The age of 320 specimen of Plagioscion monti and 280 specimen or P. squamosissimus was determined by means of daily rings on the otoliths. The length of the fish were in the range of 0.4 - 15 cm. Within this size interval, the increase in length can be assumed to be linear, and the increase of weight to be an exponential function

Worthmann, H.

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AMAZONTANA VII 4 465 -477 Kiel, Januar 1983A comparative study of the growth of the postlarval and juvenile PescadasPlagioscion squqmosíssimus (HECÆ,L) and Plagioscion monti (SOARES)in a white water lake of the Central AmazonbyHeino O. WorthmannHydrobiological Research Institute, University of Istanbul, TürkiyeIntroductionAlthough the Pescada (Plagioscion spp.) is not one of the most irnportant fish of theCentral Amazon, it has a high commercial value as a consume fish on the Manaus fish marketApproximately 300 t are landed here annually.Until now, there has been little known about the biology of the Pescadas - one spe-cies,P. monti, was first described by SOARES in 1978. The only recent publications dealingwith Pescadas are a revision of the Sciaenidae family from SOARES (197S) and a study onthe growth of P. squømos¡ssimus in tanks from NOMURA (1976). PEIXOTO (1953) ob-served the growth of postlarval and juvenile fish under artificial conditions in tanks andSILVA and MENEZES (1950) gave a rough summary on the diet of P. squamos¡ssimus.So far, it has been difficult to determine the age of tropical fish as they do not haveany seasonal rings on their otoliths or scales as do fish from temperate zones. A very pre-cise age determination was first possible when PANELLA (1971) found daily rings on oto-liths.As the von BERTALANFFY growth curve only describes the growth of juvenile fishinsufficiently, it was important to determine their actual growth under natural conditions.For this reason, the growth of both species of juvenile fish (between 0.4 and 15 cmlength) was studied in Lago do Janauacà, a white water lake on the right bank of the RioSolimões, approximately 60 km upstream from Manaus.46sMaterial and MethodsThe age of 370 P. monti and 280 P. squamosissimus (0.4 - 15 cm standard length) were deter-mined in order to calculate the growth rute. 210 P. monti came from catches with a narrow-meshed(5 mm) seine on 11.10.78 and 182 P. squamosíssimas with a ring-trawl (500 pm) on 17.11.79. 160 P.nþnti ¿¡d 98 P. squamosíssimus were caught during 1978. Thei¡ standard length was measured to thenearest mm and their weight determined to the nearest mg. Due to the large number of fish in the seineand ring-trawl catches, these were conserved in 70 % alcohol making it necessary to recalculate theweights and lengths of the fresh fish. The conversion formula for the length of P. monti isi4 = 1.0207 LK + 0'0438 12 = 0'998 n = 157the weight:Gr' = 1.¿3tt GK - 0.0088 12 = 0.998 n= I5'1The confidence interval of the regression coefficients in the 95 %range was + 0.0099 for thelength and t 0.0230 for the weight.The length of fresh P. squamosissímus can be calculated as follows:LF = 1.0350 LK + 0.0211 t2 = 0'999 n = 136and the fresh weight:GF = 1.3943 GK + 0.0041 t2 = 0.996 n = 136The 95 % confidence interval was + 0.0051 for the length and + 0.0092 for the weight. The ageof the fish was determined by reading the daily rings on otoliths. The asteriscus was used for fish lessthan 2.5 cm in length, the sagitta for fish greater tha¡ 2.5 cm in length. The possibility of using twootoliths, for age determination and thei¡ simultaneous formation in the labyrinth was discussed byWORTHMANN (1980).The asteriscs were fixed on a microscopic slide with EUPARAL and read immediately with astereomicroscope and magnification of 1000 x. After their removal, the sagittas were embedded inpolyester and cut medianlongitudinally with a saw developed by RAUCK (1976). These sections wereadhered to microscopic slides and ground to a suitable thickness. The daily rings were counted usinga magnification of 1000. The standa¡d lengths from fish ( 50 mm were grouped in mm classes;thelengths of fish ) 5 cm in cm classes. 'l'he weights of fish were grouped in 5 g classes. 