay assays. Finally the exact mass of effective compound(s) was determined by LC-MS. Results:The best antibacterial activities were related to the ethyl acetate fraction. The effective antibacterial compound of the plant were 2 substances with molecular weight of 348 and 184 Dalton that inhibited the growth of assessed Gram positive bacteria with MIC values lower than 125 to 62.5 Âµg/ml synergistically. Conclusion: Further analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance could reveal the exact structure of these two antibacterial substances. These 2 effective antibacterial compounds could be applied as lead compound for synthesis of new antibacterial agents. Â© 2016, Tehran University of Medical Science. All Rights reserved

Aliahmadi, A.

Feizabadi, M.M.

Ghassempour, A.

Irajian, G.

Neghabi-Hajiagha, M.

Rezadoost, H.

Taheri, M.R.

PubMed

eprints Iran University of Medical Sciences

1*Corresponding author: Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi, PhD, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poorsina street, Tehran, Iran.Phone: 0098-21-88955810E-mail: mfeifzabadi@tums.ac.ir.irA bioassay-guided fractionation scheme for characterization of new anti-bacterial compounds from Prosopis cineraria aerial parts Mahdieh Neghabi-Hajiagha1, Atousa Aliahmadi2, Mohammad Reza Taheri3, Alireza Ghassempour3, Gholamreza Irajian4, Hassan Rezadoost3, Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi1* 1Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poorsina street, Tehran, Iran2Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University3Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drug Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran4Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranReceived: June 2015 , Accepted: December 2015ABSTRACT  Background and Objectives: Due to the importance of finding of new antibacterial agents, the antibacterial properties of Prosopis cineraria aerial parts were investigated using a bioassay guided fractionation scheme. Materials and Methods: The organic extract was prepared via maceration in methanol, followed by the fractionation using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The MICs of fractions were determined against some human pathogenic bacteria using broth micro-dilution assay. The primary characterization and identification of bioactive substance(s) was based on a bio-autograph-ical method using HPTLC and flash chromatography in parallel with agar overlay assays. Finally the exact mass of effective compound(s) was determined by LC-MS. Results: The best antibacterial activities were related to the ethyl acetate fraction. The effective antibacterial compound of the plant were 2 substances with molecular weight of 348 and 184 Dalton that inhibited the growth of assessed Gram positive bacteria with MIC values lower than 125 to 62.5 µg/ml synergistically. Conclusion:  Further analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance could reveal the exact structure of these two antibacterial substances. These 2 effective antibacterial compounds could be applied as lead compound for synthesis of new antibacterial agents. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Prosopis cineraria, Antibiotic resistant, Characterization, Bioassay         of multidrug-resistant human bacterial pathogens is a worldwide problem and has been highlighted the requirement of looking for new antibacterial com-pounds (1, 2). New antibacterial agents which may be derived from natural sources could be useful itself or as novel lead compounds for development of new and more effective antibacterial agents (3). Plants are helpful and valuable resource for finding of new pharmaceuticals as well as novel antimicrobi-al agents (4, 5). They have some proven sophisticated Volume 8 Number 1 (February 2016) 1-7ORIGINAL ARTICLEINTRODUCTIONThe high frequency of emergence and distribution http://ijm.tums.ac.irdefense systems via production, storage and in some cases secretion of variety of antimicrobial com-pounds for combating with undesirable conditions caused by diverse plant bacterial pathogens during their whole life-time (4, 6). Prosopis Spp. (Fabaceae) is a plant genus found in Africa and Asia, including some province of Iran such as Fars, Boushehr, Sistan and Balouchestan, Hormozgan and Kerman. It has been used in tradi-tional medicine to treat various diseases such as skin diseases, piles, worms, vertigo and dyspnoea, pro-tection from miscarriage, Eye diseases, Snake bite, asthma, bronchitis, leucoderma, leprosy, muscle tremors, piles and toothache (7- 9). Prosopis cineraria species is endemic in Iran and in the present study, a bioassay-guided fractionation scheme was used to isolate and determine the effec-tive antibacterial compounds of its aerial parts.   