Brinkmann, W.

Vieira, A.

English

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AMAZONIANA II 3 235-243 Kiel, März 1970(From: Cooperation between Max-Planck-Institut fùr Limnologie, Abt. Tropenökologie,Plön, Germany, and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus-Amazoîas,Brazil)Some Remarks on Uv-Radiation at "Reserva Florestal Ducke"Forest Pilot Scheme near Manaus, Amazon.by Dr. W. L. F. BnrNrirae.NN, Hydrologist, Max-Planck Institute fol Limnology, Dept.of Tropical Ecology, Plön, Germany, and Sr. ANroNro Nn'ro Vrnrne, Forest Engineer,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Arnazönia, Manaus, BrasiliIIIl'tlIIitPresent-day publications concerning UV-radiation measurements under field con-ditions show an increasing interest in the subject by biology, forestry, indtìstry etc.In consequence, measuring equipment has been pushed forward to a considerable highstandarcl in sensitivity, constancy, durability, and mobility a few years ago.In our case 2 spray-waterproof Standard Lux Meters II (Dr. Bruno Lange GmbH,Berlin) supplied with four Standard Selenium Photoelements S 60 in pressure-water-proof housings, fi.xed on 20 m and 40 m rubber flex, were used.The Standard Lux Meter II, provided with a mirror-backed scale (100 divisions)and a high quality taut suspension band system (to avoid bearing friction), can beswitched to either two ranges (0-100 Lux, about 100 foot candles).Incoming UV-radiation.was measured by the use of two special filters in clip-onmount to the Standard Selenium Photoelements S 60.The UV-l filter'(a black glass fi.lter UG5,Jenaer Glaswerk Schott& Gen., Mainz)coated on its back with a special fluorescent layer, in order to convert UV-radiation intovisible light, is stated by the factory to be useful at wave-lengths from 2000 Á. to 3000 Åapproximately.The UV-2 d"ouble filter (a double filter combination of UG 2 (d = 2 mm) and BG 23(d : I mm), both by'Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen., Mainz) covers the range of3000 A to 4000 A, respectively, with a peak at about 3600 Ä.fn. Ui-t ancL UV-2 filter transmission statements made by the factrlry I)r. BrunoLange GmbH, Berlin, seemed to be rather general. By the friendly support of Dr,Richard D. Cadle, Head, Chemistry and Microphysics Department, National Instituteof Atmospheric .Research, Boulder, Colorado, U. S. 4., the UV-l and UV-2 trans-missivity graphs were obtained with the Cary-Model 14 spectograph. The results arepresented in table l.As shown in table I the UV-l filter transmissivity data have some transmission atabout 7000Å to 7100Å, too. This should be put into consideration in respect of futuredata interpretation,ZJJTable 1. Transmissivity of the UV-l and UV-2 filters in percent (Cary-model 14 spectograph)Ä. 2goo 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3669r) 3700 3800 39002) 4000 4100 42oo 6700 6800 6900 ?000 2100 7200first root mean alti-shortening seedlings/m2 tude (m)0.96 1.50 1.50 < 0.10.00 0.00date ofreading0.380.000.10 0.100.20 0.007.45 2.00 .2.30 2.6s 2.65 2.s8 2.40 r.82 1.00 0.381.84 10.00 24.00 36.s0 44.60 4s.80 35.10 13.20 13.00 0.200.30 0.800.00 < 0.101041sA0.010.00UV-1uv-2(%)1) 3660: 46.0 ?) 3918: 9s.0Table. 2. Prime data of an Acapu and an Andiroba stand in the "Reserva Florestal Ducke" Forest Pilot Scheme.N oroot en-barkbarkseedingdatesproutingpercentage87 o/o93o/oclosingSpecies plot-No soil composition10/10/6813/11/681301300.540.3978le168L418l682ls168716168sand"black soil"1)50o/o sand50o/o "black soil"1)5oo/o5oToAndirobaAcapu .1) ('black soil" (terra preta) coming from the waste material burning oven of the city of ManausËgËåggËgäggííE*ååggåãgËållg äåË lgetlggålËåiå íåÊãåËggiËå iååÊËå ËläåiåËäiå ïÊ [Eí'å;s+*ä*åt*Èå äíååäÊl+îssååsiËE iååÊggÊåig *i ËË[ íËËåËåíåïåÈ * ïlFzä;åiËriîíä-Ës;ii=*t1å1 iîíËiå$**å + iii ËäTiåFäåå{Ëåå íå[ií.