10 otoliths we¡eread per length group as far as it was possible.Results and DiscussionAs the cuts from the sagittas were not always made through the center of the oto-liths, the ages were summarized in I 0-day groups from fish 0.4 - I 5 cm in length in orderto calculate the growth curves. The length-age data arc shown in Tab. 1 and 2.For both species, the length-age relâtionship for the relatively short time interval ofI year, could be represented by a linear regression; the weight-age relationship by a expo-nential function:P. montiLt=o.0101T +0.1263Wt = 7.10S6 . P'5 72'555212 =O.987812 = 0.9713n=370n=370466Tab. 1 : The age of P. monti in days per cm length group\ ase inl.neth\¿ãy, o-mcm \ t011- 2l20 3031 -404t-5051 -6061 -'t07l80819091 -100101 -110111-r20t2r -130131 -140l4l -150151 -160161 -l'10t7l180181 - 191190 20020L -2102Lt -22022r23023t -24024t -2s012J4{67891011T213141586 44 42 J2895545353209910101099138370,| t226216t782311187I22253I2I24246112214211JI1,|I2J)11 {I11241214112114 44 49 38 43 35 42 l7 6 8 4 8 10 -1 36 ,7 9 6468Tab.2: Iængth - age key of Plagioscion squamosissimus\ ¿uv.tength \1- 11- 2t10 20 3031404t5051- 6160 't07t- 8t80 909L-100101 -110111120rzt -130131 -140141 -150151 -r60161 -1'.70t7l -180181 -190191 -200201 -2t02tt -220221 -23023L24024t - 2512s0 26026t -2702'tt - 281280 29029I -300301-3100I23467891011L213l4152595 2lL2 1I61J227I346 44I3III212 I1?J111J{1J12t22334334nI23 120 21 1.2 1 I 1 I t 7 7 6 10 11 5 I I | 2 20,85 t 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5,1 5,9 6,2 6,6 7,t 7,8 6 11 10 11 t2,54 (713,6 13,710512,8 14,2 14,0 14,5 r4,7 15 14,5 1546g434445>257t26101l91010101010101010864 4 2 2 I I 4 2 3 1 r 2 1s64221 3311122211112112 332.88 2.3 2..4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.ss 2.5 2.6 2.5 2's 2.54T4039383',1363532321111422 1341332148964z.ol z:q 2.ß 2.13 2.2323130292832778384834463481.2 1.2 l.2l 1.36 t.47 1.43 1.51 1.58 1.66 1.67 1.75 1.80 1.?8 1.83 1.87 2.3272I13261<11222432613114s12252214L1322l2222l20l918771615t41312Tab. 3: The growth of P. monti tn daily time intervals\ on,Length \rron 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 9 10 112s5120.9 L02 1.08 1.1 1.154704tt4t210.70.10.20.30,40.50.60.70.80.91.01.1t.21.3t.41.51.6T,71.81.92.02.1aa1a2.4t\2.6xP. squamosissimush=0.0S+t T-0.1158W, = 7.1853 . p'5 y3.298712 = 0.963012 = 0.9732n=280n=280e;oP squo mosissi mus0o.aÉ.9oÌr00I P monti Pmonti 0III squomo-sissimusIn4060 20 80 t (¿cys)Fig. 1;Length and weight curves of P. monti and P. squamosissíÌnusAll functions were signifìcantly correlated. The confidence interval for the regressioncoefficients in the 95 Torange had the following value for the growth in length:P. sQuamosissimus + 0.0020, P. monti + 0.0016and the growth in weight:P. squamosissimus + 0.0791" P. monii + 0.0g46The following ayerage daily growth increments are taken from the length growthcuryes:0.7 mm for p. monti and0.5 mm for P. squamostssimus467PEIXoTo (1953) found a daily length increment of 1.15 mm for juvenile P. squamo-sissimusheld and fed in tanks. After 100 days, these fish had already reached a length of12 cm,having grown much faster than thoæ living in natural conditions (5 ' 6 cm after 100days).P. montigfows somewhat faster than P. squamosissimus;its "initial weight" of0.1263 g is also greater than that o1P. squamosissimus being -0.1158 g (see Fig' 1). Becausethe weight increases exponentially, the equation from PARKER and LARKIN (1959) andPALOI#IMO and DICKIE (1965, 1966) cited in HEPHER (1978) was used for the calcu'lation of the daily growth increments:4I = KWxdtThe linear form of this equation is as tbllows:ton U=xlogW+1ogK W=bodyweight^'odt " | =timeFor P. monti, the regression was calculated as:dW = g.g317 w0.82 12 = 0.93dtfor P. squamosissimus:9I = 0.0634 \\P'74 12 = 0.99dtPEIXOTO (1953) determined the weight increments of P. squamosissimus only overlonger time intervals. The daily weight increment of fish 28 - 86 mm in length (correspond-ingio an interval from 24. - 74. days) was 0.108 g. For an equivalent time interval of 50days, fish under natural conditions had an average daily growth of only 0.017 g.If one observes the growth of fish ( 