‘Karla’, ‘Klages\u27, ‘Morex’, and ‘Steptoe’ cultivars of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) differed in susceptibility to postemergence recommended application rates of diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid}, difenzoquat [1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium], chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide}, and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] in 1981 and 1982. Metribuzin injured Morex, and difenzoquat injured all cultivars within 2 weeks after herbicide application. Metribuzin reduced height and crop biomass compared to the hand-weeded control. Herbicide treatments did not affect grain yield at Moscow, ID, in either year. However, metribuzin reduced yield of Karla and Morex, and diclofop reduced yield of Karla compared to the hand-weeded control at Pullman, WA, in 1982. Barley injury and grain yield loss depended on herbicide treatment and cultivar. Early season herbicide injury to barley did not indicate grain yield response at harvest

Clay, Sharon A.

Cochran, Verlan L.

Thill, Donald C.

English

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South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeAgronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science FacultyPublicationsDepartment of Agronomy, Horticulture, and PlantScience1-1988Response of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) toHerbicidesSharon A. ClaySouth Dakota State University, sharon.clay@sdstate.eduDonald C. ThillUniversity of IdahoVerlan L. CochranUSDA, Agricultural Research ServiceFollow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/plant_faculty_pubsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science at Open PRAIRIE: OpenPublic Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agronomy, Horticulture and PlantScience Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository andInformation Exchange. For more information, please contact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationClay, Sharon A.; Thill, Donald C.; and Cochran, Verlan L., "Response of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Herbicides" (1988).Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications. 253.https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/plant_faculty_pubs/253Response of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Herbicides 1 SHARON A. CLAY, DONALD C. THILL, and VERLAN L. COCHRAN 2 Abstract. 'Karla', 'Klages', 'Morex', and 'Steptoe' cultivars of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) differed in susceptibility to postemergence recommended application rates of diclofop {(±)-2- [ 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid}, difenzoquat [1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-lH-pyrazolium], chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N- [ [(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazin- 2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide}, and metribuzin [ 4-amino-6-( 1, 1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] in 1981 and 1982. Metribuzin injured Morex. and difenzoquat injured all cultivars within 2 weeks after herbicide application. Metribuzin reduced height and crop biomass compared to the hand-weeded control. Herbicide treatments did not affect grain yield at Moscow, ID, in either year. However, metribuzin reduced yield of Karla and Morex, and diclofop reduced yield of Karla compared to the hand-weeded control at Pullman, WA, in 1982. Barley injury and grain yield loss depended on herbicide treatment and cultivar. Early season herbicide injury to barley did not indicate grain yield response at harvest. Additional index words: Herbicide injury, chlorsulfuron, diclofop, difenzoquat, metribuzin. INTRODUCTION Differential cultivar responses to herbicides have been reported for several crops, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ( 3), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (9), soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (10), and barley (3, 4, 7, 8). Reported