Jacobs, Jennifer M.

English

UNH Scholars' Repository

University of New HampshireUniversity of New Hampshire Scholars' RepositoryNH Water Resources Research Center Scholarship NH Water Resources Research Center6-1-2010Annual Report: Urbanization Impacts on NHStreamwater Thermal LoadingJennifer M. JacobsUniversity of New Hampshire, jennifer.jacobs@unh.eduFollow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/nh_wrrc_scholarshipThis Report is brought to you for free and open access by the NH Water Resources Research Center at University of New Hampshire Scholars'Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NH Water Resources Research Center Scholarship by an authorized administrator of University ofNew Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact nicole.hentz@unh.edu.Recommended CitationJacobs, Jennifer M., "Annual Report: Urbanization Impacts on NH Streamwater Thermal Loading" (2010). NH Water ResourcesResearch Center Scholarship. 53.https://scholars.unh.edu/nh_wrrc_scholarship/53     1 Annual Report Urbanization Impacts on NH Streamwater Thermal Loading PI: J.M. Jacobs  1. Problem   Research suggests that watershed urbanization may have a significant impact on the thermal regime of the stream that drains the impacted area (Krause et al. 2004, Wheeler et al. 2005).  Paul and Meyer (2001) list urbanization as a major cause of impairment in streams and rivers, second only to agriculture.  In studies dating from the late 1960’s, documented urbanization impacts to stream temperature include increases of 5-6°C (Pluhowski 1968, Pluhowski 1970).   Recent research indicates that impervious areas may increase stream temperature following a rainfall event (Nelson and Palmer 2007, Herb et al. 2008, Thompson et al. 2008).  In addition, stream crossings, such as culverts, are also suspected to impact stream water temperature.  Though temperature impacts are not yet documented, stream crossings impact the macroinvertebrate community (Khan and Colbo 2008) and the geomorphic properties downstream of the crossing.  Both are indicative of a change in the thermal regime of the stream. 2. Objectives   The purpose of this research is to study the impacts on urbanization on small streams as they relate to water temperature, with a particular focus on the effects of stream crossings and impervious surfaces.  The overall objective will be met by addressing the following three specific objectives: Objective 1:  To develop a database of thermal impacts from storm runoff that includes temperature measurements for typical New Hampshire streams. Objective 2:  To determine the timing and magnitude of thermal differences upstream and downstream of storm runoff. Objective 3:  To model culvert and impervious area impacts on stream temperature.   3. Methods  The overall approach is to monitor temperature upstream and downstream of the stormwater contributing feature. High resolution profiles of temperature using Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FODTS) and ancillary meteorological and vegetation shading data will be measured during one intensive field campaign (IFC). These data will be used to develop a database of thermal impacts from storm runoff that includes temperature measurements for typical New Hampshire streams (Objective 1).  3.1. Continuous Stream Monitoring   Experimental data necessary to test the hypotheses were collected within multiple study streams, at urbanized reaches within the streams.  The target streams include mainly 1st and 2nd order streams that have a wide range of impacts (Table 1).  Each study site has a unique      2 combination of impervious area, stream crossings, land use, and riparian zone.  Study streams all are within close proximity of a road crossing.  Impervious area within the study reaches ranges from 3 to 47%. At the 9 study sites listed in Table 1, hydrologic instruments monitored stream temperature upstream and downstream of potential thermal inputs continuously for at least one year. Several sites have multiple sensors that were used to measure additional downstream locations. To the extent possible, ancillary measurements including stream stage or flow were monitored.  Atmospheric conditions were obtained from NOAA’s Durham (Kingman Farm) site.    