Cronkwright, L.

Matus, A.

McLeod, R.

Sadleir, J.

English

eCommons@USASK

Effects of Crown (carbathiin and thiabendazole), Allegiance FL (metalaxyl), Vitaflo 280 (carbathiin and thiram), and Apron Maxx (fluodioxonil and metalaxyl) on N2 fixation of chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and pea

University of Saskatchewan Research Archive

  1  Effects of Crown (Carbathiin and Thiabendazole), Allegiance FL (Metalaxyl), Vitaflo 280 (Carbathiin and Thiram), and Apron Maxx (Fluodioxonil and Metalaxyl) on N2 Fixation of Chickpea, Dry Bean, Lentil, and Pea.  Matus, A, Sadleir, J., Cronkwright, L., and McLeod, R.  Gustafson Partnership.  Suite #10-2712-37 Av. NE.  Calgary, AB, Canada.  T1Y 5L3.    Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) have the ability to fix dinitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere.  Rhizobium inoculants are applied to the seed to ensure effective N2 fixation.  In addition, fungicidal seed treatments are recommended to control extremely aggressive diseases such as ascochyta blight, anthracnose, seed rot, root rot, and seedling blight.    Information on the compatibility of Rhizobium inoculants with fungicidal seed treatments is controversial.  Fungicide rate is the single most important factor causing variability of results.  A survey of the most cited papers on the fungicide by Rhizobium interaction shows that only 14% used the recommended rate of Metalaxyl (5-g a.i. 100 kg-1 seed) (Table 1).  Eighty six percent of papers report a rate of Metalaxyl ranging from 3.6- to 35-fold the recommended rate and only one found a decrease in soybean nodulation caused by Metalaxyl when used at 35-fold the recommended rate (Revellin et al., 1993).    A Similar survey on Thiram shows that only 27% of the reports used the recommended rate (50-g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seed) and found no effect of Thiram on nodulation of chickpea and soybean (Curley and Burton, 1975; Bhattacharyya and Sengupta, 1980) or nodulation and nitrogen fixation of soybean (Rennie and Dubetz, 1984).  Seventy three percent of papers report a rate of Thiram ranging from 2- to 16-fold and only two found a decrease in nodulation of chickpea and soybean caused by Thiram when used at 4.6-fold and 2-fold the recommended rate, respectively (Bhattacharyya and Sengupta, 1980; Rennie and Dubetz, 1984).  In addition, Thiram reduced N2 of chickpea when applied at 2.8-fold the recommended rate (Kyei-Boahen et al., 2001).      Contradictory results have been reported among laboratory, growth chamber, and field evaluations of Rhizobium strains in contact with fungicides (Curley and Burton, 1975; Hashem et al., 1997; Dunfield et al., 2000; Kyei-Boahen et al. 2001). Therefore, laboratory tests provide a measure of Rhizobium survival that sometimes does not correlate with growth chamber or field results.  The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Crown, Allegiance FL, Vitaflo 280, and Apron Maxx at  recommended rates on visual nodulation and percent N2 derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) of chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and pea.   2  Materials and Methods  Chickpea cv. Sanford, dry bean cv. CDC Camino, lentil cv. Laird, and pea cv. CDC Mozart were grown at Clavet and Langham, Saskatchewan 2002.  At these locations, pulse crops were never grown before.  Soil type, soil available nitrogen, total precipitation, seeding date, and harvest date are given in Table 2.  Chickpea was inoculated with Rhizobium ciceri [TagTeam (Philom Bios) and SelfStick chickpea (Becker Underwood)].  Dry bean was inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli [TagTeam (Philom Bios) and SelfStick dry bean (Becker Underwood)].  Lentil and pea were inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae [N-Prove (Philom Bios) and SelfStick lentil and pea (Becker Underwood)].  Rhizobium inoculants were applied at the manufacturer recommended rate.  The active ingredients and fungicide rates are given in Table 3.    Treatments for chickpea were: 1) Rhizobium inoculated, no fungicide, 2) Allegiance FL, Rhizobium applied sequentially to fungicide, 3) Crown plus Allegiance FL, Rhizobium applied sequentially to fungicides, 4) Crown plus Allegiance FL, Rhizobium applied simultaneously to fungicides, and 5) Allegiance FL, no Rhizobium inoculant.  