2.5 cm in length in short intervals of 1 day (seeFig.2,3), one can see that the growth does not run continually, but rather is intenuptediniegular intervals. In the case of P. monti, these growth interruptions occur every 14 days,being correlated with the lunar cycle (Fig. 2). The growth stagnates at full and new moon'This phenomenon cannot yet be explained. The first interruption took place on 5. - 7.September, 35 - 31 days previous to the catch date (1l 10.78), and corresponded to thenew lunar phase on 2. September. The third period of slow growth was between 29 .09. and2.10., new moon being on 2. October.In contrast to P. monti, P. squamosiss¿'¡ø¿¿s showed monthly growth interruptions.Thefishcaughton 17.11.79(newmoonbeingon 19.11.79)showedtheirfirstgrowthinterruption (Fig. 3) 28 - 30 days previous thereto, at new moon on 2l .10.79.No further stagnations could be determined for both species, because with largerfish growth scattering covered the interruptions.All the fish examined for daily rings were of marine origin (PANELL^ 1973,BINCEL 1975, STRUHSAKER and UCHIYAMA 1976) and all showed growth interrup-tions in l4-day intervals, in most cases proved to be tide-dependent. The influence of thelunar cycle on the formation of daily rings on shells or chambers is also known from fossiland recent marine molluscs (Bivalves and Cephalopods) - PANELLA and McCLINTOCK4721968' WEST 1978). According to my knowledge, the first fresh water fish examined inthis respect were P. squamosissimus and P. monti.0,t,t.9IweightEEFig.2:Length and weight growth curvesof P. monti in daily time intervals,showing' growth interruptions atnew moon (nm) and full moon (fm)phases10 2468o 402 a 6 8S0òge in dàys30a2.10 7AFrom these, P. monti shows l4-day and, P. squamosissimus monthly lunear periodicalgrowth interruptions. In fresh water, the tidal cycle cannot be the cause ofgrowth stagna-tions, however monthly fluctuations of the moon light intensity could be possible. Thelatter is presumed by KENNEDY and PEARSE (197 5) on their studies of the sea urchinCe ntro st ep hanus c oro nû tu s.473a9.7816.we iqh!tèn9l hFig. 3:Length and weþht curves ofP. squamosíssímas in dailY timeintervals, showing growth inter-ruptions at new moon Phasesl0 20This could mean that either P. squørnasissimus is a pure fresh water fish and P. montia marine species or that both are marine species' only that P' squamosissimüs immigratedearlier into fresh water and has adapted itself to these conditions, whereas P- rtøntihas notyet succeeded in doing so.SummaryThe age of 3?0 specimen of Plagioscíon monti aîd 280 specimen or P. squamosissizas was deter-mined by means of daily rings on the otoliths. The length of the fish were in the range of 0'4 - 15 cm'Within this sze interval, thelncrease in length can be assumed to be linear, and the increase of weightto be an exponential function.The function for increase in length of P' monti wasLt=0.0707T+0.1263an<l of P. squamosissímusLt=o.0s¿tr- 0'l158'The increase of weight can be calculated aswt = 7'16s0 ' 1¡-512'5552 rorP. montiandwt = 7.185¡ ' 16-5 13'2987 for P. squamosíssímus414The daily weight increments of P. montt weÍe calculated as{= 6.s317 w0'82dt and for P. squamosissimus9! = s.s634 w0.7adtGrowth is not continuous, but is interrupted periodically in ¡elation with the phases of the moon.ZusammenfassungDas Alter von 370 Plqíoscion monti rnd 280 P. squamosissímus wurde anhand von Tagesringenauf den Otolithen bestimmt. Die Länge der Fische betrug 0,4 - l5 cm. In diesem Bereich kann das Län-genwachstum geradlinig, das Gewichtswachstum als Exponentialfunktion angenommen werden. Es er-gaben sich als Funktionen fìir das Lângenwachstumvon p. montiLr=0,0707T+0,1263und fü¡ P. squamosissimusL,=0,0541T- 0,1158.Das Gewichtswachstum kann ausW, = 7,1656 . rc's T2,5552 fw p. montitndw, = 7,1853 rc-5 73'2987 ftu P. squamosissimusberechnet werden. Die tägliche Gewichtszunahme wurde nach der Formel9I = g,g317 w0,82 füt p. monti llnd von p. squømosissimus nachdt9Y = ¡,663a ItP,7a berechnet.drDas Wachstum verlâuft nicht kontinuierlich, sondern es werden mondabhängig Wachstumspausen einge-legt.ResumoA idade de 370 especimens de Plagíoscion montí e 280 especimen s de P. squamosissimus loideterminado atraves de aneis diaríos presentes nos otólitos. Os comprimentos padrão dos pcixes exami-nados variam de 0,4 - 15 cm. Dentro deste intervalo de tamanho o aumento de comprimento pode serconsiderado linear enquanto o aumento do peso uma função exponencial. A função para o aumcnto decomprimento de P. montí deiLr=0,0707T+0,1263e para P. squamosissimusL.