Bueckert, R.A.

Johnson, E.

Willenborg, C.

English

eCommons@USASK

Crop damage – more than just herbicides

University of Saskatchewan Research Archive

www.usask.caCrop Damage – More Than Just HerbicidesEric Johnson, Dr. Rosalind A. Bueckert and Dr. Chris Willenborgwww.usask.caHerbicide Injury• Agronomists generally well trained in herbicide symptomology• Injury generally results from additive environmental (abiotic) stresses• “DO NOT apply fenoxaprop 2 to 3 days prior to, or following, temperatures of 3oC or lower as crop injury may occur ”.www.usask.ca• Fenoxyprop (Puma, Bengal, any kind of cat)• “Durum wheat, forage grasses and barley may experience some initial, temporary stunting and yellowing that rarely results in yield loss. Injury is more likely under stress conditions”.• Metribuzin (Sencor, Tricor)• “Heavy rainfall soon after application to peas, lentils and chickpeas can result in stand reduction on soils with less than 4 percent organic matter”.www.usask.caToo much water!!Source: Leguee Farms: https://southsaskfarmer.com/Photo: Dr. R. Bueckert Photo credit: S. Phelpswww.usask.caNot enough water!!Photo credits: Dr. R. Bueckert Leaf flipping in soybeanwww.usask.caHeat and drought stress!Pod abortionPhoto credits: Dr. R. Bueckert www.usask.caWhich of these Brassica plants have PSII (Xylem mobile) herbicide injury?A. Photo 1B. Photo 2C. BothD. NeitherPhoto 1Photo 2 BothNeither0% 0%0%0%7Photo 1Photo 2www.usask.caManganese / aluminum toxicityPhoto credit:  Jessica Weber, WARC, Scott, SK.www.usask.caThe effect of soil pH on nutrient availability.Soil pH at Scott Research Farm Top 15 cm– 4.5 to 5.5www.usask.caScott soils:  mean Mn 51 ppm Range: 16-237Aluminum availability may also be issue!www.usask.caHalo on cotyledon from seed treatmenthttp://www.canolawatch.org/2013/05/29/halo-of-yellow-around-cotyledons/Greg Sekulic, Canola Councilwww.usask.caTriazine soil active herbicide in mustardPhoto Credit:  Jaime Barton, U of Swww.usask.caWhich of these Pea plots did not receive POST- Odyssey?A. Photo 1B. Photo 2C. Photo 3D. Can’t tellPhoto 1Photo 2Photo 3Can’t tell0% 0%0%0%13Photo 1Photo 2 Photo 3www.usask.ca• Looked at effect of timing• Applied 2X rate of Odyssey at 1-2 node, 5-6 node, and >8 node at Saskatoon, 2014 and 2015.Yellow Flash in Field Pea from Odysseywww.usask.caUntreated 1-2 Node5-6 Node 8-10www.usask.caChlorosis Ratings on Field Pea after 2X application of Odyssey. June 24, 20140510152025Untreated 1-2 node 5-6 node >8 nodeStage% Visual Chlorosis21 DAA12 DAANot sprayedyetwww.usask.caPea tolerance to Odyssey timing – 2X rate -2014Mean of 2 cultivars (CDC Golden and CDC Sage)www.usask.caPea tolerance to Odyssey timing – 2X rate -2015Mean of 2 cultivars (CDC Golden and CDC Sage)www.usask.caOdyssey applied to CDC Golden at 2X rate 1-2 node 2015Odyssey applied to CDC Golden at 2X rate at >8 node - 2015www.usask.caPhoto credit:  Sherrilyn Phelps, Sask Pulse Growerswww.usask.caPhoto credit:  Sherrilyn Phelps, Sask Pulse Growerswww.usask.caConclusions from Odyssey study• Yellow flash (chlorosis) from Odyssey application was transient and generally did not result in a yield reduction when applied before the 6-node stage.• Adverse environments after application can result in injury even when application timing is made within label directions.• Symptoms from waterlogging can resemble “yellow flash”.