LaBonte, Kristen B.

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Trends	  In	  Data	  and	  Open	  Access	  Moderator:	  Susana	  Macanawai	  	  DATA	  CITATION	  RATES:	  	  GIS	  DATA	  IN	  THE	  MARINE	  SCIENCES	  AND	  PUBLISHER	  CITATION	  REQUIREMENTS	  	  Kristen	  B.	  LaBonte	  Life	  &	  Environmental	  Sciences	  Librarian	  University	  of	  California,	  Santa	  Barbara	  Santa	  Barbara,	  CA	  93106-­‐9010	  klabonte@library.ucsb.edu	  	  	  Abstract:	  While	  researchers	  are	  beginning	  to	  cite	  datasets,	  the	  trend	  to	  cite	  has	  not	  been	  widely	  adopted.	  In	  papers	  that	  use	  Geographic	  Information	  Systems	  (GIS),	  the	  citation	  of	  data	  can	  be	  easily	  identified	  when	  maps	  display	  background	  data	  that	  is	  not	  original	  to	  the	  author,	  such	  as	  bathymetry.	  This	  study	  assesses	  marine	  and	  aquatic	  GIS	  data	  citation	  from	  2013	  and	  illustrates	  scholarly	  trends	  in	  data	  citation.	  Author	  requirements	  by	  publishers	  are	  investigated	  to	  see	  if	  there	  is	  a	  relationship	  established	  between	  these	  requirements	  and	  data	  citations.	  English	  language	  academic	  papers	  indexed	  within	  Aquatic	  Sciences	  and	  Fisheries	  Abstracts	  (ASFA)	  are	  examined.	  This	  is	  a	  follow-­‐up	  of	  a	  study	  conducted	  using	  Web	  of	  Science,	  published	  by	  the	  author	  in	  the	  2013	  IAMSLIC	  Proceedings.	  Keywords:	  Data	  citation,	  GIS,	  geographic	  information	  systems,	  geospatial	  data,	  spatial	  data,	  marine,	  aquatic,	  publishers	  &	  publishing,	  authors	  &	  publishers,	  data	  literacy.	  	  Research	  papers	  that	  utilize	  Geographic	  Information	  Systems	  (GIS)	  to	  create	  maps	  present	  useful	  opportunities	  for	  illuminating	  data	  citation	  trends.	  GIS	  maps	  are	  created	  with	  software	  where	  layers	  of	  data	  combine	  with	  each	  other.	  The	  end	  result	  is	  a	  map	  within	  an	  article	  that	  can	  be	  examined	  to	  see	  whether	  and	  how	  attribution	  is	  given	  for	  the	  use	  of	  these	  data	  layers.	  In	  maps	  such	  as	  these,	  original	  data	  collected	  in	  the	  field	  are	  combined	  with	  data	  from	  other	  sources.	  These	  other	  data	  layers	  are	  investigated	  here	  to	  determine	  whether	  and	  how	  data	  use	  is	  attributed.	  In	  the	  articles	  reviewed	  in	  this	  study,	  these	  layers	  typically	  include	  political	  boundaries,	  topography	  and	  bathymetry.	  In	  previous	  research,	  I	  found	  that	  GIS	  sources	  are	  frequently	  credited	  within	  the	  text	  of	  an	  article,	  but	  are	  not	  listed	  within	  the	  works	  cited	  or	  references	  sections	  (LaBonte,	  2013).	  The	  present	  study	  examines	  a	  new	  set	  of	  articles,	  builds	  upon	  the	  2013	  research,	  and	  links	  citation	  rates	  to	  publisher	  data	  citation	  requirements.	  	  The	  early	  work	  of	  Seiber	  and	  Trumbo	  (1995)	  illuminated	  the	  issue	  of	  a	  lack	  of	  data	  citation	  in	  the	  social	  sciences.	  	  They	  recommended	  requiring	  that	  editors	  develop	  a	  journal	  policy	  to	  	  determine	  whether	  sources	  of	  data	  are	  or	  are	  not	  from	  the	  author	  in	  order	  to	  “foster	  accurate	  citation	  of	  shared	  data.”	  In	  2010,	  Weber	  et	  al.	  evaluated	  307	  journal	  titles	  in	  the	  field	  of	  Environmental	  Studies	  and	  found	  that	  only	  6%	  gave	  data	  citation	  instructions.	  	  The	  design	  of	  the	  present	  study	  was	  for	  a	  presentation	  to	  be	  delivered	  at	  the	  International	  Association	  of	  Aquatic	  and	  Marine	  Science	  Libraries	  and	  Information	  Centers	  (IAMSLIC)	  Conference	  in	  September	  2014	  in	  Noumea,	  New	  Caledonia.	  