Table 1: Study locations throughout Coastal New Hampshire. Stream Name Location Impervious Area (%) Road Crossings Watershed Area (km2) Collection Dates Berry Brook Dover, NH 47 4 1.06 2/09-12/09 Chesley Brook Durham, NH 6 1 3.93 4/09-12/09 College Brook Durham, NH 30 7 1.83 12/07-12/09 Gerrish Brook Dover, NH 5 1 4.06 7/08-11/08 Great Brook Kingston, NH 3 7 6.51 7/08-11/08 Hodgson Brook Portsmouth, NH 38 8 9.26 7/08-12/09 Lee Five Corners Brook Lee, NH 9 4 1.32 4/09-12/09 Reservoir Brook Durham, NH 29 9 1.30 7/09-12/09 Wednesday Hill Brook Lee, NH 15 1 1.14 10/08-12/09   3.2. Stream Thermal Sampling IFC The 2009 IFC was conducted in Hodgson Brook. Because equipment were available beyond the originally planned one week period, a 50 day FO DTS survey was conducted along with enhanced temperature, water level, and streamflow measurements. During the IFC, a series of temperature measurements were made along the cable with a 1 m spatial, a 1 minute temporal resolution, and a 0.1°C accuracy with 0.01°C resolution. A total of 13 rainfall events were observed during the IFC. 4. Major Findings and Significance  Stream temperature data from upstream and downstream of urban areas were compared.  Results showed differing upstream and downstream thermal characteristics (Figure 1). Baseflow analyses showed that impervious areas were associated with increased daily average temperatures (Figure 2). In addition, distinct “temperature surges” were identified during certain rainfall events. Temperature surges were found to occur more often and with greater magnitude in more urban areas, particularly those downstream of road crossings (Figure 3).  Warm temperature pulses were identified during intense rainfall periods in the Hodgson Brook IFC (Figure 4).  Overall, the experimental data showed that both culverts and impervious areas influenced stream temperatures during either baseflow or stormflow conditions.      3 1517192123257/18/09 7/20/09 7/22/09 7/24/09 7/26/09 7/28/09 7/30/09 8/1/09DateTemperature (°C)College Brook UpstreamCollege Brook DownstreamStorm Events Figure 1: College Brook stream temperature time series.      4 05101520250 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50% Watershed Impervious AreaMedian Daily Average Temperature (°C)Q1 09 Q2 09 Q3 09 Q4 09 Figure 2: Impervious area versus quarterly median daily average temperature.      5 0.00.51.01.52.02.53.00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35% of Stream in Road CrossingMean Temperature Surge (°C) Q1 09Q2 09Q3 09Q4 09 Figure 3: % of stream in a road crossing versus quarterly mean temperature surge.      6 0200400600800Solar Radiation (W/m2)7/31/0912:307/31/0913:307/31/0914:307/31/0915:307/31/0916:307/31/0917:300 20 40Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)Date/Time Figure 4: Hodgson Brook spatiotemporal stream temperature plots for storm 5 of 13.  Storm drains are located at 680 m FO DTS.  Runoff from parking lot located at 810 m FO DTS.  Rainfall and solar radiation during the storm are also shown.  The color bar corresponds to the stream temperature (°C).  Stream temperatures were modeled for several of the monitored stream reaches.  The objective was to determine the primary energy fluxes driving urban stream temperatures.  Results showed that solar radiation was generally the largest energy influx, while net longwave radiation and latent heat were the largest energy effluxes.  Culverts underneath road crossings substantially changed streams’ energy fluxes, often resulting in cooling temperatures inside culverts.  In areas with large amounts of impervious area canopy density was often reduced, increasing solar radiation.  Figure 5 shows the average energy fluxes and stream temperatures from 7/15/09 to 8/13/09.       7 -2000200650 700 750 800 850 900 950Station (m)Average Energy Flux (W/m  2 )20.020.220.420.620.821.0Temperature (°C)Solar Radiation Longw ave RadiationAir Convection Bed ConductionEvaporation Modeled Water TemperatureObserved Water Temperature Figure 5: Hodgson Brook longitudinal profile of average energy fluxes and temperatures from 7/15/09 to 8/13/09.  5. Publications, Presentations, and Awards Lemay, G. “Stream Temperature Impacts of Culverts and Impervious Areas” Civil Engineering Alumni Conference. University of New Hampshire. April 30 and May 1, 2010.  Lemay, G. “Stream Temperature Impacts: Lamprey Case Study” Lamprey River Symposium. University of New Hampshire. January 8, 2010.  Jacobs, J.M., T. Richard, and R. Abele. 