MATERIALS AND METHODS    Microbial strains. Bacterial strains included in the study were as follow: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, vancomycin-resistant strain of Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Esch-erichia coli ATCC 25922, a clinical isolate of Acine-tobacter baumanni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1430. Plant and chemicals preparation. The aerial parts of Prosopis cineraria were collected in Fars Province, Iran during August 2012 and a voucher specimen was identified and deposited (MPH-2261) in the Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute Herbarium (MPH). Plant materials were immediately dried in a good ventilated room at dark. The organic solvents were purchased from Caledon Lab (Ontario, Canada). The reagents and the high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) silica plates were provided by Merck Co. (KGaA, Darmstadt, Germa-ny). All bacteriological media were from Merck Co. (KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).Plant material extraction. The plant organic ex-tract was prepared via maceration in methanol for 48h at dark with agitation. The resulted waxy pellet was dissolved in distilled water (1:10 w/v ratio) and then was fractioned sequentially by n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The organic solvent extracted material and final aqueous materials were dried under a re-duced pressure using rotary evaporator instrument (Heidolph, co, UK) at 40 °C and dried materials were kept at 4 °C. Antimicrobial assay. A stock of all samples were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at 4 °C. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was per-formed using the broth micro-dilution method for determination of the minimum inhibitory concen-tration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal con-centration (MBC), as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) (10), with some modifications. Briefly, an 18-hour culture of each test microorganism was used for the susceptibility tests. A serial dilution of each extract (from 64 mg/mL to 0.006 mg/mL) was prepared using sterile, Muller Hinton broth (MHB), containing 0.5% Tween 80 as co-solvent. Microorganisms were added to each well to final concentrations of 0.5-1 × 106 CFU/mL of bacteria. The inoculated 96-well plates were in-cubated for 20 hours at 37 °C and the MIC values were recorded as the lowest concentration that could inhibit visible growth of microorganisms. Resazurin reagent was used as a growth indicator, as illustrat-ed by Sarker et al. (11). MBCs were determined by sub-culturing 100 µL of each negative well on nu-trient agar plates. The MBCs were recorded after 24 hours of incubation at appropriate temperatures, as the lowest concentrations that could kill 99.99 % of the assessed bacteria, as described by CLSI (10). All experiments were performed in triplicates.High performance thin layer chromatography. HPTLC was carried out using CAMAG HPTLC in-strument. A 1-mg/mL clear solution of Ethyl acetate fraction was dissolved in a solution of Methanol and Ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) and was spotted onto alumi-num silica gel plates PF254 under N2, using Lino-mat 5, under 0.2 µL/sec speed. Each 6-mm band contained about 30 µg of the extract. A variety of mobile phases were used for achieving the highest separation resolution. All the plates were scanned in the range of 180-800 nm, using CAMAG TLC scan-ner III (12).Bio-autography experiments. The developed TLC plates with the highest resolutions were as-sessed against S. aureus strain. In brief, a 50 °C Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) medium, containing 107 MAHDIEH NEGHABI-HAJIAGHA ET AL .                                                                                                            2           IRAN. J. MICROBIOL.  Volume 8 Number 1 (February 2016) 1-7  http://ijm.tums.ac.irCFU/mL of bacterium, was poured into developed silica plates and then incubated for 18 hours at 37 °C (13). The effective and ineffective bands were chosen through comparison of the duplicate scanned plates (under 254 nm, 366 nm and visible light) with the bio-autographic plates. Next, the effective and inef-fective bands were cut and subjected for further ex-periments.Flash chromatography. Ethyl acetate derived fraction was further fractioned via passing through an open column of silica under vacuum. 5 different mobile phase including n-hexane, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (2:1), n-hexane: ethyl acetate (1:1), n-hexane: ethyl acetate (1:2) and ethyl acetate were applied and each fraction was dried and MIC values of each sam-ple was determined against S. aureus test strain. Reverse-phase HPLC. Ethyl acetate fraction derived from first methanol extract and sample of 100% ethyl acetate from flash chromatography ex-periments were subjected to RP-HPLC. Also 2 bands TLC plates were selected according to the results of bio-autography experiments and resolved by RP-HPLC. The KNAUER HPLC system (Germany) was equipped with an automatic injector (Smartline 3900). A smartline 2800 photodiode array detec-tor set at 254 nm and 210nm, a solvent degasser, an EZchrom software for chromatography data analy-sis, a binary pump and a 20-µl injection loop were used.C18 column (Eruspher, 250×4.6 mm, 5 µm, 100 A◦) was used for analytical purpose. Binary mobile phase which was used was as follow: A: Methanol (pH 3 by formic acid) and B: Milli-Q water containing 0.1% Formic acid. