The present study was designed to compare two groups of punishment expectation with respect to perceptions of violence in adolescents. Participants were 1,628 junior high school students (first- to third-graders) and 1,646 high school students (first- to third-graders). Punishment expectation were measured with five items of violent behaviors. Students rated the extent to which they receive punishment from their parents and teachers if they would do each of five violent behaviors. Students' perceptions of violence were measured with twenty items of positive and negative effects of violent behaviors, positive and negative characteristics of violent persons, and causes of violence. Two groups of punishment expectation(High and Low) were selected out of junior high school students and high school students, respectively. The main results were as follows. Students in the low group of punishment expectation had more positive perceptions of effects of violence and characteristics of violent persons than students in the high group. Students in the high group were more likely than those in the low group to attribute causes of violence to insufficient discipline by their parents and to making friends with violent peers