I	  constructed	  a	  query	  in	  Aquatic	  Sciences	  and	  Fisheries	  Abstracts	  (ASFA)	  using	  peer-­‐reviewed	  English	  language	  articles	  from	  2013	  with	  the	  keyword	  terms	  ((marine	  OR	  aquatic)	  and	  (GIS	  OR	  “geographic	  information	  system*”)).	  The	  Materials	  &	  Methods	  and	  References	  sections	  of	  each	  article	  in	  the	  set	  of	  search	  results	  were	  examined	  to	  identify	  data	  attribution.	  In	  addition,	  I	  used	  the	  “Find”	  function	  in	  Adobe	  Acrobat	  and	  Google	  Chrome	  to	  look	  for	  the	  specific	  keywords	  relating	  to	  data	  that	  might	  be	  cited.	  These	  words	  were:	  GIS,	  ArcMap,	  “spatial	  data”,	  data,	  figure,	  layer,	  and	  map.	  Of	  the	  192	  articles	  in	  the	  search	  results,	  164	  were	  ultimately	  evaluated.	  Thirteen	  articles	  did	  not	  have	  GIS	  maps,	  three	  had	  only	  original	  data	  in	  the	  maps,	  three	  were	  in	  non-­‐English	  languages,	  and	  nine	  could	  not	  be	  supplied	  through	  Interlibrary	  Loan.	  In	  one	  article,	  GIS	  stood	  for	  the	  Greenland	  Ice	  Sheet,	  so	  it	  was	  not	  included	  in	  the	  study.	  	  	  Seventy%	  of	  articles	  examined	  had	  some	  form	  of	  data	  attribution	  in	  the	  text,	  while	  20%	  of	  the	  articles	  cited	  the	  data	  within	  the	  references	  or	  works	  cited	  sections	  (Table	  1).	  The	  164	  articles	  were	  published	  in	  83	  different	  journals;	  of	  those,	  eight	  journals	  (10%)	  had	  a	  data	  citation	  requirement	  in	  the	  instructions	  for	  authors:	  seven	  journals	  (8%)	  within	  the	  reference	  or	  works	  cited	  sections	  and	  one	  journal	  (1%)	  within	  the	  text	  of	  the	  article	  (Table	  2).	  The	  eight	  journals	  with	  a	  data	  citation	  requirement	  had	  thirteen	  articles	  included	  in	  this	  study	  and	  eight	  of	  them	  attributed	  where	  the	  data	  came	  from.	  	  	  	  Articles	  examined	   164	  Data	  attributed	  within	  text	   114	  Data	  cited	  in	  references	  or	  works	  cited	   33	  Table	  1:	  Articles	  with	  data	  attribution	  or	  citation.	  	  	  Unique	  journals	  represented	   83	  Journals	  with	  a	  data	  citation	  or	  attribution	  requirement	   8	  - Within	  references	  or	  works	  cited	   7	  - Within	  text	   1	  Table	  2:	  Journals	  with	  data	  attribution	  or	  citation	  requirements	  in	  the	  instructions	  for	  authors.	  	  	  Some	  publishers	  require	  that	  authors	  use	  a	  certain	  manuscript	  preparation	  style,	  and	  that	  style	  may	  or	  may	  not	  have	  requirements	  or	  examples	  of	  data	  citation.	  Sixteen	  journals	  (19%)	  required	  the	  use	  of	  specific	  style	  manuals,	  and	  an	  additional	  six	  journals	  (7%)	  accepted	  any	  style,	  as	  long	  as	  the	  whole	  paper	  conformed	  to	  it	  (Table	  3).	  Five	  of	  the	  eight	  style	  manuals	  that	  were	  referred	  to	  specified	  how	  to	  cite	  data	  (Table	  4).	  There	  were	  19	  articles	  examined	  from	  journals	  with	  style	  manual	  requirements	  that	  have	  data	  citation	  instructions.	  Of	  these,	  14	  (74%)	  had	  citations	  within	  the	  text,	  and	  2	  (10%)	  also	  had	  citations	  in	  the	  list	  of	  references.	  	  	  Unique	  journals	  represented	   83	  Style	  referred	  to	  in	  author	  instructions	   24	  - Specific	  manual	  referenced	   16	  - Any	  style	  referenced	   6	  Table	  3:	  Journals	  that	  referenced	  style	  in	  the	  instructions	  for	  authors.	  	  	  	  	  	  Style	  Manual	   Data	  name	  for	  citation	  instructions	  American	  Chemical	  Society	   Data	  Sets	  American	  Psychological	  Association	   Data	  Sets	  Chicago	   Scientific	  Databases	  Council	  of	  Science	  Editors	   Database	  Ecological	  Society	  of	  America	   None	  Entomological	  Society	  of	  America	   None	  Harvard	   Datasets	  ISO	  690/1987	   None	  Table	  4.	  