Reference to almost any two text books in geology will show that there are different usages for the terms flint and chert. Perhaps much of the confusion is due to the fact that the origin of these substances is unknown, in which case exact definition at this time would be premature. Whatever the reason it seems advisable to bring out the variability of definition, if for no other purpose than to state a problem without attempting its solution. Blackwelder & Barrows- Elements of Geology, 1911, page 39. Flint is defined as  a very compact, dark grey, siliceous rock.  Farther on, chert is said to be  an impure flint, usually of light color;  both occur in limestones

Glock, Waldo S.

English

University of Northern Iowa

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 27 Annual Issue Article 21 1920 The Use of the Terms Flint and Chert Waldo S. Glock State University of Iowa Copyright ©1920 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation Glock, Waldo S. (1920) "The Use of the Terms Flint and Chert," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 27(1), 167-173. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol27/iss1/21 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact scholarworks@uni.edu. THE USE OF THE TERMS FLINT AND CHERT WALDO S. GLOCK Reference to almost any two text books in geology will show that there are different usages for the terms flint and chert. Per-haps much of the confusion is due to the fact that the origin of these substances is unknown, in which case exact definition at this time would be premature. \Vhatever the reason it seems ad-visable to bring out the variability of definition, if for no other purpose than to state a problem without attempting its solution. Blackwelder & Barrows.- Elements of Geology, 1911, page 39. Flint is defined as "a very compact, <lark grey, siliceous rock." Farther on, chert is said to be "an impure flint, usually of light color;" both occur in limestones. Chamberlin & Salisbury.- Introductory Geology, 1914, pages 268, 287-289. "Flints and cherts occur in limestone both as nodules and as distinct beds." Under alterations of rocks it is stated that silica which was primarily deposited as shells is later gathered into nodules or concretions of chert or flint. Concretions of chert (silica) are common in limestone. Preference is given to mode of occurrence, while no distinction is drawn between the two terms. Chamberlin & Salisbur:/.- Geology, Advanced course, 1904, Vol. I, page 426. There is here no essential difference in the use from that in the "Introductory Geology" except that cherts are termed impure flints and that both may occur in limestone and chalk. In a ref-erence list of the more common minerals under which it is ad-mitted that common usage is more or less inconsistent, the defi-nitions are given: chert - "an impure flint, usually of light color and occurring abundantly in concretionary form as nodules in certain limestones;" flint - "a compact dark chalcedonic or lithoid form of quartz." No sharp rules are laid down. H. F. Cleland.- Geology, Physical and Historical, 1916, page 77. "Flint and chert are gray to black, translucent to opaque, quartz masses which occur in chalk and limestone." 1Glock: The Use of the Terms Flint and ChertPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1920168 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VoL. XXVII, 1920 Grem•ille A. I. Cole.- Rocks and Their Origin, 1912, pages 38-42, 62-63. Flint, a form of silica, is described as being the most common substance that replaces calcium carbonate in limestone. For three paragraphs flint is strictly associated with the chalk of the Creta-ceous of England. Then comes the information that casts of crinoids are found in the flints of the Carboniferous limestone. "Radiolaria have now been well recognized as flint formers, even in dark 'cherts' of Silurian age." In a discussion of sandstone it is said, "Bands of flint (chert) occur in certain sandstones, - - - -. These are due to the cementing of certain layers of chalcedonic silica." Toward the end the author makes no attempt to conceal the fact that he regards flint and chert as identical. W. 0. Crosby.-Tables for the Determination of the Common Minerals, 1911, page 84. Flint and chert are described as compact or cryptocrystalline, and not glassy. J. D. Dana.- Manual of Geology, 1895, pages 83, 480. Chert is called an impure flinty rock and flint is used in refer-ence to the chalk deposits. W. E. Ford.- Dana's Manual of Mineralogy, 1912. Flint is placed under the cryptocrystalline varieties of quartz. Archibald Geikie.-Textbook of Geology, 1903, page 141. There is no strict definition. Flint is assigned to chalk but it is held that chert is impure flint most of which occurs in lime-stone. A. W. Grabau.- Principles of Stratigraphy, 1913, pages 764-765. "Flints characterize chalk, and chert layers abound in many limestones. Chert concretions occupy the same relation to lime-stone that flints do to chalk." Thus flints are assigned absolutely to chalk and cherts to limestone. A. J. Jukes-Brown.- The Building of the British Isles, 1911. Throughout scattered pages the term "cherts" is used only in connection with sands and limestones; "flint" is used with chalk. E. H. Kraus.- Descriptive Mineralogy, 1911, pages 74-75. Flint,-"Gray, smoky, brown, - - - -, nodular variety (of quartz) closely related to chalcedony. It is usually found in chalk beds and limestone." Chert, - "A more or less general term applied to hornstone, impure flints or jaspers." They are thus described as more or less general terms. 2Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 27 [1920], No. 1, Art. 21https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol27/iss1/21USE OF TERMS FLINT AND CHERT 169 Lake & Rastall.