A study has been made by the Botanical Department of Iowa State College during the past season of the germination of the following: Quercus Gambellii, Pasania densiflora, Maclura pomifera, Prunus caroliniana, Rhus Toxicodendron, Rhus canadensis, Gleditsia aquatica, Rhamnus californica, Rhamnus tinctoria, Lycium halimiflorum and Shepherdia argentea

King, C. M.

Pammel, L. H.

English

University of Northern Iowa

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of ScienceVolume 29 | Annual Issue Article 581922Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and TreesL. H. PammelIowa State CollegeC. M. KingIowa State CollegeCopyright © Copyright 1922 by the Iowa Academy of Science, Inc.Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/piasThis Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion inProceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contactscholarworks@uni.edu.Recommended CitationPammel, L. H. and King, C. M. (1922) "Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and Trees," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science,29(1), 257-266.Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol29/iss1/58GERMINATION STUDIES OF SOME SHRUBS ANDTREESL. H. PAMMEL AND C. M. KINGA study has been made by the Botanical Department of Iowa• State College during the past season of the germination of thefollowing : Quercus Gambellii, Pasania densiflora, Madura pomi-fera, Prunus caroliniana, Rhus Toxicodendron, Rhus canadensis,Gleditsia aquatica, Rhamnus calif arnica, Rhamnus tinctoria, Ly-cium halimiflorum and Shepherdia argentea.Descriptions of the seedlings of these plants, with an account ofthe conditions under which the seeds germinated are herein given.Previous papers may be found in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy *of Science.Quercus Gambellii. Nutt. Gambell's Oak.Locality of specimen, Salt Lake City ;Collected September 16, 1921, by L. H. Pammel.These acorns were placed in soil on the greenhouse bench October 1, 1921 ; they began to show sprouts above ground themiddle of December.The acorn fruit of this species is almost sessile; the cup is l/2to 2/3 of an inch in diameter, hemispherical, covering about 1/3Fig. 1. Seedling of Quercus Gambellii. Acorns of the same oakDrawn bji C. M. King1Pammel and King: Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and TreesPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1922258 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Voi,. XXIX, 1922of the acorn. Acorns barrelshaped, obtuse at apex, about 2/3 ofan inch to one inch in length, color medium yellowish brown.Germination hypogaeous. Scales of the young stem small,wooly pubescent, soon falling. Stem hairy. First leaf entire,smooth; second and third slightly dentate, prominently veined,pubescent on petioles and midrib, hairy on margin; Stipules reddish, glandular, bearing slender hairs about 1/60 to 1/75 inch inlength. Leaves become dark green above, paler beneath. Theupper surface of the later leaves smooth, glaucous, pubescent onmidrib ; Lower surface smooth. Outline rounded becoming lobed.Fig. 2. Trichomes of Quercus Gambellii; (a) simple hairs from leaf margin, (b) fromstem, (c) from stipules: glandular hairs and simple trichomeDrawn by C. M. KingTrichomes. The stem bears numerous minute hairs; simple,colorless sharp-pointed, about 1/60 inch in length. The hairsupon the stipules are larger (1/30 inch) clear, colorless, slender,pointed.The trichomes of the upper side of the leaf vary from simpleslender sharp-pointed hairs to stellate trichomes with several (2-5)rays. Upon the under side of the leaves the hairs are simple.Along the margins of the leaves are numerous colorless hairs.Pasania densiflora Oerst.Specimens collected near Redlands, California, September, 1921,by L. H. Pammel.2Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 29 [1922], No. 1, Art. 58https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol29/iss1/58GERMINATION OF SHRUBS AND TREES 259Fig. 3. Seedling of Pasania densiflora. Acorns of same treeDrawn by C. M. KingPlanted in the greenhouse October 1, 1921. Seedling appearedat the surface of the ground the middle of December. The fruitabout 1 1/2 inches long, . nearly an inch in diameter, ovoid, gentlyrounded to the apex ; woolly about the apex, color uniform lightbrown. Cup shallow, bracts spreading. Germination hypogaeous.Fig. 4. Trichomes from seedling of Pasania densiflora; (a) stem, (b) leaf margin,(c) stipules, (d) stellate and simple hairs from upper surface of leafDrawn by C. M. King3Pammel