Treatments for dry bean were: 1) Rhizobium inoculated, no fungicide, 2) Vitaflo 280 plus Allegiance FL, Rhizobium applied sequentially to fungicides. 3) Apron Maxx, Rhizobium applied sequentially to fungicide and, 4) No Rhizobium, no fungicide.  Treatments for lentil were: 1) Rhizobium inoculated, no fungicide, 2) Vitaflo 280, Rhizobium applied sequentially to fungicide, 3) Crown, Rhizobium applied sequentially to fungicide, 4) Vitaflo 280, Rhizobium applied simultaneously to fungicide, 5) Crown, Rhizobium applied simultaneously to fungicide, and 6) No Rhizobium, no fungicide.  Treatments for pea were: 1) Rhizobium inoculated, no fungicide, 2) Vitaflo 280 plus Allegiance, Rhizobium applied sequentially to fungicides, 3) Vitaflo 280 plus Allegiance FL, Rhizobium applied simultaneously to fungicides, 4) Apron Maxx, Rhizobium applied sequentially to fungicide, and 5) No Rhizobium, no fungicide.    The percent Ndfa was determined by the 15N natural abundance method (Bremer and van Kessel, 1990,) using flax as a reference crop.  Plant samples were harvested at mid-podding stage, dried to constant weight, and finely ground to talcum powder consistency.  Isotopic composition (d15N) was determined in an automated single-inlet system (RoboPrep Sample Converter interface with a TracerMass Stable Isotope detector, Europe Scientific, Crewe, England).  Visual nodulation was measured at mid-podding stage using a scale 0-4.  A zero was assigned to plants with no nodulation and a four to plants with good nodulation.  Visual nodulation was assessed by a combination of nodules number, size, and colour.  Data were analysed using the General Lineal Model (SAS Institute Inc. 1996).  Seeding was delayed at both locations due to dry soil conditions and low average precipitation during May and early June (Table 2).  The combination of late maturity and grasshoppers damage did not allowed biomass or grain yield data collection.  The location by treatment interaction was not significant for any of these crops.  Therefore, the means from the combined analysis of variance for visual nodulation and percent Ndfa are presented.     3 Results and Discussion  Fungicidal seed treatments had no effect on visual nodulation and percent Ndfa of chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and pea (Table 4).  Visual nodulation and percent Ndfa of chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and pea treated with fungicides and inoculated with Rhizobium was similar to that observed in these crops inoculated with Rhizobium and non-treated with fungicides.  Rhizobium inoculation of chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and pea significantly increased visual nodulation and percent Ndfa when compared with the non inoculated control, suggesting that these soils may not have a native Rhizobium strain capable of efficiently nodulate these crops (Bremer et al., 1988).    Our results agree with other studies conducted under controlled environments and under field conditions.  Thus, it has been reported that Metalaxyl has no effect on nodulation of chickpea (Welty et al., 1988; Kyei-Boahen et al., 2001), lentil (Rennie et al., 1985), and pea (Rennie et al., 1985; Kutcher et al. 2002).  Other reports indicate that Metalaxyl has no effect on the ability of Rhizobium to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere on alfalfa (Edmisten et al., 1988), chickpea (Kyei-Boahen et al., 2001), lentil (Rennie et al., 1985), and pea (Rennie et al., 1985).  Similarly, Thiram had no effect on nodulation of chickpea (Welty et al., 1988), bean (Graham et al., 1980), lentil (Rennie et al., 1985), pea (Rennie et al., 1985; Fritz and Rosen, 1981; Dunfield et al., 2000; Kutcher et al., 2002), and soybean (Rennie and Dubetz, 1984).   These reports support the finding of this study, that Metalaxyl and Thiram at the recommended rates are compatible with Rhizobium inoculants.    Others have shown that fungicides reduced nodulation or N2 fixation (Bhattacharyya and Sengupta, 1980; Revellin et al., 1993; Kye i-Boahen et al., 2001).  