2010. Summer Water Temperatures in NH and MA Coldwater Streams. New England Association of Environmental Biologists Conference. March 17-19. Newport, Rhode Island. Lemay, G. and Jacobs, J.M. “Impacts of Culverts and Impervious Areas on Stream Temperature in Coastal NH Streams” North Atlantic Chapter of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference. Durham NH. June 10-12, 2009. Jacobs, J.M. “Stream Temperature What’s Hot, What’s Not!” Natural Resources Seminar. University of New Hampshire. April 24, 2009. Invited Speaker. Lemay, G. and Jacobs, J.M. “Impacts of Impervious Areas and Culverts on Stream Temperature” Lamprey River Symposium. University of New Hampshire. January 16, 2009.  Jacobs, J.M. “Lamprey River Tributaries” Lamprey River Symposium. University of New Hampshire. January 16, 2009.       8 Jacobs, J.M. “Stream Temperature Tricks and Treats”, EPA Regional Science Council. November 5, 2008. Boston, Massachusetts. Invited Speaker. Jacobs, J.M. “Environmental System Characterization Using Temperature Measurements”, New England Regional Temperature Meeting. July 24, 2008. Turners Falls, Massachusetts. Invited Speaker. Jacobs, J.M. “Fiber Optics Distributed Temperature Sensing: Technology and Scientific Inquiry” Environmental Research Group Seminar. University of New Hampshire. March 7, 2008. Invited Speaker. Jacobs, J.M. “Stream Temperature Sensing: Technology and Scientific Inquiry” Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Seminar. Tufts University. April 15, 2008. Invited Speaker.  6. Publications from Previous N/A  7. Outreach or Information Transferred   In addition to the presentations during the past year, numerous extension opportunities have occurred. They are briefly summarized below.   Organization Topic NH Fish and Game Collaboration of monitoring efforts and review of NH coldwater fish datasets MA Fish and Wildlife Information exchange and development of collaborative agreements USEPA Region I Relationship between instream flow, water quality efforts and stream water temperature Office of Water Resources MA Dept of Conservation and Recreation Groundwater depletion effects on stream temperature MA Riverways Group Groundwater depletion effects on stream temperature Hodgson Brook Watershed Group Development of collaborative efforts in the watershed. Site potential for FODTS study UNH Statistical Hydrology Course Data were used in the PIs’ Statistical Hydrology course in Spring 2009 (12 graduate students) Hodgson Brook Watershed Group Development of collaborative efforts in the watershed. Site collaborator for FO DTS study       9 8. Students Supported   This project is partially supporting Gary Lemay, a Masters student in Civil Engineering. He will complete his M.S. degree in June, 2010. Additional students have gained research experience through this project including graduate students Danna Truslow, Nick DiGennaro, Carrie Vuyovich, Ram Ray and undergraduations Logan Kenney (Civil Engineering), Rusty Jones (ESci), and Heidi Borchers (Environmental Engineering).  In addition to G. Lemay, graduate students James Sherrard and Carrie Voyuvich participated in the 2009 IFC and were trained in FO DTS best methods. Project participants who are not students include Matt Lavigne and Prof. M. Choi from Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.  9. References Herb, W. R., B. Janke, O. Mohseni, and H. G. Stefan. 2008. Thermal pollution of streams by runoff from paved surfaces. Hydrological Processes 22:987-999. Khan, B., and M. H. Colbo. 2008. The impact of physical disturbance on stream communities: lessons from road culverts. Hydrobiologia 600:229-235. Krause, C. W., B. Lockard, T. J. Newcomb, D. Kibler, V. Lohani, and D. J. Orth. 2004. Predicting influences of urban development on thermal habitat in a warm water stream. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40:1645-1658. Nelson, K. C., and M. A. Palmer. 2007. Stream temperature surges under urbanization and climate change: data, models, and responses. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43:440-452.  Paul, M. J., and J. L. Meyer. 2001. Streams in the urban landscape. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32:333-365. Pluhowski, E. J. 1968. Effects of urban development on the hydrology of Long Island, New York. Pluhowski, E. J. editor. 1970. Urbanization and Its Effect on the Temperature of the Streams on Long Island, New York. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington DC. Thompson, A. M., K. Kim, and A. J. Vandermuss. 2008. Thermal characteristics of stormwater runoff from asphalt and sod surfaces. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 44:1325-1336. Wheeler, A. P., P. L. Angermeier, and A. E. Rosenberger. 2005. Impacts of new highways and subsequent landscape urbanization on stream habitat and biota. Reviews in Fisheries Science 13:141-164.  

