Luck-Bringing Guests in the Croatian Cultural Heritage and the European Context

Abstract

Arhetipskoga su postanja običaji i obredi prvoga gosta u adventsko i božićno vrijeme. U rano jutro na blagdane Sv. Barbare, Sv. Lucije te na badnje jutro, Božićno jutro, ponegdje na Štefanje i na Novu godinu prvi gosti dolaze u domove svojih rođaka, prijatelja, kumova, susjeda. Drevnoga je postanja vjerovanje da prvi gost donosi sreću vršeći određene obrede kojima iskazuje želje da domaćinu nastupajuća godina bude sretna i plodonosna. Stoga se prvi gost naziva srećonosnim gostom. U hrvatskoj tradicijskoj kulturi ti gosti nazivaju se: polaženik, polaznik, položajnik, poležaj. Običaj polaznika prisutan je kod slavenskih naroda kod kojih postoji tridesetak naziva za srećonosnoga (prvoga) gosta. Uz srećonosnoga gosta vrše se određene divinacije. Tako se u Hrvata vjerovalo da je poželjno da na blagdan Sv. Barbare prvi gost bude žena jer je to značilo da će domaćinstvo imati više kokoša a ako bi prvi gost bio muškarac vjerovalo se da će biti više pijetlova. Na blagdan Sv. Lucije bački Hrvati su željeli da im prvi gost bude muškarac. Na badnje jutro, primjerice u Otoku kod Vinkovaca, prvi gost je zet. U požeškom i mnogim drugim krajevima u Hrvatskoj djeca su bila prvi gosti a svakako je bilo poželjno da muškarac bude prvi gost. Međutim, u Kiseljaku u Bosni i Hercegovini poželjno je bilo da prvi gost bude ženska osoba. Iznimno je važno da na Božićno jutro prvi gost bude dječak ili mladić zdrav, rumen i snažan. Isto je bilo poželjno i na Novu godinu. U mnogim mjestima običaji i obredi srećonosnoga gosta iščezli su ili su se modificirali a u nekim mjestima su revitalizirani. Običaj srećonosnoga gosta raširen je i kod drugih europskih naroda. U radu se navode primjeri iz Slovenije, Srbije, Poljske, Velike Britanije, Austrije, Njemačke, Mađarske, Welsa.Customs and rituals related to the first guest in Advent and Christmas time are of an archetypical origin. In the early morning of the St. Barbara and St. Lucy feast days and in the morning of the Christmas Eve, Christmas and, somewhere, on the St. Stephen’s day and New Year, the first guests come to homes of their relatives, friends, godfathers, neighbours. Belief that the first guest brings luck by performing specific rituals which express the wish that the host’s upcoming may be happy and fruitful is of an ancient origin. Therefore, the first guest is called the luck-bringing guest. In Croatian traditional heritage, these guests are called polaženik, polaznik, položajnik, poležaj. The polaznik custom is present among the Slavic nations in which there are around thirty names for the luck-bringing (first) guest. Certain divinations are performed around the luck-bringing guest. So, Croats believed that it was desirable that the first guest on the St. Barbara feast day be a woman because that meant that the household would have more chickens and if a man came first it was believed that there would be more roosters. On the St. Lucy feast day, Croats from Bačka wished the first guest to be a man. In the morning of the Christmas Eve, for example in Otok near Vinkovci, the first guest is the son-in-law. In Požega region and many others in Croatia, children were the first guest and it was preferable for a man to be the first guest. However, in Kiseljak in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a woman was preferred as the first guest. It is exceptionally important that on the Christmas morning the first guest is a healthy, blush and strong boy or a young man. The same is desirable on the New Year. In numerous places customs and rituals of the first guest have vanished or have been modified and in some places they have been revitalized. The custom of the luck-bringing guest is also spread in other European nations. The paper cites examples from Slovenia, Serbia, Poland, Great Britain, Austria, Germany, Hungary, and Wales

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