Renal failure in cancer patients is not a rare clinical condition and often contraindicates anticancer drug treatment; moreover, chemotherapeutic drugs are frequently identified as possible iatrogenic cause of renal failure. Molecular therapies, when appropriate, could represent a therapeutic option for cancer patients with severe renal disease, but the lack of knowledge in this field, at present, limits their use in patients undergoing dialysis. Herein we describe a case, at our knowledge the first reported, of a patient with advanced lung adenocarcinoma on maintenance hemodialysis treated with gefitinib and then with afatinib; we also reviewed the literature on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used in NSCLC patients with concomitant renal impairment