Annual Report: Urbanization Impacts on NH Streamwater Thermal Loading

University of New HampshireUniversity of New Hampshire Scholars' RepositoryNH Water Resources Research Center Scholarship NH Water Resources Research Center6-1-2009Annual Report: Urbanization Impacts on NHStreamwater Thermal LoadingJennifer M. JacobsUniversity of New Hampshire, jennifer.jacobs@unh.eduFollow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/nh_wrrc_scholarshipThis Report is brought to you for free and open access by the NH Water Resources Research Center at University of New Hampshire Scholars'Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NH Water Resources Research Center Scholarship by an authorized administrator of University ofNew Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact nicole.hentz@unh.edu.Recommended CitationJacobs, Jennifer M., "Annual Report: Urbanization Impacts on NH Streamwater Thermal Loading" (2009). NH Water ResourcesResearch Center Scholarship. 58.https://scholars.unh.edu/nh_wrrc_scholarship/58     1 Annual Report Urbanization Impacts on NH Streamwater Thermal Loading PI: J.M. Jacobs  1. Problem   Research suggests that watershed urbanization may have a significant impact on the thermal regime of the stream that drains the impacted area (Krause et al. 2004, Wheeler et al. 2005).  Paul and Meyer (2001) list urbanization as a major cause of impairment in streams and rivers, second only to agriculture.  In studies dating from the late 1960’s, documented urbanization impacts to stream temperature include increases of 5-6°C (Pluhowski 1968, Pluhowski 1970).   Recent research indicates that impervious areas may increase stream temperature following a rainfall event (Nelson and Palmer 2007, Herb et al. 2008, Thompson et al. 2008).  In addition, stream crossings, such as culverts, are also suspected to impact stream water temperature.  Though temperature impacts are not yet documented, stream crossings impact the macroinvertebrate community (Khan and Colbo 2008) and the geomorphic properties downstream of the crossing.  Both are indicative of a change in the thermal regime of the stream. 2. Objectives   The purpose of this research is to study the impacts on urbanization on small streams as they relate to water temperature, with a particular focus on the effects of stream crossings and impervious surfaces.  The overall objective will be met by addressing the following three specific objectives: Objective 1:  To develop a database of thermal impacts from storm runoff that includes temperature measurements for typical New Hampshire streams. Objective 2:  To determine the timing and magnitude of thermal differences upstream and downstream of storm runoff. Objective 3:  To model culvert and impervious area impacts on stream temperature.   3. Methods  The overall approach is to monitor temperature upstream and downstream of the stormwater contributing feature. High resolution profiles of temperature using Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FODTS) and ancillary meteorological and vegetation shading data will be measured during one intensive field campaign (IFC). These data will be used to develop a database of thermal impacts from storm runoff that includes temperature measurements for typical New Hampshire streams (Objective 1).  3.1. Continuous Stream Monitoring   Experimental data necessary to test the hypotheses are currently being collected within multiple study streams, at urbanized reaches within the streams.  The target streams include mainly 1st and 2nd order streams that have a wide range of impacts (Table 1).  Each study site has      2 a unique combination of impervious area, stream crossings, land use, and riparian zone.  Study streams all are within close proximity of a road crossing.  Impervious area within the study reaches ranges from 4% to 47%. At the 10 study sites listed in Table 1, hydrologic instruments have been installed to monitor stream temperature upstream and downstream of potential thermal inputs continuously for at least one year. Several sites have multiple sensors that are being used to measure additional downstream locations. To the extent possible, ancillary measurements including stream stage or flow will be monitored.  