Ë=Ë'Ë åçï gå ËíF å lli ïlirq,rågåå[ ílËi[ åeiää å eåe i¡* åå åËå $-åË åEåíå ä*[+s, tïgN {about 0,05 m 0,10 m below the canopy, and, in the open 0,20 m above bare sol surface,3,p0 m off from the plots, in thirty-minutes intervars lsee'fig. Lallb). considering théclimatic elements 4 to 7, stated above, some more or less detàiled information should begiven about their hold on the Standard Selenium Photoelements, on the UV-filters aswell as on the uv-radiation readings of the two plots below the canopies.as to 4.) In general the near to ground wincl field had no considerable influence onuv-radiation measurements at the plots on account of a low wind velocity. But thesituation.changed completely before or during heavy downpours. Both, the Acapu aswell as the Andiroba stand, each covered *iìir ar, éqrrul .r.,-b.r of sets (see tab. 2),showed remarkable differences in UV-radiation wirh regard ro their indiiidual plaíícharacteristics. The relative uv-radiation input of the Àcapu stand was computed to238be much higher than that of the And.iroba plot, which, under undisturbed conditionsbearing u r-..y closed canopy already, became an even more effective shelter underwind iifluen"é. A.ry wind impact on photoelements or filters was not observed at all.as to 5.) Precipitation had some influence on radiation input of the two stands, too.While the Andirãba plot was hardly touched at all, the Acapu stand showed a consi-derable disturbance of the crown projection area compared with normal conditions.Twice, during a heavy storm, rain water entered between the UV-filter and the photo-element. As the water was removed from the backside of the filter at once, no discrepancyin UV-readings was perceived.as to 6.) Maximum air temperature in both stands was at every time well below the50" C levéI, the critical tempeiature for selenium photoelements under permanent load.The same is valid for the open. But the heat absorption of the black painted housingsof the photoelements had tã be given our fullest consideration. To avoid damage byoverheåting, the houses were coaied with a high reflectant aluminium foil. In spite ofthe extremlly high albedo of the foil, UV-radiation observations obviously did nottransgress the tolerance of the readings'as to 7.) Some informations about evaporated water between the lIV-filter and thephotoeleÁent were taken from relative humidity data. Although occasionally wateri...., o..rr..ed, a considerable impact on the lJV-readings was not proved in any casç.For UV-radiation reaclings two Standard Selenium Photoelements (filters UV-l^andUV-2) mounted on tripods have been exposed horizontally in the open, about 0,20 mabove the canopies of the stands. On the other hand, two Standard Selenium Photo-elements (filters UV-l and UV-2) were partly dug into the groun{ of the stands andexposed hàrizontally, too. After 2 days' experimentation on shadelight and sunflecks,thè photoelements were installed. and recorded remarkably representative data of bothsides under undisturbed conditions.Out of the 10 clays UV-racliation reading the "diurnal march" of UV-radiation inputto canopies and grounds of the Acapu (4. 10. 68) and Andiroba-plot (2. 10. 