Epp, I.

Johnson, E.

Willenborg, C.

English

eCommons@USASK

Response of Galium species (cleavers) to herbicides

University of Saskatchewan Research Archive

Response of Galium species (cleavers) to herbicides Ian Epp, Chris Willenborg, and Eric JohnsonDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanMarch 16, 2015Galium species   (cleavers)▪ Rubiaceae Family▪ Annual weed which causes economic losses in agriculturally managed ecosystems around the world.Galium species▪ Annual or winter annual▪ Twining stems▪ Dispersion by animals▪ Highly adaptable Figure 1. Distinguishing features of Galium species (Defelice, 2002) Galium species of Canada▪ Galium borealis L.  (Northern Bedstraw)▪ Galium spurium L.  (False cleavers)▪ Galium aparine L.  (Catchweed Bedstraw)Galium population growth▪ 21st in 1980’s weed survey of Western Canada▪ 9th in 2000’s weed survey of Western Canada▪ Growth correlated with increasing canola acres(Leeson et al, 2005)Cleavers frequency and distribution in Western Canada.  (Beckie et al 2005)Cleavers in canola▪ Highly competitive at low densities▪ Seed is difficult to remove from canola seed▪ Significantly affect canola grading▪ Increased harvest difficultyExisting herbicides▪ Glyphosatea) Registered for control on plants up to 15cm▪ Glufosinate ammoniuma) Variable efficacy▪ Imazamox + Imazaphyr (ares)a) Group 2 resistancePotential new herbicides▪ Quincloraca) Group 4 ▪ Clomazonea) Group 13b) Preplant, soil activatedField Experiment▪ Objective: Assessing the efficacy of several common herbicides and potential new herbicides on cleaversMethodology▪ Separate trials for each herbicide system(Liberty-link, Roundup-Ready, Clearfield) ▪ RCBD with 8 treatments▪ Four replications▪ Experiment run in 2013 and 2014a) Scott Research Farmb) Kernen Research Farmc) RosthernTreatment list*FB = followed by1 Control (untreated check) 2 Herbicide standard 3 Quinclorac4 Clomoazone5 Clomoazone FB quinclorac6 Herbicide standard FB quinclorac7 Clomoazone FB herbicide standard8 Clomoazone FB herbicide standard + quincloracData collectionVariable Collection DetailsCleaver Control Rating Rate pre-seed treatment prior to in-crop herbicide and others @ 7-10, 14-21, > 28 days after herbicide application on CWSS scale. Crop Injury Rating Rate pre-seed treatment plots prior to in-crop herbicide and others @ 7-10, 14-21, > 28 days after herbicide application on CWSS scale. Biomass Cut all plants (at canola pod fill) at soil surface in 2 x 0.5m2 .Plant Height During the podding stage, measure the height of 5 individual canola plants.Crop Yield Seed yield, % moisture at harvest, determine dockage, separate cleavers from canola in 100g samples.Thousand Seed Weight Count 250 seeds from each sample, multiply 4X. Unsprayed checkGlyphosateGlyphosate + Quinclorac0510152025303540Unsprayed Glufosinate Qunclorac Clomazone Clom/Quin Glu/Quin Clom/Glu Clom/Glu/QuinBiomass (g/m2)TreatmentCleavers biomass in glufosinate tolerant canola(2013 & 2014)A          B          D          C         D          D           D           DNote: Means with the same letter in the same row are not significantly different (P>0.05). The multi-treatment comparisons completed using Tukey method. SEM = standard error of mean.051015202530Unsprayed Glyphosate Qunclorac Clomazone Clom/Quin Gly/Quin Clom/Gly Clom/Gly/QuinBiomass (g/m2)TreatmentA         C          C           B         D         D          D          DNote: Means with the same letter in the same row are not significantly different (P>0.05). The multi-treatment comparisons completed using Tukey method. SEM = standard error of mean.Cleavers biomass in glyphosate tolerant canola(2013 & 2014)051015202530354045Unsprayed Ares Qunclorac Clomazone Clom/Quin Ares/Quin Clom/Ares Clom/Ares/QuinBiomass (g/m2)TreatmentCleavers biomass in imidazolinone tolerant canola(2013 & 2014)A           B           C          B          D           D           B        DNote: Means with the same letter in the same row are not significantly different (P>0.05). The multi-treatment comparisons completed using Tukey method. SEM = standard error of mean.Cleaver contamination in