and King: Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and TreesPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1922260 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL. XXIX, 1922Hypocotyl slightly pubescent. Early scales upon the stem, small.First leaf 3/8 of an inch in length ; lower surface puberulent,stipules green, fugacious ; upper surface puberulent. Second leafbright green below, prominently veined, coarsely dentate; uppersurface puberulent, margin slightly hairy. Third leaf much likethe second; coarsely dentate. Young shoots of rusty color.Trichomes. The hairs upon the stem are numerous, simple,slender, sharp-pointed, 1/100 to 1/50 of an inch in length.Upon the stipules are simple hairs (from 1/75 to 1/60 inch)and numerous glandular hairs composed of three to seven cells ;the terminal cells are in groups of two or three ; these with someof the preceding simple cells, have a yellowish content; the basalcells are colorless.Fig. 5. Madura pomifera, seedling with hairs (a) from leaf edge, (b) from stemDrawn by C. M. KingMadura pomifera. (Raf.) Schneider. Osage Orange.The seedling of osage orange studies was brought in July 10from locality of Ames.The two cotyledons, thick, oval, obtuse, entire; petiole short;shining dark green above, paler beneath, pinnately nerved.Stem erect, terete, herbaceous, becoming woody; covered withshort hairs ; first internode one inch in length. First pair ofleaves lanceolate, entire acuminate, bearing minute hairs ; pinnately nerved. Petioles hairy, short, channelled. Stipules acute,hairy.4Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 29 [1922], No. 1, Art. 58https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol29/iss1/58GERMINATION OF SHRUBS AND TREES 261Fig. 6. Seedling of Prunus carolinianaDrawn by C, M. KingPrunus caroliniana. Ait. Mock Orange.. Seeds received from Dr. Morton, Greenville, South Carolina.Stratified out of doors in garden soil through the months ofJanuary and February, 1922 ; winter mild. Planted about March1 in greenhouse. Germinated April 1.Germination hypogaeous, seed remaining below the surface.Leaves alternate, first two small, 1/4 inch long, the followingleaves increasing in size, light bright green. Leaves laurel-like,firm, entire. Petioles short. Stem reddish, slightly clothed withfine hairs. Hairs on petiole and scattered along margin of leaves.Rhus Toxicodendron. L. Poison Ivy.Seeds stratified out of doors. Planted in greenhouse February,1922. Cotyledons appeared March 28.The stem below, slightly reddish, broadly elliptical, about ^inch in length, stalked ; slightly reddish above, lower surface palerand greener in color. Surface smooth, midrib prominent, lateralveins distinct. Leaves alternate, petioled, compound with threeleaflets.The lateral leaflets with prominent dentate teeth, midrib conspicuous, lateral veins prominent, smooth, lower surface pale,upper surface reddish. Second leaf like the first; terminal leaflet larger than the others, prominently dentate ; margins hairy ;stem slightly pubescent.Trichomes. On edges of leaves, small, colorless; on stemsmall, weak, colorless.Rhus canadensis. Marsh.Seeds collected at Salt Lake City, September, 1921, by L. H.5Pammel and King: Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and TreesPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1922262 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL. XXIX, 1922Fig. 7. Seedling of Rhus Toxicodendron.Trichomes, edge of leaf (a) ; stem (b)Drawn by C. M. KingFig. 8. Seedling ofRhus canadensisDrawn by C. M. KingPammel. Planted in greenhouse October 1. Showed germination the middle of December.Germination epigaeous. Hypocotyl reddish, surface granular.Cotyledons somewhat fleshy, long stalked, petiole grooved, reddish. Cotyledons green upon both surfaces. Stem above thecotyledons, granular or scurfy, whitish. First leaf 3-parted, longpetioled ; the leaflets prominently veined, smooth upon both surfaces ; first pair of leaflets entire, terminal leaflet serrate. Secondleaf like the first, except that each leaflet is coarsely 3-lobed ; leaflets smooth.Gleditsia aquatica. Marsh. Water Locust.This seed was supplied by Dr. Morton of Greenville, SouthCarolina. The seeds were placed out of doors in garden soilduring the months of January and February, 1922; the winterwas mild.The last of February they were planted in pots in the green- 6Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 29 [1922], No. 1, Art. 58https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol29/iss1/58GERMINATION