Atmospheric conditions are being obtained from NOAA’s Durham sites.    Table 1: Study locations throughout Southern New Hampshire. Stream Name Location Impervious Area (%) Road Crossings Watershed Area (km2)[mi2] Deployment Date Berry Brook Dover, NH 47 4 1.06 [0.409] 2/2009 College Brook Durham, NH 30 7 1.83 [0.705] 12/2007 Reservoir Brook Durham, NH 27 9 1.53 [0.590] 2/2009 Hodgson Brook Portsmouth, NH 37 10 9.63 [3.718] 7/2008 Wednesday Hill Brook Lee, NH 13 1 1.14 [0.441] 7/2007 Bow Brook Concord, NH N/A* 13 4.26 [1.646] 7/2008 Gerrish Brook Dover, NH 6 2 4.06 [1.569] 7/2008 Oyster River Madbury, NH N/A* 20 25.4 [9.824] 12/2007 Lee Five Corners Brook Lee, NH 10 4 1.61 [0.623] 4/17/09 Chesley Brook Lee, NH N/A N/A N/A 4/17/09 *Impervious surface data were not available for the entirety of these watersheds    3.2. Stream Thermal Sampling IFCs  One IFC is planned in Hodgson Brook for July 2009. The July period will collect streamflow during the warm summer season when the impervious surfaces are likely to provide maximum thermal input to the streams and will likely coincide with early low flow periods within the stream.  During the IFC, a seven day FODTS survey will be conducted along with enhanced temperature, water level, and streamflow measurements. During the IFC, a series of temperature measurements will be made along the cable with a 1 m spatial, a 1 minute temporal resolution, and a 0.1°C accuracy. Additional temperature sensors and calibrations will be conducted to calibrate the cable’s offset and gain. 4. Major Findings and Significance As stated earlier, data collection from multiple sites for this research is still underway. Temperature data has been collected from over 10 streams throughout the study area in accordance with the methods laid out in the previous section. Figure 1 shows an example of the daily average temperature observations.  For this College Brook site, the upstream and downstream sites are roughly 1 km apart, and travel through a heavily urbanized section of the UNH campus.  This summer, additional study sites will be added in collaboration with New Hampshire Fish and Game.      3 Preliminary results suggest differences in year-round temperature regimes based on urbanization.  Statistical tests on the Berry Brook and College Brook temperature data show that there is a significant difference (α=0.01) between the upstream (non-urban) and downstream (urbanized) temperature for two parameters.  The parameters tested were the mean daily temperature difference (upstream vs. downstream), and the diurnal temperature range (upstream vs. downstream).  In College Brook, the temperature was found to be warmer in the downstream location.  In Berry Brook, the analysis of the mean upstream and downstream temperatures was inconclusive.  In Both Berry Brook and College Brook, the downstream location was found to have a larger diurnal temperature range (daily maximum temperature – daily minimum temperature) than their respective upstream locations.    Figure 1: Stream temperatures in College Brook, Durham, NH 161718192021222324257/20/08 7/22/08 7/24/08 7/26/08 7/28/08 7/30/08 8/1/08 8/3/08DateTemperature (C)Upstream Midcampus Downstream  5. Publications, Presentations, and Awards Lemay, G. and Jacobs, J.M. “Impacts of Culverts and Impervious Areas on Stream Temperature in Coastal NH Streams” North Atlantic Chapter of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference. Durham NH. June 10-12, 2009. Jacobs, J.M. “Stream Temperature What’s Hot, What’s Not!” Natural Resources Seminar. University of New Hampshire. April 24, 2009. Invited Speaker. Lemay, G. and Jacobs, J.M. “Impacts of Impervious Areas and Culverts on Stream Temperature” Lamprey River Symposium. University of New Hampshire. January 16, 2009.  