imidazolinone tolerant canola (2013 & 2014)0510152025303540% Cleaver contaminationTreatmentA          B            C          AB         C           C         BC         DCleaver contamination in glufosinate tolerant canola (2013 & 2014)0510152025303540% Cleaver contaminationTreatmentA          B         C          B         D          D         C         DCleaver contamination in glyphosate tolerant canola (2013 & 2014)051015202530354045% Cleaver ContaminationTreatmentA         C        C       AB       C        E         D        E         Effects of herbicide treatment on yield in glyphosate tolerant canola 2013 & 2014 (Kernen only)0500100015002000250030003500Yield (kg/ha)TreatmentA          BC         B          AB        BC        C           C           DNote: Means with the same letter in the same row are not significantly different (P>0.05). The multi-treatment comparisons completed using Tukey method. SEM = standard error of mean.0500100015002000250030003500Yield (kg/ha)TreatmentEffects of herbicide treatment on yield in glufosinate tolerant canola 2013 & 2014)Note: Means with the same letter in the same row are not significantly different (P>0.05). The multi-treatment comparisons completed using Tukey method. SEM = standard error of mean.A          B          BC       AB         C           C         BC         C0500100015002000250030003500Yield (kg/ha)TreatmentA         AB       BC       AB       BC       BC       BC       BCEffects of herbicide treatment on yield in imidazolinonetolerant canola2013 & 2014 Note: Means with the same letter in the same row are not significantly different (P>0.05). The multi-treatment comparisons completed using Tukey method. SEM = standard error of mean.Discussion▪ Existing herbicides exhibit marginal control of cleavers ▪ Quinclorac is highly efficacious on cleavers▪ Clomazone provides early season control and can improve the efficacy of in-crop herbicidesDose Response ExperimentMethodology▪ Separate dose response experiment for each herbicide(Glufosinate, Quinclorac, Ares) • Three replications• Experiment run in 2013 and 2014 at the U of SData collectionVariable Collection DetailsCrop Injury Rating Rate all pots @ 7-10, 14 days after herbicide application on CWSS scale. Biomass In all dose response trials, aboveground biomass was harvested 21 days after herbicide application, oven dried, weighed and expressed as a % of the untreated control. AresQuincloracGlufosinateAcknowledgements ▪ Supervisor:Dr. Christian Willenborg▪ Committee Members: Dr. Randy KutcherDr. Yuguang BaiEric Johnson▪ Kernen Staff▪ Fellow Grad StudentsQuestions ?ReferencesCanola Council of Canada, 2011. Canola growers manual. [Online] Available: http://www.canolacouncil.org/crop-production/canola-grower's-manual-contents/chapter-10a-weeds/chapter-10a [4 July, 2013].Defelice, M.S. 2002. Catchweed bedstraw or cleavers, Galium aparine L.—a very “sticky” subject. Weed tech. 16: 467-472. Hall. 2005. Physiological and biochemical characterization of quinclorac resistance in a false cleavers (Galium spurium L.) biotype. J Agric. Food Chem. 53, 1144-1151. Leeson J.Y., A.G. Thomas, L.M. Hall, C.A. Brenzil, T. Andrews, K.R. Brown, and R.C. Van Acker. 2005. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon. Malik, N. and W. H. Vanden Born. 1987. False cleavers (Galium spurium L.) competition and control in rapeseed. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:839-844. Steckel, G.J., L. M. Wax, F.W. Simmons, and W. H. Phillips II. 1997. Glufosinate efficacy on annual weed is influenced by rate and growth stage. Weed Technol. 11: 484-488.Van der Weide, R.Y. 1993. Population dynamics and population control of Galium aparine L. Master Thesis. Agricultural University of Wageningen. NetherlandVan Eerd, L.L., G.R. Stephenson, J. Kwiatkowski, K. Grossmann and J.C.2005. Physiological and biochemical characterization of quinclorac resistance in a false cleaver (Galium spurium L.) biotype. J Agric Food Chem 4:1144-51.

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Response of Galium species (cleavers) to herbicides

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