Brandt, S.

Gan, Y.

Kutcher, H.R.

Lafond, G.

May, W.

English

University of Saskatchewan Research Archive

 Adaptation of Oilseed Crops in Saskatchewan  William May1,  Yantai Gan2, Stew Brandt3,  Randy Kutcher4 and Guy Lafond1  1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Indian Head Research Farm, PO Box 760,, RR#1 Gov. Rd,, Indian Head, SK S0G 2K0, Canada  2Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 1030, Gate #3, Airport Road E., Swift Current,, SK S9H 3X2, Canada 3Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Scott Res. Farm, PO Box 10, Scott, SK S0K 4A0, CANADA 4Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Melfort Research Farm, P.O. Box 1420, Hwy. 6 South, Melfort, SK S0E 1A0, Canada   Introduction Canola quality Brassica juncea L. (juncea canola), and hybrid, oilseed sunflowers (Helianthus annus L.) have potential for greatly increased production in western Canada.  Juncea canola is a recently developed crop with seed quality similar to cultivars of Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. with canola quality (Woods et al., 1991. and hybrid oilseed sunflowers have largely replaced open-pollinated oilseed sunflowers. (Beckie and Brandt, 1996).  The economics of production, which includes the nitrogen (N) response of flax (Linum ustitatissimum L.) and Brassica napus (napus canola) in western Canada have been relatively well researched (Nuttall and Mahli, 1991; Mahli et al., 2007); However, much less is known about the N response of juncea canola and hybrid, oilseed sunflowers.  If producers are to grow these two oilseed crops they need information on their adaptation and response to N.  Currently there is very limited information comparing the economics of juncea canola, and hybrid oilseed sunflowers to established oilseed crops, canola and flax, in the soil-climatic zones of Saskatchewan using current production practices.    The introduction of juncea canola has created the potential to increase the production of oilseed crops in the drier areas of Saskatchewan. Due to its and resistance to shattering, it may have advantages over napus canola in wetter areas of Saskatchewan.  Oilseed sunflowers are also adapted to drier areas of Saskatchewan, and varieties with early maturity and short stature may have potential in the moist areas of Saskatchewan.    Objectives To compare the adaptation, N response curves and economic returns juncea canola and hybrid, oilseed sunflowers to flax and napus canola with in various soil-climatic zones of Saskatchewan.  Materials and Methods  Treatments •  4 crops o Brassica juncea ( juncea  canola)  o Sunflower (hybrid, oilseed) o Brassica napus (hybrid, napus canola)  o Flax  •  8 nitrogen rates (kg ha-1) o 10  o 30 o 50 o 70 o 90 o 110 o 150 o 200  •  5 Locations in Saskatchewan, Canada o Indian Head  o Swift  Current o Scott  o Melfort  o Redvers  •  Years o 2004 o 2005 o 2006  Experimental design o three replicates  o split  plot with crop as the main effect  Agronomic Practices •  Seeding date o mid-May for both Brassicas  and flax with sunflowers seeded approximately 10 days later o all  locations except Swift  Current where the first  seeding date was early-May and sunflowers were seeded 10 days later  •  Target Plant Population (plants m-2)  o 100 –  juncea  canola o 7.5 – Sunflower o 100 – napus canola o 400 – Flax  •  Cultivars o juncea  canola - Dahinda  o Sunflower – 63M02 (hybrid) o napus canola – Invigor 5020 (hybrid) o Flax – CDC Bethune  •  Cropping System o zero-til l   •  Ferti l ity o nitrogen- determined by treatment o phosphorus – a minimum of 20 kg ha-1 with more being applied if suggested by soil  test  o potassium and Sulfur – followed soil  test  recommendations for each location in each year  Economics • adjusted gross return  = (Grain yield * grain price) – (amount of applied N *cost per unit of N)  • calculated at two grain prices $200 and $400 tonne-1 and four N costs: 0.85, 1.00,1.15 and 1.30 $ kg-1.  Statistical Analysis o PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (Littell et al., 1996) o A combined analysis was carried out using all locations and years except at Scott due to hail damage occurring in two years. o Crop, N rate, and location were considered fixed effects. o Replicate and year were considered random effects    Results  •  Crop x N, location x crop, and location x N all  affected grain yield. •  There was a curvilinear increase in grain yield of all  four crops as the rate of applied N increased when averaged over locations and years. o As the N rate increased from 10 to 90 kg ha-1 grain yield response of juncea canola and sunflower was less than that of flax and Napus canola (Figure 1).  o The grain yield of juncea canola  and sunflower increased as N increased to 70 kg ha-1 but did not increase at  higher N rates.  o Flax grain yield did not respond to N rates above 90 kg ha-1.  