Jacobs, J.M. “Lamprey River Tributaries” Lamprey River Symposium. University of New Hampshire. January 16, 2009.  Jacobs, J.M. “Stream Temperature Tricks and Treats”, EPA Regional Science Council. November 5, 2008. Boston, Massachusetts. Invited Speaker. Jacobs, J.M. “Environmental System Characterization Using Temperature Measurements”, New England Regional Temperature Meeting. July 24, 2008. Turners Falls, Massachusetts. Invited Speaker.      4 Jacobs, J.M. “Fiber Optics Distributed Temperature Sensing: Technology and Scientific Inquiry” Environmental Research Group Seminar. University of New Hampshire. March 7, 2008. Invited Speaker. Jacobs, J.M. “Stream Temperature Sensing: Technology and Scientific Inquiry” Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Seminar. Tufts University. April 15, 2008. Invited Speaker.  6. Publications from Previous N/A  7. Outreach or Information Transferred   In addition to the presentations during the past year, numerous extension opportunities have occurred. They are briefly summarized below.   Organization Topic NH Fish and Game Collaboration of monitoring efforts and review of NH coldwater fish datasets MA Fish and Wildlife Information exchange and development of collaborative agreements USEPA Region I Relationship between instream flow, water quality efforts and stream water temperature Office of Water Resources MA Dept of Conservation and Recreation Groundwater depletion effects on stream temperature MA Riverways Group Groundwater depletion effects on stream temperature Hodgson Brook Watershed Group Development of collaborative efforts in the watershed. Site potential for FODTS study UNH Statistical Hydrology Course Data were used in the PIs’ Statistical Hydrology course in Spring 2009 (12 graduate students) Hodgson Brook Watershed Group Development of collaborative efforts in the watershed. Site potential for FODTS study       5 8. Students Supported   This project is partially supporting Gary Lemay, a Masters student in Civil Engineering. Additional students have gained research experience through this project including graduate students Danna Truslow and Nick DiGennaro and undergraduations Logan Kenney (Civil Engineering), Rusty Jones (ESci), and Heidi Borchers (Environmental Engineering).  Project participants who are not students include Matt Lavigne.   The IFC portion of the project is planned for July 2009. In addition to G. Lemay, graduate students James Sherrard and Carrie Voyuvich will participate in the experiment and be trained in FODTS best methods. 9. References Herb, W. R., B. Janke, O. Mohseni, and H. G. Stefan. 2008. Thermal pollution of streams by runoff from paved surfaces. Hydrological Processes 22:987-999. Khan, B., and M. H. Colbo. 2008. The impact of physical disturbance on stream communities: lessons from road culverts. Hydrobiologia 600:229-235. Krause, C. W., B. Lockard, T. J. Newcomb, D. Kibler, V. Lohani, and D. J. Orth. 2004. Predicting influences of urban development on thermal habitat in a warm water stream. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40:1645-1658. Nelson, K. C., and M. A. Palmer. 2007. Stream temperature surges under urbanization and climate change: data, models, and responses. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43:440-452.  Paul, M. J., and J. L. Meyer. 2001. Streams in the urban landscape. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32:333-365. Pluhowski, E. J. 1968. Effects of urban development on the hydrology of Long Island, New York. Pluhowski, E. J. editor. 1970. Urbanization and Its Effect on the Temperature of the Streams on Long Island, New York. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington DC. Thompson, A. M., K. Kim, and A. J. Vandermuss. 2008. Thermal characteristics of stormwater runoff from asphalt and sod surfaces. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 44:1325-1336. Wheeler, A. P., P. L. Angermeier, and A. E. Rosenberger. 2005. Impacts of new highways and subsequent landscape urbanization on stream habitat and biota. Reviews in Fisheries Science 13:141-164.  