=0,0541T-0,1158.O aumento de peso pode ser calculado dew, = ?,1656 ' 1o-5 T2'5552 puaP. monti ew, = 7,1853 . 16-5 '¡3'2987 pa.r P. squamosissimus.475Et9':.9ìroF,,FFr08,,t t¿ov"lO incremento diario do peso de P. montí foi calculado atraves da formula9Y = s,s317 wo,s2dte de P. squamosìssímusdw = ¡,9634 ry0,74dtO crescimento não é continuo mas periodicamente interrompido em relação das fases da lua.Autho¡'s add¡ess;Dr. Heino O. WorthmannTurkish4erman Inland Fisheries projectHydrobiological Research InstituteUniversity of IstanbulKrutköy - Sapanca p. K. l lTürkiyeAccepted for publication in October l9g2ReferencesBINGEL, F. (1972): Zur Interpretation von Otolithenstrukturen des Do¡sches (Gadus morhuø L.).-Dipl. thesis, Kiel.HEPHER, B. (1978): Ecological aspects of warm water fishpond management.- In: GERKING, S. D.(ed.), Oxford, Blackwell Sci. Publ., 453 - 455.KENNEDY, B. and J. S. PEARSE (1975): Lunar synchronization of the monthly reproductive thythmin the Sea Urchin (Centrostephanus coronøtus).- J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, L7 (3): 223 ' 231,NOMURA, H. (1976): Idade e crescimento da Pescada-do-Piaui,Plagioscíon squamosissimus (ÌIECKEL),do açude Amanarí (Maranguape, Cearâ).- Revista Ceres 23 (127): l9l - 197 .PALOHEIMO, J. E. and L. M. DICKIE (1965): Food and growth of fishes. I. A growth curve derivedfrom experimental data.- J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 22 (2)z 521 - 542.PALOHEIMO, J. E. and L. M. DICKIE (1966): Food and growth of fishes. III. Relations among food,body size and growth efficiency.- J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 23 (8): 1209 - 1248.PANELLA, G. (1971): Fish otoliths: daily growth layers and periodical patterns.- Science N. Y. 173:1124.PANELLA, G. (1974): Otolith growth patterns: an aid in age determination in temperate and tropicalfishes.- In: T. B. BAGENAL (ed.).The ageing of fish, 28 - 39, Union B¡others, Surrey.PANELI-A, G. and C. MAC CLINTOCK (1968): Biological and environmental rhythins reflected inmolluscan shell growth.- J. Palaeont. 42 (5), (suppl.): 64 - 80.PARKER, R. R. and P. A. LARKIN (1959): Concept of growth in fishes.- J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada16: 721 - 745.PEIXOTO, J. T. (1953): Contribuição para o estudo do c¡escimento de cowina Plagíoscion quømo-sissimus (HECKEL) en cativeiro (Actinopterygii, Sciaenidae).- Rev. Brasil. Biol. 18 (2): L73 - 177 .RAUCK, G. (1976): A technique of sawing thin slides out of otoliths.- Ber. dt. wiss. Kommn. Meeres-forsch. 24: 339 - 341..SILVA, S. L. O. e R. S. DE MENEZES (1950): Alimentação de coninaPlagioscion squamosíssimus(HECKEL) daLagoa de Nazaré, Piauí(Actinopterygii, Sciaenidae).- Rev. Bras. Biol. Rio deJanei¡o 20 (2): 257 - 264.SOARES, L. H. (1978): Revisão taxonomica dos Sciaenideos de àgua doce da região amazonicaB¡asileira (Osteichthyes, Perciformes, Sciaenidae).- M. Sc. thesis, Manaus, Brasil.STRUHSAKER, P. and J. H. UCHIYAMA (1976): Age and growth of the Nehu, Stolephorus purpureus(Pisces, Engraulidae) from the Hawaiian Islands as indicated by daily growth increments of sagittae.-Fish. Bull. 74: 9 - 17.\ryEST, S. (1978): Moon history.- Science News I 14: 25.WORTHMANN, H. (1980): The early growth stages of the pescada (Plagioscion mor?fi SOARES).-Arch. Fish. Wiss. 30 (213): 145 - 156.476 477

A comparative study of the growth of the postlarval and juvenile pescadas Plagioscion squamosissimus (HECKEL) and Plagioscion monti (SOARES) in a white water lake of the Central Amazon

A comparative study of the growth of the postlarval and juvenile pescadas Plagioscion squamosissimus (HECKEL) and Plagioscion monti (SOARES) in a white water lake of the Central Amazon

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