injury symptoms within a crop species ranged from slight chlorosis to total crop destruction (3, 4, 7, 8). Derscheid et al. (7) reported differential toler­ance to 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] for several barley cultivars. Stage of crop develop­ment and herbicide formulation influenced the severity of injury. Elliott et al. (8) reported barley yield reductions of 5% when treated at the 3 -leaf growth stage with commercial rates of 2,4-D, bromoxynil [3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile], MCPA [(4- chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid], linuron [N' - (3,4- dichlorophenyl)-N -methoxy-N­methylurea], and diuron [N' -(3,4-dichlorophenyl)­N, N-dimethylurea] under weed-free conditions. No-till cropping systems are being developed to reduce soil erosion by water in the Palouse region of northern Idaho and eastern Washington (12). Changes from conventional to conservation tillage systems have influenced grain yields (6, 11). Stand-1 Received for publication December 15, 1986, and in revised form August 20, 1987. Published with the approval of the Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. Idaho, Moscow, ID, in cooperation with the USDA­ARS, Pullman, WA, as Journal Paper o. 83713. 2 Former Grad. Asst., presently USDA-ARS Post-doctoral Fellow, Soil Water Manage. Res. Unit, North Central Region, St. Paul, MN; Assoc. Prof., Dep. Plant, Soil Entomol. Sci., Univ. Idaho; and Soil Sci., USDA-ARS, Fairbanks, AK, respectively. 68 ing stubble and straw residue left on the soil su face in no-till may affect crop production eithe by injuring directly with phytotoxins released rom decaying straw or by predisposing the crop to r !rbi· cide injury (6). Crop residue interception o' the chemical may affect herbicide performance (1). Ciha (5) reported that barley yields of Ste >toe, 'Advance', 'Vanguard', and 'Kimberly' wen: not influenced by tillage ·practice in the Palouse :rom weed control with bromoxynil plus MCP A tank mix. The objective of this study was to dete mine the influence of several postemergence herb cides applied at recommended rates and timings .nder weed-free conditions on crop injury, g: .:>wth parameters, and the yield of Steptoe, Morex, K .ages, and Karla spring barley cultivars under conser ation and conventional tillage practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field plots were established at Moscow, L ), on a Palouse silt loam (fine-silty, mixed mesic, l achic Ultic Haploxeroll) soil with a pH of 4. 9 in 1981 and 1982, and at Pullman, WA, on a Palou-�e silt loam with a pH of 5.7 in 1981 and a Thatu11a silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic, Xeric Argr1 boll soi_l with a pH of 5.6 in 1982. Experimenta site! at Moscow were cultivated and were planted usin conventional tillage methods (moldboard plow. disk, field cultivate, fertilize, and plant), whilr at Pullman conventional and first-year o-till (conventionally farmed previously) practices were used. a-till plots had spring· wheat residue o: Weed Technology. 1988. Volume 2:68-71 WEED TECHNOLOGY 9400 kg/ha in 1981 and spring barley stubble of 7920 kg/ha in 1982. All plot areas were soil tested and were fertilized according to recommendations for barley production from the University of Idaho3 • In 1981, all barley cultivars. were seeded at 8. 5 g/m row with a row spacing of 18 cm April 29 at Pullman and May 7 at Moscow. At Pullman in 1982, the barley cultivars were seeded at the same rate with a row spacing of 25 cm May 28. At Moscow in 1982, Steptoe, Klages, and Karla were seeded at 8.8 g/m row and Morex was seeded at 6.7 g/m row with 18-cm wide rows April 29. Diclofop, difenzoquat, chlorsulfuron, and metri­buzin were applied at 1.1, 1.1, 0. 07, and 0.4 kg ai/ha, respectively. Diclofop at the Pullman loca­tion was applied at the 2- to 4-leaf stage of barley development in 1981 and 1982. All herbicides at the Moscow location and difenzoquat, chlor­sulfuron, and metribuzin at the Pullman location were applied at the 4- to 6-leaf stage of barley development with at least 5-cm long adventitious roots in both years. Hand-weeded control plots were established for each tillage-cultivar combina­tion. All plots were hand-weeded to maintain a weed-free condition after the initial herbicide ap­plication. However, bromoxynil was applied to all plots at 0. 