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and the column maintained at room temperature. Peaks were recorded by UV (PDA) at wavelengths 254 nm and 210nm. 20 µl of 1000 ppm stock of each mentioned sample was applied.LC-ESI-MS experiment. Here HPLC separation was performed on an Agilent LC 1200 series con-nected to a LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer. HPLC conditions were as follow: C18 column (250× 4.6 mm, 5µm), mobile phase ACN: H2O in 30: 70 ratio. Then LC effluent passed through a UV detector at both 254 nm while the flow rate reduced to 0.5 ml/min and then to the electrospray mass spectrometer. Mass spectra were acquired by a FinniganTM LC-QTM DECA ion trap instrument. ESI was set in both negative and positive mode in a condition including: sheath gas: 60 mL min-1,auxiliary gas: 20 mL min-1, spray voltage:4.5 kV, capillary temperature: 200 °C, capillary voltage: 46 kV, and tube lens: - 60 kV). The Xcalibur 2.0 SR2 software (copyright Thermo Elec-tron Corporation 1998– 2006) was used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe antibacterial effects of plant extracts are pre-sented in Table 1. It is apparent that not only the overall antibacterial effects of the Ethyl acetate frac-tion were better than the others, but also it had bet-ter inhibitory effects against all Gram-positives and Gram-negative tested bacterial strains. This extract could inhibit the growth of bacteria in concentrations lower than 1 mg/ml and in the case of S. aureus and E. faecium; MIC values were 0.25 mg/ml. So this sample was chosen for further investigations using HPTLC.In the HPTLC experiments, the best resolution of bands was obtained by mobile phase of Methanol: n-Hexane: Ethyl acetate (1:2:4) (Fig. 1a & 1b).As shown in Fig. 1 (a, b and c), an agar overlay assay was performed in duplicate plates for identifi-cation of the bands containing effective antibacterial substances. The results revealed 2 bands without any growth of S. aureus. According to the Bio-autogra-phy experiments, there were 2 zones of inhibition around two separated band in Ethyl acetate sample which have been developed by using Resazurin (Fig. 1c). Then a flash chromatography was performed for further separation of substances of ethyl acetate fraction and after determination of MIC values of 5 resulting fraction, it was revealed that 100% ethyl ac-etate fraction contained effective antibacterial com-pounds (as shown in the Table 1). The ethyl acetate fraction and other semi-purified antibacterial substances were subjected to RP-HPLC experiments and the results (Fig. 3) could reveal an increase in the intensity of some peaks during the process (from a to d) which was in accordance with increasing of the antibacterial properties of samples as shown in the Table 1. Some reports could reveal the antimicrobial ac-tivity of P. cineraria against pathogens such as Ba-cillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (8, 9). But there are no reports on determination of the effec-IRAN. J. MICROBIOL. Volume 8 Number 1 (February 2016) 1-7               3 http://ijm.tums.ac.irANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS FROM PROSOPIS CINERARIAhttp://ijm.tums.ac.irtive antibacterial substance (s). Although presence of bioactive secondary metabolites like alkaloid, flavo-noid, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids and ter-penoids was reported of this plant (8), it is not clear whether these known components were the actual only contributing components of P. cineraria to the anti-microbial activities against the bacterial patho-gen.   4           IRAN. J. MICROBIOL.  Volume 8 Number 1 (February 2016) 1-7    MAHDIEH NEGHABI-HAJIAGHA ET AL .                                                                                                         Table 1. MIC & MBC values (mg/ml) of different fractioned materials of P. cineraria.MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC  Band #5           Cefexime**Ethyl acetate 100%*Ethyl acetate fractionMethanol extract8264>6483220.516322410.510.250.1250.50.50.250.250.250.0620.2510.51110.50.50.1250.250.250.0310.12510.52440.510.2510.250.0310.258481616842210.251E. coliS. aureusK. pneumoniaeE. faeciumE. faecalisA. baumannii*Fraction of flash chromatography (100% ethyl acetate), **µg/mlFig.1. Silica plates containing developed bands of ethyl acetate fraction (a, under 254 nm and b, under 366 nm). C. indicates control of experiment (left, developed plate without sample) and plate after agar overlay and addition of Resazurin as bacterial growth inhibition (right).http://ijm.tums.ac.irIRAN. J. MICROBIOL.  Volume 8 Number 1 (February 2016) 1-7               5 http://ijm.tums.ac.irANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS FROM PROSOPIS CINERARIAThe antimicrobial assays were tested against major bacteria with a focus on antibiotics-resistant strains, particularly those of S. aureus. The agar overlay Bioautography method in this study has been used also for preparative separation and purification of P. cineraria bioactive antimicrobials as well as our previous report about determination of antibacterial compounds of Bromus inerrmis (14).For further analysis, all mentioned sample were analyzed by RP-HPLC (Fig. 2) and all optimized HPLC-DAD separation was extended to LC-ESI-MS equipment. For this both negative and positive mode of ionization were tried. Interestingly we found in-tensive m/z in only negative mode. Figs 3 and 4 show the presence of 347 m/z and 183 m/z that could be related to compounds with molecular weight of 348 and 184 Dalton. Both UV-Vis and mass spectrum re-sults implying presence of compounds like phenolic or flavonoid structures (data not shown).To the best of our knowledge, this is the first re-Fig. 2. RP-HPLC chromatograms of fractions: 1. Ethyl acetate fraction, 2. 