68) werechosen io. proof Jf t*o tyþi"ul occurénces cluring the considerably wet dry-season 1968'Dafa are given in frgure 2al2b.On account of'their decisive influence on UV-radiation, the data of solar radiation,sunshine pattern ancl cloudiness (according to the numbers 1 to 3 of the supplementaryclimatological data) are represented in fi.gure 2a and 2b.as to l.) Solar radiation readings olhigh quality (A + f "¿¡ were taken for compa-rative daiÍy energy input calculati,on of the two stands only, as the hourly totals wereof a very low standard (A -l- 15-20o/o). But to give a general idea of radiation input,these data have been poittt.d out, toó. Unfortunately, a conversion factor of UV-unitSto energy units has not been found up to now.as to 2.) and.3.) Sunshine pattern and cloudiness were systematically estimated cor-.esponding to UV-radiation observations. From a methodical point of view, both obser-,r^iion. shãulcl always be taken at the same time, although individual readings sufferconsiderably from lack of objectivity. With regard to a nine tenth overcast, UV-radiationinput of thé two plots may be taken as "full direct sunligh|", "faít direct sunlight" as*Ëtt ur ,,no direci sunlight". On the other hand, considering a two tenth overcast, thesame effect is liable to occur. For further information see ANon'nso¡¡ (1964), Evans (1956),Gnunn, Wnrtuonn (1967) etc.23990FIG 1bHs P("/.1("c )l"lrl 808mmHoToTsoFlGlaHsIIIoIooooo oIIo't5 l6hf0090PHo60To15 TsoIIIlll30("c )oooooth l0 il 12 13 I t,oFig' 1a/1b: "Diurnal march" of maxìmum air.temperature (stancl: Ts, open:,ro), relative airhumidity (rtund .._T:,' ?pen-.H9), prãcipitatioir (p) ancl rn.ui-lu"¿ rr"iå"ity 1w¡ utthe Acapu (ra-alrcl6l) and AndiroÈa lit-z¡toisá¡ ptot. -c N oc o c N ø? øu¡l¡¡ tP l' I I I l- tØ l^ I I l- ¡P to I I I Es aO ¡ t a ¡ a I :f ¡ a I a a I ¡ a{ 8- ON 3 I I 9tÞ a lrl !ñ, ¡ I a ¡ ¡ t_ I o l\. I Irabre 3. Ratios oruv-r (stand) /"T;t"lf:l];âif.i:;3Jîlî%l}]y*1(:f;$] tuv-2 (open) : B in harf-hourrv andBAB(stand)/UV-2(open)(%)UV-l(stand)/Uv-r(open)(o/o)UV-2(stand)/Uv-z(open)(o/")ìãil#t '".à"'1oo À11) -"u" (:o *irr¡ meân-(60 min) mean (30 min) mean (60 min)ANDIROBA0.00.00.00.040.260.800.00.0C É z. l I I o a a I t e() 3 6) t\, CT c oc0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.10.20.30.51.10.30.10.00.0(h u1 ú o { @ (o o s ìf, @ t, o (.It lJ \¡ (D \ @ fJ ú, (o ¡ sc I I o I I o 3 I ¡ a I a 3 ¡ ¡ a ¡ c I I ¡ ¡ ¡ a a I 3 I e I ¡ o o a a a a a o o a ¡ o a I ¡ a I e o o 3 3 a I ¡ g 3 o o I I ¡o I I I o Ò 0 o e I e o I I I e C I o o I1.9+.J 2.01.21.10.30.2a)-T! õ N) D-Úl¡' O(, L.3 1.5 t? 5.2 3.5 2.t1.8 to 2.5 1.6 0.9 1.5 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2t\) oc 55.13.74.54.54.44.95.0 4.6(o = o t\, (, ¡- (n o) JE gq N Þ Nt * '*+Y:'Þ"rEÑH ùôNÞ P.ì5;(-aeãvlæts^fo vxê lv (A-r( oã Øe^J o).vN o^-ô la Þ- -¿'ñN lr tÈ ìì5 l¡ æ i--5.45.76.12.64.9+.J+.6 4.54.44.34.64.75.15.35.24.84.5AUV-1 (stand)/UV-r (open) (o/") UV-2mean (30 min) mean (60 min) meanACAPU11.319.413.310.811.811.6t2.2 ,11.3PTõ'Fß F8áË tr Ë Þ > 3 s +E \l ^ U i^ F. !\ -- ^ oUV e I - - -.éå,e+:f ,ËEÈH. I - â È / OF'åË'î ñ t i X e*;ËÍäË eEI; P Ë'Ë È.: <sc ñSiocqSË ñC*5.¿ P + ^1Þã -iOO-Þ!t -ø'ì-+þHôoããn:*'P H á Ë'¡r ï È ñ 3-j e ãsc ñfl o-Ë-.ã ã qe,R ä :È€..9 x ,Ò;HU-:H9-=,. ,-'r*.Þ gq \rp éH-ÞfÞØ¿*.-Vä P¡i i ¡' S1E.Ì'jãqgáX. :-F9¡o - õ r !ã- ìí o <! o.o ù ^.-> ã O Éo Ài .- lD o x'd iP ^ -a / Ð =v\y oY !'5 È + 9:t 5ô ;í ^. iJ t' r - "üâx Bõ+ "ÇPÞ^Qof ^ à<åo6 >*ã ä* >-õ'E. ô*.Hñcrd å\a PØ3 i,,- Þ':_- | gS*9lE'Þ< '*+lrtõ =.ñ qi;= l¡-e7 ¿ot'€--9-¡-ø fÈ-r+-ä q ö:ö. r-Ë! = rD'É' 'å a-ôÞ!.1ô-i¡iø3oi9¡' åe.ô f J ^ + \Þ)ã4 ä sr ¿:x É L^ i9*Pa'ã Þ )3dö'e- ar Ë aï ç ^tr!-5Ä=C)++^vPÉOF¡ií E s. ã Ê-(u J B 9 ô. P ' F5Po o ÞPí :r- -;i, = ÑtJ !u + + a -o'L I ' P P O- A't ,rooo ,.