Style	  manuals	  linked	  from	  author	  guidelines	  and	  data	  citation	  instructions.	  	  	  Little	  research	  has	  been	  conducted	  to	  examine	  citation	  rates	  of	  data	  at	  this	  time.	  Mooney	  and	  Newton	  released	  a	  study	  in	  2012	  that	  showed	  similar	  results	  to	  the	  present	  study.	  While	  their	  study	  examined	  data	  citation	  in	  the	  broadest	  sense,	  reviewing	  2010	  social	  science,	  science	  and	  humanities	  articles,	  they	  came	  to	  the	  conclusion	  that	  “citation	  of	  digital	  research	  data	  is	  a	  rarefied	  activity.”	  If	  data	  citations	  are	  listed	  within	  the	  Reference	  or	  Works	  Cited	  sections,	  they	  are	  easy	  to	  discover	  and	  can	  be	  included	  within	  citation	  software,	  such	  as	  Thomson	  Reuters’	  Data	  Citation	  Index.	  As	  stated	  by	  The	  Future	  of	  Research	  Communications	  and	  e-­‐Scholarship	  in	  the	  final	  Joint	  Declaration	  of	  Data	  Citation	  Principles,	  “data	  citations	  should	  be	  accorded	  the	  same	  importance	  in	  the	  scholarly	  record	  as	  citations	  of	  other	  research	  objects,	  such	  as	  publications”.	  	  As	  more	  funding	  agencies	  require	  data	  archiving	  and	  the	  growth	  of	  data	  repositories	  continues,	  there	  will	  be	  a	  greater	  likelihood	  of	  publishers	  requiring	  data	  citation	  in	  a	  specified	  format.	  Librarians	  have	  a	  role	  in	  educating	  researchers	  and	  students	  on	  data	  literacy	  topics.	  Open	  Access	  Week	  is	  an	  appropriate	  venue,	  and	  librarians	  can	  also	  create	  web	  pages	  that	  link	  to	  sites	  like	  Data	  Pub,	  which	  gives	  directions	  for	  data	  citation	  and	  links	  to	  standards.	  It	  is	  hoped	  that	  editors	  and	  peer-­‐reviewers	  will	  become	  acquainted	  with	  the	  publisher’s	  data	  citation	  requirements	  and	  take	  responsibility	  to	  vet	  data	  citations	  through	  the	  peer	  review	  process.	  	  	  References	  Data	  Pub.	  (2014).	  Data	  Citation.	  California	  Digital	  Library.	  Retrieved	  from	  http://datapub.cdlib.org/datacitation/.	  LaBonte,	  K.	  (2013).	  GIS	  data	  citation	  rates:	  Are	  data	  being	  properly	  credited	  in	  lists	  of	  references?	  IAMSLIC	  2013.	  Paper	  presented	  at	  IAMSLIC	  2013,	  Dania	  Beach,	  FL,	  USA.	  https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/6657.	  Mooney,	  H.	  &	  Newton,	  M.	  (2012).	  The	  anatomy	  of	  a	  data	  citation:	  Discovery,	  reuse,	  and	  credit.	  Journal	  of	  Librarianship	  and	  Scholarly	  Communication,	  1(1),	  eP1035.	  http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/2162-­‐3309.1035.	  Sieber,	  Joan	  E.	  &	  Bruce	  E.	  Trumbo	  (1995).	  (Not)	  Giving	  Credit	  Where	  Credit	  is	  Due:	  Citation	  of	  Data	  Sets.	  Science	  and	  Engineering	  Ethics,	  1,	  11-­‐20.	  hthttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02628694#page-­‐1.	  The	  Future	  of	  Research	  Communications	  and	  e-­‐Scholarship	  (2014).	  Joint	  Declaration	  of	  Data	  Citation	  Principles	  –	  Final.	  Retrieved	  from	  https://www.force11.org/datacitation.	  Weber,	  N.,	  Piwowar,	  H.,	  &	  Vision,	  T.	  (2010).	  Evaluating	  data	  citation	  and	  sharing	  policies	  in	  the	  environmental	  sciences.	  ASIST	  2010.	  Paper	  presented	  at	  ASIST	  2010,	  Pittsburgh,	  PA,	  USA.	  https://www.asis.org/asist2010/proceedings/proceedings/ASIST_AM10/submissions/445_Final_Submission.pdf.	  

DATA CITATION RATES: GIS DATA IN THE MARINE SCIENCES AND PUBLISHER CITATION REQUIREMENTS

https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/1912/7402/1/LaBonte%202014.pdf

DATA CITATION RATES: GIS DATA IN THE MARINE SCIENCES AND PUBLISHER CITATION REQUIREMENTS

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