-Textbook of Geology, 1910, pages 151-152. Cherts are said to be chalcedonic silica that occur in limestone, as in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of North Devon. Flint is "nodular and shapeless masses of black or gray chalcedonic silica - - - - in chalk." The author gives a definite distinction which, of course, would allow a clear usage. J. Le Conte.-Elements of Geology, 5th Edition, 1903, page 169. It is specifically stated that flints are siliceous concretions m chalk while in limestone they are called chert. C. K. Leith.- An article in "Types of Ore Deposits." "Chert as defined in the textbooks, is an amorphous and hydrous variety of quartz, but in the field the term has been generally applied to siliceous bands such as those found in limestone, with little regard to their microscopic or chemical characteristics. Some of the so-called cherts in limestones are very fine-grained or amorphous. The cherts of the iron formation are similar in every respect to those of the limestones. They show the same irregularity of texture, interlocking of quartz grains, and often very fine grains. However, it cannot be said that any of the so-called chert in the Lake Superior region has been found to be truly amorphous and hydrous." Leith probably had in mind the bands of quartz which with their distinct crystalline properties should not be called cherts. Among the various sources, however, flint and chert appear to be regarded more often as cryptocrystal-line than amorphous. Evidently the author would base a defini-tion of chert on microscopic and chemical characteristics. Sir Chas. Lyell.- Principles of Geology, 11th Edition, 1872. Flints may occur either in chalk ot limestone while chert 1s only impure flint. H. A. 1vliers.- Mineralogy, 1902, pages 373-381. "Under the microscope chalcedony is found to be crystalline, consisting of minute fibers, - - - - they are therefore quite distinct from true quartz, and chalcedony is not, as was formerly supposed, merely a massive or micro-crystalline quartz - - - -. 'Flint' contains sponge spicules and is of organic origin; it often contains crystallized quartz in its cavities. 'Hornstone' and 'chert' are names given to compact flinty varieties of chalcedony; the latter is generally also of organic origin." He evidently distinguished flint and chert on the basis of composition, crystalline propertie~ and origin. 3Glock: The Use of the Terms Flint and ChertPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1920170 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE VoL. XXVII, 1920 Moses & Parsons.- Mineralogy, Crystallography and Blowpipe Analysis, 1904. Flint! is put under the jasper varieties of quartz. Flint is "smoky-gray to nearly black, translucent nodules, found in chalk beds." William H. Norton.- Elements of Geology, 1905, pages 18, 375. Chert is not mentioned. In referring to the limestone of Mis-souri it is said to contain nodules of flint that are left on the sur-face by the decay and removal of limestone. Further on it is remarked that flints were formed in the accumulation of the Cretaceous chalk of England and France. Evidently flint is an ordinary feature of both chalk or limestone and is not to be de-fined on the basis of occurrence alone. James Park.-Textbook of Geology, 1914. Flints are said to occur in chalk and cherts in limestone. A. H. Phillips.- Mineralogy, 1912, page 361. "\Vhen dark in color and associated with limestone in nodules it (chalcedony) forms flint." There is no mention of chert. Pirsson & Schuchert.-A Textbook of Geology, 1915. On page 496 an attempt is made to assign separate origins to flint and chert but at the end an appended reservation concedes that they may be formed in either way. The authors state it has been held that flints are of diagenetic origin and the cherts "de-velop near the surface in the zone of circulating ground waters during the process of weathering." It is probable also that flints are caused by meteoric water. As to definitions. "Flint (p. 274) is a dark gray to black,. very hard and compact substance occurring in irregular nodules, or concretions, in chalk. It is composed of silica, Si02, with a little chemically combined water. An impure flint, occurring in a similar way, in limestones, is known as chert - - - -." In the appendix, page 410, flint "is an intimate microscopic mixture of crystallized silica, Si02 (quartz), and non-crystalline silica containing some combined water (opal). Its color is dark gray, or black, from organic matter; its hardness is well known and like that of quartz; it cannot be scratched by the knife or by feldspar - - - -. Its occurrence as concretions and masses in chalks and limestones (in the latter often called chert) has been alluded to in this book (page 274) ." The quotations speak for themselves. However, the authors do present a possi-ble solution for the lack of a definite term for the great amounts of silica inter bedded with iron ore. "Somewhat similar masses • 4Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 27 [1920], No. 1, Art. 21https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol27/iss1/21USE OF TERMS FLINT AND CHERT 171 of silica, more or less pure, sometimes white or light gray, and often differently colored by iron (yellow, red, or brown) and other substances, in some cases of similar but often of different or un-certain origin, have been variously termed jasper, jaspilite, horn-stone, novaculite, etc. In places like the jaspilites of the Lake Superior region, or the novaculites of Arkansas, they may form beds of considerable importance." H. Ries.