o Grain yield of napus  canola increased as the N rate increased to 200 kg ha-1.   A similar response was reported by Mahli  et  al .  (2007).  •  Napus  canola and flax had similar grain yields at  each location and never had a yield lower than sunflower or juncea  canola at  any location when yield was averaged over N rate and year (Figure 2).   o The yield  of  napus  canola and flax was greater than sunflower and juncea  canola at  Indian Head and Melfort  when averaged over N rate and year. o Napus  canola had a higher grain yield than juncea  canola at  Swift  Current. o Flax had a higher grain yield than sunflower at  Redvers.   •  The adjusted gross return (gross return minus the cost of applied N) of napus canola and sunflower (Figure 3) and flax and  juncea  canola (Figure 4) are presented.   o The adjusted gross return for sunflowers and juncea canola  was similar from 10 to 70 kg N ha-1 when crop prices are low and N costs high.  At N rates greater than 70 kg N ha-1 the adjusted gross return declined. o The adjusted gross return for sunflower indicated that there was no advantage to increasing N rate as the sunflower price increased and ferti l izer cost decreased. o A small  increase in the adjusted gross return of juncea  canola could be captured by increasing the N rate to 90 kg ha-1 as the crop price increased and ferti lizer cost decreased. o The adjusted gross return of flax did not increase above 50 kg N ha-1 when crop prices are low and N prices high. o As the flax price increased, the adjusted gross return for flax was optimized at  90 kg ha-1 o The adjusted gross return of napus  canola was very similar across a wide range of N rates when crop prices are low. o  As the price of napus  canola increased the adjusted gross return was maximized at  110 kg ha-1.   Conclusions •  Current cultivars of juncea and sunflower are less responsive to applied N than current cultivars of napus canola and flax. •  Juncea  canola did not have an advantage over napus  canola under the dry conditions that prevailed at  Swift  Current.  •  The gain yield of sunflower was only similar to napus canola  and flax at  Swift  Current, the driest  location with the longest growing season. •  Shorter season sunflower hybrids are required to improve grain yield in Saskatchewan. •  The adjusted gross return indicates that producers using a wide range of N rates may have a similar adjusted gross return.   •  A full  economic analysis needs to be carried out on this data set   References Beckie, H.J.,  and S.A. Brandt 1996.  Sunola response to nitrogen ferti lizer. Can. J. of Plant Sci. 76: 783-789.  Littell, R.C., G.A. Milliken, W.W. Stroup, and R.D. Wolfinger. 1996.  SAS System for Mixed Models. SAS Institute, Cary NC.  Malhi, S.S., S. Brandt, D. Ulrich, G.P. Lafond, A.M. Johnston, and R.P. Zentner. 2007. Comparative nitrogen response and economic evaluation for optimum yield of hybrid and open pollinated canola. Can. J. of Plant Sci. 87(3): 449-460.  Nuttall, W.F. and S.S. Malhi, 1991.  The effect of time and rate of N application on the yield and N uptake of wheat, barley, flax, and four cultivars of rapeseed. Can. J. Soil Sci. 71:227-238.     Nitrogen Rate (kg ha-1)0 50 100 150 200 250Grain Yield (T ha-1)0.00.51.01.52.0Brassica NapusFlaxBrassica JunceaSunflowerFiigurre  1..   Crrop  grraiin  yiielld  rresponse  tto  changes  ii n  niitt rrogen  rratte  averraged  overr  years and locatt ions ..   LocationIndian Head Swift Current Melfort RedversGrain Yield (T Ha-1)0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0FlaxBrassica napusBrassica JunceaSunflowera a a a a a ab ab ab ab b b b b b b Figure  2..  Crrop grain yield  att  each  locatt ion averaged  overr   niit rogen rates   and years.   0 50 100 150 200050100150200250300Nitrogen Rate (kg ha-1)0 50 100 150 200Adjusted Gross Return ($ ha-1)050100150200250300Sunflower N = $0.85 kg -1Sunflower N = $1.00 kg -1Sunflower N = $1.15 kg -1Sunflower N = $130 kg-1Napus canola  N = $0.85 kg-1Napus canola  N = $1.00 kg-1Napus canola  N = $1.15 kg-1Napus canola  N = $1.30 kg -1Crop price = $200 T  Crop price = $ 400 T Figurre 3.  Adjusted gross  retturr n of  napus canoll a and  sunff lower iin response tto  changes ii n nitrogen rate averaged over years and  locatt ions.    Nitrogen Rate (kg ha-1)0 50 100 150 200Adjusted Gross Return ($ ha-1)050100150200250300Crop price = $200 T  Crop price = $ 400 T  0 50 100 150 200050100150200250300 Juncea canola N = $0.85Juncea canola N = $1.00Juncea canola N = $1.15Juncea canola N = $1.30Flax N = $0.85Flax  N = $1.00Flax N = $1.15Flax N = $1.30Fii gurre  4..   Adjj ustted  grross  rretturrn  off   jjuncea  canolla  and  ff ll ax  ii n  rr esponse  tto  changes  iin nit rrogen rrate averaged  overr years and  locatt ion  

Adaptation of oilseed crops in Saskatchewan

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Adaptation of oilseed crops in Saskatchewan

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