4 kg/ha to control henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L. # 4 LAMAM) at Pullman in 1981. Triadimeton [ 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(lH-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanone] was applied at Moscow in 1981 at 0. 6 kg/ha for leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) control. Malathion [ 0, 0-dimeth y l-S -(1, 2 -dicarbethoxyethyl)phosphoro-di­thioate] was applied at 1.4 kg/ha in 1982 for aphid (Rbopalosipbum sp.) control at Moscow and Pull­man. All pesticides were applied using a hand-carried six nozzle boom with a CO2 -pressurized backpack sprayer. Visual evaluation of herbicide injury ( chlorosis nd necrosis) was recorded 2 weeks after herbicide application in both 1981 and 1982 at Moscow and ullman. The rating scale was O to 100% with 0% 3 Cooperative Extension Service. 1977. Idaho Fertilizer Guide: ting barley. Univ. Idaho Coll. Agric. CIS 270. 4 Letters following this symbol are a WSSA-approved computer ode from Composite List of Weeds, Weed Sci. 32, Suppl. 2. Avail­le from WSSA, 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, IL 61820. olumc 2, Issue 1 (January), 1988 for no mJury to barley and 100% · for complete necrosis of all plants. Barley plant populations and plant height were measured at the same time as visible herbicide injury from 1 m of crop row at Pullman. Crop biomass at the soft dough stage of develop­ment was determined after plants from the same 1 m of row were harvested, were oven -dried at 65 C for 48 h, and were weighed. Spikes per meter of crop row were counted at the hard dough stage at Pullman. Plots were harvested at maturity with a small plot combine. Barley grain test weight was measured using de-awned grain from Pullman ·in 1981 and from Pullman and Moscow in 1982. The semi-automated microkjeldahl method (14) was used to determine seed protein content on grain harvested in both years at the Pullman location. Plots at Moscow were arranged in a split-plot design with cultivars as the main plot and herbicide treatments as the subplot. Plots at Pullman were arranged in a split-split-plot design with tillage as main plots, cultivars as subplots, and herbicide treatments randomized within subplots. The sub -plot sizes to which the herbicides were applied were 3 by 3 m at Moscow and 3 by 4 m at Pullman. The experiment was replicated four times at each location in 1981 and 1982. Analysis of variance was performed separately for each location and year. Fisher's protected LSD· test at the 5% level of probability was used to separate interaction and main effect means. · RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Herbicide injury to barley cultivars depended on cultivar and herbicide at Pullman and Moscow (Table 1 ). Chlorsulfuron did not injure any cultivars appreciably, while diclofop caused leaf chlorosis at Klages at Pullman in 1981. Difenzoquat caused leaf chlorosis and leaf tip necrosis of all barley cultivars at Pullman except Steptoe in 1982. Difenzoquat injured Klages in 1981 and all cultivars in 1982 at Moscow. Metribuzin caused leaf chlorosis, tip necrosis, and stunting at Morex at Pullman in both years and at Moscow in 1981. Metribuzin did not injure other cultivars. Crop injury with difenzoquat was slightly reduced in conventional tillage compared to no-tillage (data not pre­sented). 