100% Ethyl acetate after flash chr., 3. Effective band 5 from TLC plate, 4. Effective band 4 from TLC plate.Fig. 3. MS spectrum and chromatogram of band 5 (from TLC) in LC-ESI-MS analysis. One of the most effective band re-solved in TLC, resulted in a sharp peak which corresponds to a 348 Da compound.http://ijm.tums.ac.ir   6           IRAN. J. MICROBIOL.  Volume 8 Number 1 (February 2016) 1-7    MAHDIEH NEGHABI-HAJIAGHA ET AL .                                                                                                         port on characterization of antibacterial substances from P. cineraria plant. It can hypothesize that fur-ther investigations with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis could reveal the identity of the ef-fective substances in our continuous research. Such antibacterial substances can also be considered as the lead compounds for semi-synthesis of new effec-tive antibiotics. CONCLUSION   According to the result of this study it was concluded that characterized compounds may be applied as lead compound for designing of new and more efficient an-tibacterial agents. Also bioassay-guided fractionation could be served as an efficient and even cost bene-fit method for characterization of naturally bioactive compounds. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   This work was jointly supported by Tehran Universi-ty of Medical Sciences (Project 24753) and Medicinal Plants and Drug Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University. The authors would like to thank Mr. Mah-di Brazesh for providing plant samples and Dr. Ali Sonboli for kindly identification and recording of the herbarium sample of plant. REFERENCES1. Huttner A, Harbarth S, Carlet J, Cosgrove S, Goossens H, Holmes A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance: a global view from the 2013 World Healthcare-Associated In-fections Forum. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013; 18: 31.2. Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. The impact of hospital-ac-quired bloodstream infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 174-177.3. Klaywong K, Khutrakul G, Choowongkomon K, Lek-charoensuk C, Petcharat N, Leckcharoensuk P, et al. Screening for lead compounds and herbal extracts with potential anti-influenza viral activity. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014; 45: 62-64.4. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12 : 564-582.5. Thevissen K, Kristensen H, Thomma BPH J, Cammue 4. BPA, Francois IEJA. Therapeutic potential of anti-fungal plants and insect defensins. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12(21/22): 966-672.6. Maroti G, Kereszt A, Kondorosi E, Mergaert P. Natural roles of antimicrobial peptides in microbes, plants and animals. Res Microbiol 2011; 162: 363-374.7. Sharma N, Garg V, Paul A. Antihyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidative potential of Prosopis cineraria bark. Indian J Clin Biochem 2010; 25: 193-200.8. Velmurugan V, Arunachalam G, Ravichandran V. An-tibacterial activity of stem bark of Prosopis cineraria (Linn.) Druce. Arch Appl Sci Res 2010; 2: 147-150.9. Mohammad IS, Haji Muhammad Shoaib Khan NA. Fig. 4. MS spectrum and chromatogram of band 4 (from TLC) in LC-ESI-MS analysis. The most effective band resolved in TLC resulted in a sharp peak which corresponds to a 184 Da compound.http://ijm.tums.ac.irIRAN. J. MICROBIOL.  Volume 8 Number 1 (February 2016) 1-7               7 http://ijm.tums.ac.irANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS FROM PROSOPIS CINERARIARasool F. Biological potential and phytochemical eval-uation of Prosopis cineraria. World Appl Sc. 2013; 27: 1489-1494.10. Jorgensen JH, Turnidge JD (2007). Susceptibility test methods: Dilution and disk diffusion methods. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry MR, Pfaller MA, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 9 ed. ASM PRESS. Washington DC, pp.1152-1172.11. Sarker SD, Nahar L, Kumarasamy Y. Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vi-tro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals. Methods 2007; 42:321-324.12. Waksmundzka-Hajnos M, Sherma J, Kowalska T (2008). Thin layer chromatography in phytochemistry. CRC Press. 13. Aliahmadi A, Roghanian R, Emtiazi G, Ghassempour A. A simple method for primary screening of antibac-terial peptides in plant seeds. Iran J Microbiol 2011; 3:104-108.14. Aliahmadi A , Mirzajani F, Ghassempour A, Sonboli A. Bioassay guided fractionation of an anti-methicil-lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus flavonoid from Bromus inermis Leyss Inflorescences. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7 (12). e12739.

A bioassay-guided fractionation scheme for characterization of new antibacterial compounds from Prosopis cineraria aerial parts

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A bioassay-guided fractionation scheme for characterization of new antibacterial compounds from Prosopis cineraria aerial parts

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