However, in those studies they applied a rate of fungicide that exceeded the recommended rate by two- to 35-fold and consequently their results must be viewed with caution (Table 1).  For example, Revellin et al. (1993) reported a negative effect of Metalaxyl on nodulation of bean.  However, the Metalaxyl rate used by Revellin et al. (1993) was 35 fold higher than the recommended rate.  Nodulation of chickpea was not affected by Thiram at recommended rate, but decreased significantly when applied at 4.6 fold the recommended rate (Bhattacharyya and Sengupta, 1980).  Similarly, Thiram had no effect on soybean nodulation when applied at the recommended rate but decreased nodulation when applied at two fold the recommended rate (Rennie and Dubetz, 1984).    Conclusion   Allegiance FL, Crown, Vitaflo 280, and Apron Maxx at the recommended rates have no effect on visual nodulation or the ability of the Rhizobium to fix N2 from the atmosphere, regardless of the inoculation time.  References  Bhattacharyya, P. and Sengupta, K.  1984.  Effect of seed-dressing fungicides on       nodulation and grain yield of lentil.  Int. Lentil Newsl.  11: 41-44. Bremer, E. and van Kessel.  1990.  Appraisal of the nitrogen-15 natural-abundance method for quant ifying dinitrogen fixation.  Soil Sci.  Soc.  Am.  J.  54: 404-411. Bremer, E., Rennie, R. J. U., and Rennie, D. R.  1988.  Dinitrogen fixation of lentil, field pea, and fababean under dryland conditions.  Can. J. Soil. Sci.  68: 553-562.   4 Curley, R. L. and Burton, J. C.  1975.  Compatibility of Rhizobium japonicum with chemical seed protectants.  Agron.  J.  67: 807-808. Dunfield, K. E., Siciliano, S. D., and Germida, D. D.  2000.  The fungicides Thiram and captan affect the phenotypic characteristics of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains C1 as determined by FAME and Biolog analyses. Edmisten, K. K., Wolf, D. D., and Stromberg, E. L.  1988.  Compatibility of Metalaxyl with Rhizobium meliloti on alfalfa seed to control Pythium damping off.  Crop Sci.  28: 568-570. Fritz, V. A. and Rosen, C. J.  1991.  Productivity of processing peas as influenced by nitrogen fertilization, Rhizobium inoculation, and fungicide seed treatment.  Can. J. Plant Sci. 71: 1271-1274. Graham, P. H., Ocampo, G., Ruiz, L. D., and Duque, A.  1980.  Survival of Rhizobium phaseoli in contact with chemical seed protectans.  Agron. J. 72: 625-627. Hashem, F. M., Saleh, S. A., van Berkum, P., and Voll, M.  1997.  Survival of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) on fungicides-treated peanut seed in relationship to plant growth and yield.  World J.  Microbiol.  Biotechnol.  13: 335-340. Kutcher, H. R., Lafond, G., Johnston, A. M., Miller, P. R., Gill, K. S., May, W. E., Hogg, T., Johnson, E., Biederbeck, V. O., and Nybo, B.  2002.  Rhizobium inoculant and seed-applied fungicide effects on field pea production.  Can.  J.  Plant Sci.  82: 645-651.   Kyei-Boahen, S., Slinkard, A. E., and Walley, F.  2001.  Rhizobial survival and nodulation of lentil as influenced by fungicide seed treatment. Ca. J. Microbiol.  47: 585-589.  Rennie, R. J. and Dubetz, S.  1984.  Effects of fungicides and herbicides on nodulation and N2 fixation in soybean fields lacking indigenous Rhizobium japonicum.  Agron. J.  76: 451-454. Rennie, R. J., Howard, R. J., Swanson, T. A., and Flores, G. H. A.  1985.  The effect of seed-applied pesticides on growth and dinitrogen fixation in pea, lentil, and fababean.  Can. J.  Plant Sci.  65: 23-28. Revellin, C., Leterne, P., and Catroux, G.  1993.  Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.].  Biol. Fertil. Soils.  16: 211-214. Welty, L. E., Prestbye, L. S., Hall, J. A., Mathre, D. E., and Ditterline, R. L.  1988.  Effect of fungicide seed treatment and rhizobia inoculation on chickpea production.  Appl.  Agric.  Res.  3:17-20.    5 Table 1.  Effect of Metalaxyl, Thiram, and Crown on nodulation and nitrogen fixation of alfalfa, chickpea, dry beans, lentil, pea, and soybean. Authors Crop Metalaxyl Rate used Thiram  Rate used Crown Rate used Effect on Nodulation Effect on N2 fixation Edmisten et al., 1988.   Crop Sci. 28: 568-570 Alfalfa Recommended*  -- -- -- No effect Welty et al, 1988.   Applied Agron. Res. 3(1) :17-20 Chickpea 3.6-fold higher  12.3-fold higher -- No effect No effect -- Bhattacharyya and Sengupta, 1980.  