69 CLAY ET AL.: BARLEY RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES Table 1. The influence of herbicide treatment on visible crop injury of four spring barley cultivars 2 weeks after herbicide application at Pullman, WA, and Moscow, ID, in 1981 and 1982. Herbicide treatment Chlorsulfuron Diclofop Difenzoquat Metribuzin LSD (0.05) Barley cultivar Steptoe Morex Klages Karla Steptoe Morex Klages Karla Steptoe Morex Klages Karla Steptoe Morex Klages Karla Location Pullmanab 1981 1982 --(%)--3 0 4 0 2 0 4 0 4 0 2 0 11 0 3 0 11 2 13 8 10 4 8 4 3 0 10 21 0 0 2 2 4 2 Moscowb 1981 1982 (%) 4 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 5 4 4 4 6 1 4 28 5 34 17 21 5 28 3 0 15 4 0 4 2 2 6 4 aSummed over conventional and no- till treatm_ents. bRated on a O to 100 scale: 0 = no injury; 100 = death of all plants. Plant density in 1981, tiller number in 1982, and plant height in both years were not affected 2 weeks after herbicide treatment at Pullman, when summed over tillage practices and barley cultivars and compared to the hand-weeded control (data not shown). Difenzoquat reduced plant height <8% in conventional tillage compared to no-till. However, this difference apparently was not bio­logically significant. Herbicide application did not affect early plant development although visible injury was evident with some herbicide-cultivar combinations. At the soft dough stage in 1982, biomass of metribuzin-treated plants was reduced 16% (Table 2) and height was reduced 9% (data not presented) compared to the hand-weeded control. At harvest in 1982, metribuzin-treated plants had 18% less spikes/m of row than did the hand-weeded control. The herbicide-cultivar interaction was not signifi­cant in either year for these parameters. Thus, early season injury, whether detected or not, may affect plant development. Herbicide treatment did not affect grain yield m 1981 or 1982 at Moscow and in 1981 at Pullman 70 Table 2. The influence of herbicide treatment on crop biomas and spike number of spring barley summed over tillage practices ani cul­tivars at Pullman, WA, in 1981 and 1982. Treatment Chlorsulfuron Diclofop Difenzoquat Metribuzin Hand-weeded control LSD (0.05) Growth parameter Crop biomassa 1981 1982 -(g/m row)-159 108 193 114 160 125 153 92 194 109 NS 14 Spike· ) 1981 l982 -(no.Im 1 ,w}-83 86 86 87 84 96 80 74 83 91 NS 10 aForage samples harvested at the soft dough stage of crop de· !lop­ment. bSpike counts taken immediately before grain harvest. (Table 3 ). Tillage system-herbicide treatment i tter­actions were not significant for yield in either year at Pullman (data not presented). Heavy leaf rust infection at Moscow in 1981 reduced the f f erall grain yield of all barley cultivars. Late plar :ing, which can decrease grain yield (2, 13 ), lo ered overall yield at Pullman in 1982 (abnormall)' wet spring) compared to 1981 (Table 3 ). Table 3. The influence of barley cultivar and herbicide treatm ton grain yield at Pullman, WA, and Moscow, ID, in 1981 and 1982. Location Barley Pullmana Mos w ----Treatment cul ti var 1981 1982 1981 1982 (kg/ha) -- --Chlorsulfuron Steptoe 3630 1540 1540 2670 Morex 3230 1980 1090 3360 Klages 3830 1560 1030 3660 Karla 4110 1920 1360 2880 Diclofop Steptoe 3840 1700 1600 2950 Morex 2700 1810 1090 3250 Klages 3600 1270 1220 3440 Karla 4070 1740 1330 2960 · Difenzoquat Steptoe 3640 1740 1490 2730 Morex 3230 1980 1090 3360 Klages 3720 1550 1030 3610 Karla 4290 2140 1070 300() Metribuzin Steptoe 4000 1660 1500 2660 Morex 2540 1430 1040 3170 Klages 3910 1530 1130 3100 Karla 3960 1850 1290 2630 Hand-weeded control Steptoe 3810 1710 1470 2650 Morex 2700 1830 1000 2290 Klages 3610 1490 900 356 Karla 4160 2130 1210 27<1J LSD (0.05) s 250 s a Summed over conventional and no· till tillage treatments. Volume 2, Issue 1 (J anuar ), 19 WEED TECHNO LOGY Table 4. The influence of herbicide treatment on test weight and seed protein content of spring barley at Pullman, WA, and Moscow, ID, in 1981 and 1982. Test weight Pullmana Moscowb Treatment 1981 1982 1982 kg/h i) Chlorsulfuron 57. 5 61. 3 60. 9 Diclofop 58. 4  61. 3 60.6 Difenzoquat 57. 5  61. 6  60. 5 Metribuzin 5 8. 5  61. 1 60.9 Hand- weeded control 58.2  61. 1 60.6 LSD (0.05) 0.6 NS 0.1 aData summed over tillage practice and barley cultivar. bData summed over four barley cultivars. Seed protein Pullmana 1981 1982 -- (%)--11.8 14. 5 11.8 14.6 11. 7 14. 1 11. 4 14.6 12.,1 14.8 0. 