- Economic Geology, 1910. The author considers flint or chert as a single term and calls them nodules in limestone and chalk. However, he does say that our main supplies of flint come from France, England and Nor-way where extensive chalk deposits occur. Tarr & Martin.- College Physiography, 1918, page 20. ·The whole matter is dismissed by a sentence : "The minerals opal, chalcedony, agate and jasper are impure varieties of silica, as in the rock flint, or chert." The Americana Enc_vclofiaedia. Chert: -"A cryptocrystalline variety of quartz closely related to flint. It is found in limestone and other stratified rocks." Flint: -"A subvitreous variety of quartz resembling chalcedony somewhat - - - - and occurs chiefly in the chalk of England and France." Encyclopaedia Britannica.- Eleventh Edition. Flint: - A dark gray, or dark brown cryptocrystalline sub-stance which has almost a vitreous luster, a splintery, conchoidal fracture and is opaque. Its specific gravity is 2.6. "Flint occurs primarily as concretions, veins and tabular masses in the white chalk in such localities as the south of England. Chert is a coarser and less perfectly homogenous substance of the same nature and composition as flint. It is gray, brown or black, and commonly occurs in limestone in the same way as flint occurs in chalk." Under concretions: -"Another very important series of concre-tionary structures are the flint nodules which occur in chalk, and the patches and bands of chert which are found in limestone. - JoHN SMITH FLETT. CONCLUSION The question resolves itself into two parts: first the distinction, if any, between the terms, and second the present usage or exact meaning of the two. Is there a difference between flint and chert? Apparently 5Glock: The Use of the Terms Flint and ChertPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1920172 IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Vor,. XXVII, 1920 siliceous nodules were found in the chalk of England and called flint while later, and elsewhere, siliceo~ts nodules in the limestone were found and called chert. It appears that authorities such as A. W. Grabau, A. J. Jukes-Brown, Lake & Rastall, J. S. Flett in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and Pirsson and Schuchert to a certain extent propose to draw a hard and fast line between the two substances, depending on their occurrence in chalk or in lime-stone. So far as present knowledge is concerned their origin is professedly uncertain. A. C. Trowbridge and E. vV. Shaw in the "Geology and Geography of the Galena and Elizabeth Quadrangles" (Illinois State Geological Survey, Bull. 26, 1916, pp. 80-81) state the case by pointing out that the origin of cherts and chert bands is entirely problematical. Therefore it seems altogether out of place and quite confusing to base, simply for the sake of apparent exactness, a precise distinction on mode of occurrence when, in all possibility, flint and chert may be found subsequently to have identical origins and thereby cause the terms to be synonymous. In the second place come the physical characteristics of flint and chert, their composition and the limitations to surround the use of the terms. Confusion appears to have arisen by attempting to assign minor differences to each. On the whole the color varies from almost white through gray and brown to black, the hardness is that of quartz or slightly different owing to impurities, and the fracture is conchoidal. As to texture the silica has been described as amorphous, or cryptocrystalline, or coarsely crystalline, or a mixture of the first two. Limitations should be applied here since the use of chert for coarsely crystalline silica will infringe sooner or later on the field of quartz itself and will meet obvious difficul-ties. Such admittedly is its misuse as intimated in the citation from C. K. Leith. Concensus of opinion, however, tends to re-strict the terms to cryptocrystalline and amorphous varieties of silica. Another stumb1ing block lies in the composition as related to texture which relation is given as impure quartz, or crystalline silica, or amorphous and hydrous silica, or a mixture of crystal-lized silica and non-crystallized silica with a little chemically combined water. Mineralogists, as Dana, Kraus, Miers, Moses and Parsons, Crosby, and Phillips include both flint and chert under the anhydrous varieties of the oxide of silica. The entire confusion seems to result solely from the uncertainty, warranted no doubt, that envelops the terms. The fact stands out that they are blanket terms which, in the present state of knowledge 6Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 27 [1920], No. 1, Art. 21https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol27/iss1/21USE OF TERMS FLINT AND CHERT 173 regarding them, should not be circumscribed by hard and fast rules. On this account, however, they should not be made pro-miscuous "catch-alls" whose latitude may be unwisely increased by including much more than the simple siliceous nodules and bands in chalk and limestones. Until such a time when investi-gation shall point out the true origin, and the differences if any, or variations, in mode and place of occurrence, form, composition, texture - in other words point out the real nature, limitations and gradations of the terms Hint and chert as applied to their field equivalents - it would be well for the sake of truth to for-bear an attempt at exact definition. Under the circumstances precision is at the present premature and probably misleading. Tm~ DEPARTMENT oF GEOLOGY, STATE UNIVERSITY oF IowA. 7Glock: The Use of the Terms Flint and ChertPublished by UNI ScholarWorks, 1920

The Use of the Terms Flint and Chert

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The Use of the Terms Flint and Chert

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