Int. Chickpea Newsl. 11:41-44 Chickpea -- 4.6-fold higher Recommended -- Decreased No effect -- Kyei-Boahen et al., 2001.   Can. J. Microbiol. 47:585-589 Chickpea 14-fold higher -- 2.8-fold  --  6 fold higher No effect No effect No effect No effect Decreased Decreased Graham et al., 1980.   Agron. J.  72:625-627. Beans -- 2-fold higher -- No effect -- Rennie et al., 1985.   Can. J. Plant Sci. 65:23-28 Lentil 4-fold higher -- 2-fold higher -- No effect No effect No effect No effect Rennie et al., 1985.   Can. J. Plant Sci. 65:23-28 Pea  4-fold higher -- 2-fold higher -- No effect No effect No effect No effect Fritz and Rosen, 1991.   Can. J. Plant Sci.  71:1271-1274. Pea -- 16-fold higher -- No effect -- Dunfield et al., 2000. Biol. Fertil. Soils 31:303-309 Pea -- 0.5- to 4-fold higher -- No effect No effect Kutcher et al., 2002.   Can. J. Plant Sci. 82:645-651 Pea 9.3-fold higher -- 2-fold higher -- No effect No effect -- Curley and Burton, 1975.   Agron. J.  67:807-808. Soybean -- Recommended -- No effect -- Rennie and Dubetz, 1984. Agron. J. 76:454 Soybean -- 2-fold Recommended -- Decreased No effect No effect No effect Revellin et al., 1993.  Biol. and Fert. Soils 16:211-214 Soybean 35-fold higher -- -- -- -- Decreased -- -- -- *, Recommended rates: Metalaxyl 5-g a.i, Thiram 50-g a.i., and Crown at 300-mL per 100 kg of seed, respectively.    6 Table 2.  Soil type, soil available nitrogen (0-12 cm), total precipitation from May to August, and seeding date of pulse crops grown at two locations in Saskatchewan in 2002. Locations Soil type N03-N (Kg ha-1) (0-12 cm) Precipitation May to August (mm) Seeding date Harvest date Clavet Clay loam 30 150 June 14, 2002 No harvest Langham Sandy loam 21 180 June 13, 2002 No harvest  Table 3.  Active ingredients and rates of fungicidal seed treatments used in chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and pea grown at two locations in Saskatchewan in 2002. Crops Crown Allegiance FL Vitaflo 280 Apron Maxx Active ingredient Carbathiin (Systemic activity) Thiabendazole  (Contact and systemic activity) Metalaxyl  (Systemic activity) Carbathiin (Systemic activity) Thiram  (Contact activity) Fluodioxonil  (Contact activity) Metalaxyl  (Systemic activity) Chickpea  300-mL/100 kg of seed 16-mL/100 kg of seed   Dry Bean  16-mL/100 kg of seed 260-mL/100 kg of seed 325-mL/100 kg of seed Lentil 600-mL/100 kg of seed  330-mL/100 kg of seed  Pea  16-mL/100 kg of seed 260-mL/100 kg of seed 325-mL/100 kg of seed   7 Table 4.  Treatments means for visual nodulation and percent nitrogen derived from the atmosphere for chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and pea grown in Saskatchewan at two locations in 2002. Crop Treatment Visual nodulation Scale (0-4) Nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%) Chickpea 1. Rhizobium, no fungicide 2.31a 36a  2. Allegiance FL, inoculated sequentially 2.19a 37a  3. Crown plus Allegiance FL, inoculated sequentially  2.44a 31a  4. Crown plus Allegiance FL, inoculated simultaneously 2.19a 31a  5. No Rhizobium plus Allegiance FL 0.31b 11b  LSD (0.05) 0.64 8 Dry Bean 1. Rhizobium, no fungicide 2.65a 42a  2. Vitaflo 280 plus Allegiance FL, inoculated sequentially 2.47a 46a  3. Apron Maxx, inoculated sequentially 2.84a 48a  4. No Rhizobium, no fungicide 0.16b 14b  LSD (0.05) 0.93 24 Lentil 1. Rhizobium, no fungicide 3.06a 45a  2. Vitaflo 280, inoculated sequentially 3.00a 40a  3. Crown, inoculated sequentially 2.67a 46a  4. Vitaflo 280, inoculated simultaneously 2.57a 45a  5. Crown, inoculated simultaneously 2.67a 41a  6. No Rhizobium, no fungicide 0.31b 22b  LSD (0.05) 0.50 12 Pea 1. Rhizobium, no fungicide 3.06a 54a  2. Vitaflo 280 plus Allegiance FL, inoculated sequentially 3.25a 45a  3. Vitaflo 280 plus Allegiance FL, inoculated simultaneously 2.81a 44a  4.  Apron Maxx, inoculated sequentially 2.75a 47a  5.  No Rhizobium, no fungicide 0.36b 27b  LSD (0.05) 1.0 11   

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Effects of Crown (carbathiin and thiabendazole), Allegiance FL (metalaxyl), Vitaflo 280 (carbathiin and thiram), and Apron Maxx (fluodioxonil and metalaxyl) on N2 fixation of chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and pea

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