4 NS Metribuzin reduced the yield of Morex and Karla by 400 and 280 kg/ha, respectively, and diclofop reduced Karla yield by 390 kg/ha compared to the appropriate hand-weeded control at Pullman in 1982 (Table 3). Metribuzin visibly injured Morex in 1981 and 1982 (Table 1) but reduced yield only in 1982. The later planting date and, thus, the shorter growing season in 1982 may not have allowed time for Morex to recover adequately from the early season metribuzin injury. Diclofop and metribuzin did not injure Karla visibly (Table l ); however, yield was decreased in 1982. Barley injury, or lack of it, 2 weeks after herbicide application did not indicate grain yield loss. Herbicide treatment did not affect grain quality (Table 4 ). Some herbicide t reatments increased or slightly decreased grain test weights compared to the hand-weeded control in 1981 at Pullman and in 1982 at Moscow. Seed protein content when summed over tillage and cultivar was reduced un­explainably with metribuzin in 1981 but riot in 1982 at Pullman compared to the hand- weeded control (Table 4 ). 5 R. H. Callihan, Assoc. Prof. , Dep. Plant, Soil Entomol. Sci. , Univ. ho, Moscow, ID 83843. Personal communication. olume 2, Issue 1 (January), 1988 Morex appeared to be more susceptible to metri­buzin injury than the other cul ti vars tested. Metri­buzin is metabolized slower in Morex than in Steptoe5 • However, crop injury caused by herbi­cides applied at a recommended rate and timing did not indicate grain yield losses at harvest. Injury to barley and grain yield losses due to herbicide treatments depend on barley cultivar, and, possibly, environmental conditions. LITERATURE CITED 1. Banks, P. A., and E. L. Robinson. 1982. The influence of straw mulch on the soil reception and persistence of metribuzin. Weed Sci. 30: 164-168. 2. Beard, B. H. 1961. Effect of date on seeding on agronomic and malting quality characteristics of barley. Crop Sci. l :  300-303. 3. Brinkman, M. A. , D. K. Langer, and R G. Harvey. 1980. Response of barley, spring wheat, and oats to atrazine. Crop Sci. 20: 319-322. 4. Brinkman, M. A ,  D. K. Langer, R. G. Harvey, and W. C. Burger. 1981. Effect of atrazine carryover on malting quality of barley. Crop Sci. 21:973-976. 5. Ciba, A. J. 1982. Yield and yield components of four spring barley cultivars under three tillage systems. Agron. J. 74: 597-600. 6. Cochran, V. L. , L. F. Elliott, and R I. Papendick. 1977. The production of phytotoxins from surface crop residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41: 903-908. 7. Derscheid, L. A. , L. M Stahler, and D. E. Kratochvil. 1952. Differential responses of barley varieties to 2, 4- dichlorophenoxy­acetic acid (2,4- D). Agron. J. 44: 182-188. 8. Elliott, B. R. , J. M. Lumb, T. G. Reeves, and T. E. Telford. 1975. Yield losses in weed-free wheat and barley due to post-emergence herbicides. Weed Res. 15: 107-111. 9. Graf, G. T. , and A G. Ogg, Jr. 1976. Differential response of potato cultivars to metribuzin. Weed Sci. 24: 137-139. 10. Hardcastle, W. S. 1974. Differences in the tolerance of metri­buzin by varieties of soybeans. Weed Res. 14: 181-184. 11. Holmes, J. C. 1977. Effects of tillage, direct drilling, and nitrogen in a long term barley monoculture system. In Edinburgh School of Agric. Annu. Rep. 1976. Edinburgh School Agric., Edinburgh, UK, p. 104-112. 12. McCool, D. K. , M. Molnau, R. I. Papendick, and F. L Brooks. 197 6. Erosion research in the dryland grain regions of the Pacific Northwest: Recent developments and needs. In Soil Erosion. Prediction and Control. Soil Conserv. Soc. Ankeny, IA. p. 50-59. 13. McFadden, A. D. 1970. Influence of seeding dates, seeding rates, and fertilizers on two cultivars of barley. Can. J. Plant Sci. 50: 693-699. 14. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Ana­lytical Chemists. Sidney Williams, ed 1984. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC, p. 988. 71 

Response of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Herbicides

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Response of Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Herbicides

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