• Late application (beyond the 6-node stage) resulted in 3 to 12 days in maturity, and a slight yield drag in one year of the study.www.usask.caAdditive Effects of Waterlogging and PRE –Herbicide Injury: Source: Doug Fehr. 2012Glyphosate alonewww.usask.caGlyphosate aloneGlyphosate & Express ProIncreasing Moisturewww.usask.caGlyphosate & Express ProGlyphosate alonewww.usask.caPre-PassG. & Express ProInferno Duowww.usask.caInferno DuoPre-PassHeat 80 acre ratewww.usask.caHeat 80 acre rateInferno Duowww.usask.caHow much yield reduction do you think the middle plot will experience compared to the plot on left?A. <10%B. 11-20%C. 20-30%D. >30%<10%11-20%20-30%>30%0% 0%0%0%29www.usask.caAnthocyanin expressionDr. R. Bueckertwww.usask.caWhich of these have Group 2 injury?A. Photo 1B. Photo 2C. Photo 3D. Photo 1 & 2E. AllPhoto 1Photo 2Photo 3Photo 1 & 2 All0% 0% 0%0%0%31Photo 1Photo 2Photo 3www.usask.cahttp://www.canolacouncil.org/canola-encyclopedia/weeds/herbicide-residue-drift-injury/Sulphur deficiencyOther causes of canola purplingwww.usask.caWhich of these is sulfentrazone carryover on wheat?Photo 1Photo 2Photo 3 None0% 0%0%0%33A. Photo 1B. Photo 2C. Photo 3D. NonePhoto 1Photo 2Photo 3www.usask.cawww.usask.caImproper timing of phen...Glyphosate driftCool temperatures at he...Genetic traitAll of the above0% 0% 0%0%0%Wheat heads caught in the boot can be caused by:A. Improper timing of phenoxy herbicide applicationB. Glyphosate driftC. Cool temperatures at headingD. Genetic traitE. All of the above35www.usask.cahttp://www.mississippi-crops.com/2011/03/23/identifying-glyphosate-drift-injury-on-wheat-plants/www.usask.caWhich of the following has Infinity carryover?  A. Pea plantsB. CanolaC. FababeanD. All of themE. A & CPea plantsCanolaFababeanAll of them A & C0% 0% 0%0%0%37AB Cwww.usask.caAlbinism – genetic mutationPea Photos credit:  Joshua Moats, FP GeneticsFababean photo credit:  Sherrilyn Phelps,Sask Pulse Growerswww.usask.caThis is herbicide injury on Fababean!Photo credits:  Sherrilyn Phelps,Sask Pulse Growerswww.usask.caViper InjuryFrost InjuryChocolate spotPhoto credits: Sherrilyn Phelps,Sask Pulse Growerswww.usask.caBlast from the past:  “Stacking” of herbicide residues• Research in early 2000’s found that under some environmental conditions that “back-to-back” application of residual Group 2 herbicides could result in additive or synergistic injury.www.usask.ca2004-Photos taken about 21 days after in-crop treatmentCheck 51% groundcoverSundance applied in-crop 45 % groundcoverOdyssey appledprevious year (2003) 50 % groundcoverOdyssey (2003)  / Sundance in-crop 31% groundcoverwww.usask.caUntreatedAssert  1 year priorOdyssey 2 years priorOdyssey -2 yrs / Assert -1 yearwww.usask.caHerbicide Stacking – Take home• Group 2 – only occurs with very residual herbicides: Pursuit, Assert and Sundance (no longer available);• Layering – research required to ensure “layered” herbicides don’t result in additive crop injury.www.usask.caThe lesions on these leaves are caused from:A. Frost damageB. PPO inhibitor damageC. Insect damageFrost damagePPO inhibitor damageInsect damage33% 33%33%45www.usask.caSummary• Consider weather, other stresses when diagnosing• Many stresses are additive / synergistic• Frustrating for farmer and agronomist – how much damage is herbicide / how much is environment?www.usask.caDrought Drought + >30 C tempsDicamba injury

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Crop damage – more than just herbicides

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University of Saskatchewan Research Archive