+72.5L7-.411.016.020.9r4.9'J-L.772.4r4.212.010.377.717.41.2.313.6lL.4L7.2th 10h11 h72h.13h14hlsh16hN N +'riI:ii{Ii:i.I,I¡'if,II, For comparison, the 5 day means of the ratios A and B for each site were also calcu-lated and summarized in table 4.ResumoNa Reserva Florestal Ducke no Km 26 da Estrada Manaus-Itacoallara foi medidacom cl"ois aparelhos Lux Meter a radiaçäo, usando-se quatro elementos de selênio'Sôbre êsses Ëlementos foram colocados Filtros ultravioletos (UV- I e UV-2) . Essas medidasforarn realizadas em dias de verão cle 1968 de minuto a minuto das 8,30 às 16,30 hnum total cle 19200 leituras. Estas foram feitas na clareira e em canteiros com mudasd,e Acapú e Andiroba respectivamente sob condiçö:s climáticas variáveis (sol claro,cortinaãe vapor, parcial e totalmente nublado e com tempo chuvoso), êsses resultadospodem ser observados nas tabelas'ReferencesANrnnsow, M. C. (1964) : studies of the woodland Light climate. - J. Ecol. 52, p. 27 41'AsuroN, p. S. (1958) : Light Intensity Measurements in Rain Forest near Santarem, Brazil. -J. Ecol.a6 (1), p. 6s-70.EvaNs, G. C., WH¡'none, T. C. and WoNc, Y. K. (1960):Jhe Distribution of Light Reaching theôrorrd Vegetation in a Tropical Rain Forest. -J. Ecol' 48'p' 193-204'Grure, P.J., and Wnrruone, T. C' (1967) : A Comparison ol Montane. an-d Lowland Forest inÉ"ruäó.. III..Ihe Light Reaching the Ground vegetation. -J. Eco1. 55,p.33-57.J,+ccrn, J. Og67): Ultravioiet Photobiology. - Prentice-Hall Biological llechniques Series. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N'J.\{nrruonr, T. C., and woNc, Y. K. (1959): Pattern of sunfleck and shadelight in Tropical RainForest, - Malay. Forester 22, p' 50-62,Table 4. Ratios of UV,l -(stand) / UV-l (open) : A and UV_2 (stand) I UV_2(open) : B in 5 day means for the Acapu and Andiroba stand^ (%) B (%) A : B ("/")SpeciesAcapuAndirobaAcapu/Andiroba5 day mean13.04.6about 2.5 times5 day mean1.90.3about 6.5 times5 day rneanabout 7 timesabout 15 timesAs shown in table 3 and 4, there is a clear difference in UV-transmission of the canopiesof the two stands on account of the density pattern and the leaf-size spectrum, althoughmean standard height is fairly equal (see table 2).Inadclitiontorable4the5.day_mganof theratiosA(uv-r (stand) /uv-t (open));9_tyY-? þtand) luv-2,(open) ); c (u.v-2 (open) / uv-i (ope")) ""á b (uv-i trtrááj/.pV-t (stand)) was taken for each plot und-er different *å"thá conditìons as'a) fuíldirect sunlight, b) sun well behind clouds at about 5 tenth overcast and c) do*.rpo.r.sat sky completely covered. The results are shown in table 5.Table 5. Ratios of A, B, c, D, (see text) under the different weather conclitions a,. b, c, (see text).Acapua)Andiroba. Þ)r\capu Andirobac)Acapu AndirobaABCD72.61.810.44.75.40.4+0.21.6rt.21.88.671.20.0s 0.00.0meanmeanmeanmean5.10.00 34+.50.002,11.80.00.00.05555duyduyduyduy\ ./o(%(%(%According to tables 3-5, the Acapu and And.iroba stand show considerable differencesin UV-1 and UV-2 racliation input-. Taking into account, that soil moisture was at alltimes well below wilting point because oisprinkling, and- that root competition wasavoided by enclosing the root systems of the seecllings in cylindric shaped barks (diam. :0,06 m, length : 0,20 m), incoming uv-racLiation .* *Lll as lR-radiation seem to berather important eco-factors in plant-growth at the survey plots.Our future work on UV-radiation as. an ecological factor in tropical forest will beintensified. Reaction analyses of individual species in any state of growth as well as ofhigh or degraded forest complexes will be studiecl all over the yãar to communicatesome detailed understanding of dynamics and pattern of forest regeneration in theAmazon Basin.

Some remarks on UV-radiation at "Reserva Florestal Ducke" forest pilot scheme near Manaus, Amazon

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