OF SHRUBS AND TREES 263Fig. 9. Seedlings of Gleditsia aquaticaPhoto by E. H. Richardsonhouse. May 1 the large cotyledons appeared above the soil, followed by strong rapid growth of the young plant.Germination epigaeous. Cotyledons fleshy, elliptical, sessile; atfirst yellowish becoming bright green above, paler beneath; stembelow the cotyledons smooth, whitish.Cotyledons lifted out of the soil in position parallel to the stem,base first. Leaves alternate, leaflets at first appressed. Leavespinnately compound, leaflets oval, about seventeen in number.Rhamnus calif ornica. Eschscholtz. California Buckthorn.Seeds obtained by L. H. Pammel, at Yosemite Park, California.Seeds scratched and planted in greenhouse January 16, 1922.Germinated February 25, 1922.Germination hypogaeous. Young stem reddish below, slightly7Pammel and King: Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and TreesPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1922264 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VOL. XXIX, 1922Fig. 10. Rhamin<.i californica. Seedlings at two stages, early stage showing outerseed-coat raised on tip of cotyledonsDrawn by C. M. Kingpuberulent. First leaves alternate, stipules small. First leaffinely serrate, 3d and 4th more coarsely serrate. The broad baseof these leaves broadly ovate, prominently veined, bright greenabove, shiny; paler beneath. Stem between the 2d, 3d, 4th and5th leaves more pubescent than below.Rhamnus tinctoria. Waldst and Kit.The seeds of this species were received from the BrooklynBotanic Garden and planted in the greenhouse the last week ofMarch. The first seedling germinated June 15.Germination epigaeous. Cotyledons obcordate, prominently re-ticulately veined, pale green below, dark green above. Stem, andstalk of cotyledon slightly granular.First and second leaves small, alternate; stipules erect, glanduFig. 11. Seedling of Rhamnus tinctoria, two stagesDrawn by C. M. King8Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 29 [1922], No. 1, Art. 58https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol29/iss1/58GERMINATION OF SHRUBS AND TREES 265lar pubescent. First leaf lanceolate, serrate, pale below, darkgreen above. The midrib of the first leaf with minute hairs.Third and succeeding leaves similar to. first, except somewhatlarger.Fig. 12. Shepherdia argentea, seedling two stages, early stage, showing outer seed-coat raised on tip of cotyledonsDrawn by C. M. KingShepherdia argentea. Nutt. Buffalo Berry.The seeds were planted in the greenhouse March 6, 1922.Germination took place about July 1.The seed covering is lifted above the ground on the tip of theemerging cotyledon.Fig. 13. Stellate trichomes from leaf of Shepherdia argenteaDrawn by C. M. King9Pammel and King: Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and TreesPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1922266 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Voi,. XXIX, 1922Hypocotyl smooth, green, about one-half inch in length. Cotyledons oblong, obtuse, about 1/3 of an inch long, round auricledto cordate at the base, somewhat thick, bright green, surface granular above.Stem slightly hairy, green. First internode 1/3 to J/£ of an inchlong ; first pair of leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, entire, midribprominent, both sides bearing numerous stellate hairs. Secondpair of leaves slightly larger, less acute, venation more distinct.Leaves with numerous characteristic stellate hairs above andbelow ; petioles short.Trichomes. On both sides of the leaves are borne stellatehairs, of three to sixteen rays. These hairs are colorless. Theygive the leaves a scurfy appearance.Fig. 14. Seedling of Lycium halimiflorumDrawn by C. M. KingLyciu.m halimiflorum. Mill. Common Matrimony Vine.The seeds of this plant were gathered from the vines in March,1922. They were planted in the greenhouse on March 17, 1922.April 20, cotyledons appeared ; slender lanceolate, pale below,green above ; smooth stem slightly reddish.Leaves alternate, entire, crowded, oblong to spatulate — lanceolate. Petiole grooved. Branchlets appearing in axil of leaves.10Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 29 [1922], No. 1, Art. 58https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol29/iss1/58

Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and Trees

https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6193&amp;context=pias

Germination Studies of Some Shrubs and Trees

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

University of Northern Iowa