The Hawkins site is an ancestral Caddo habitation site on a Sabine River bluff about 1.7 km southwest of the confluence of Little White Oak Creek with the river, in the Pineywoods of Smith County. The site was located and investigated in the 1950s by Sam Whiteside of Tyler, Texas. This article is concerned with the analysis of the Caddo ceramic wares from the site, as well as an assessment of the probable age and cultural affiliation of the Caddo occupation

Perttula, Timothy K.

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Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State Volume 2016 Article 52 2016 The Caddo Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Hawkins Site (41SM144) on the Sabine River in Smith County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula Center for Regional Heritage Research, Stephen F. Austin State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita  Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Repository Citation Perttula, Timothy K. (2016) "The Caddo Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Hawkins Site (41SM144) on the Sabine River in Smith County, Texas," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2016 , Article 52. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.52 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2016/iss1/52 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact cdsscholarworks@sfasu.edu. The Caddo Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Hawkins Site (41SM144) on the Sabine River in Smith County, Texas Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2016/iss1/52 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 66, 2016The Caddo Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Hawkins Site (41SM144) on the Sabine River in Smith County, TexasTimothy K. PerttulaIntroduction and SettingThe Hawkins site is an ancestral Caddo habitation site on a Sabine River bluff about 1.7 km southwest of the con?uence of ?ittle ?hite ?ak Creek with the river? in the ?ine?woods of Smith Count? ??i?ure 1?. The site was located and investigated in the 1950s by Sam Whiteside of Tyler, Texas. This article is concerned with the analysis of the Caddo ceramic wares from the site, as well as an assessment of the probable age and cultural af?liation of the Caddo occupation.Brazos RiverTrinity RiverAngelina RiverNeches RiverSabine RiverRed RiverSulphur RiverCypress Bayou³ 0 40 8020 MilesLocation of Site0 40 8020KilometersT E X A SFigure 1. Location of the Hawkins site (41SM144) in East Texas.14 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 66 (2016)Ceramic Sherd AssemblageThere is a total of 71 sherds in the assemblage from the Hawkins site. The sherds are from plain ware, ?ne ware, and utility ware vessels (Table 1). ?bout 44 percent of the rim sherds are from plain ware carinated bowls, bowls, and bottles, and another 41 percent of the rims are from ?ne ware vessels.Table 1. Ceramic sherds from the Hawkins site (41SM144).Ware Rim Body Base Grog-temper Bone-temper NPlain 12 26 4 34 8 42Fine 11 11 - 21 1 22Utility 4 3 - 7 - 7Totals 27 40 4 62 9 71More than 87 percent of the sherds from the site are from grog-tempered vessels (see Table 1). Bone-tempered sherds are best represented in the plain wares (19 percent), and only 4.5 percent of the ?ne ware sherds are from bone-tempered vessels; none of the utility ware sherds are from bone-tempered vessels. One of the plain ware rims has a ?attened and wide Redwine mode lip (see Walters 2010), a form of lip treatment noted in Middle Caddo period contexts in this part of the Sabine River basin.The decorated sherds from the Hawkins site are dominated by ?ne ware sherds (76 percent of the decorated sherd sample and 73 percent of the decorated rim sherds, see Table 1). Utility ware sherds comprise only 24 percent of the decorated sherds in the assemblage.The ?ne ware sherds include sherds from engraved (n?19), engraved-excised (n?1), excised (n?1), and red-slipped (n=1) vessels (Table 2); the red-slipped sherd is from a Sanders Slipped vessel (Perttula et al. 2016). Table ?. ?ecorated methods and elements in the ?ne ware and utility ware sherds from the Hawkins site.Decorative method/decorative element Rim Body NFine WareEngraved  cross-hatched engraved lines 1 - 1  curvilinear engraved lines 1 3 4  diagonal engraved lines 1 - 1  diagonal engraved lines and diagonal hatched ladders - 1 1  diagonal opposed engraved lines 1 - 1  horizontal engraved lines 2 1 3  horizontal and curvilinear engraved lines 1 - 1  horizontal and diagonal engraved lines 1 2 3  horizontal and opposed curvilinear engraved lines and 1 - 1   hatched triangular zone  horizontal and vertical engraved lines - 1 1  straight engraved line - 2 2Engraved and Excised  curvilinear zones ?lled with diagonal and cross-hatched 1 - 1   lines and excised hole on the wide and ?attened lipExcised  excised hole on the wide and ?at lip 1 - 1Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 66 (2016) 15Table ?. ?ecorated methods and elements in the ?ne ware and utility ware sherds from the Hawkins site, cont.Decorative method/decorative element Rim Body NRed-slipped  Exterior red-slipped - 1 1Utility WareAppliqued  curvilinear appliqued ridge and clusters of appliqued nodes - 1 1Incised  cross-hatched incised lines - 1 1  cross-hatched and horizontal incised lines 1 - 1  diagonal incised lines 2 - 2diagonal opposed incised lines 1 - 1Incised-Appliqued  horizontal incised lines above series of appliqued nodes - 1 1Totals 15 14 29The engraved rim sherds have horizontal, diagonal, and cross-hatched decorative elements (see Table 2) as well as diagonal opposed engraved lines from a Sanders Engraved carinated bowl (Figure 2a). There are also rims with sets of curvilinear engraved lines (Figure 2e), and other rims with horizontal and diagonal (Figure 2f) engraved lines and horizontal and vertical curvilinear engraved lines (Figure 2g). One distinctive rim may be an early stylistic version (ca. 14th century A.D.) of Poynor Engraved, var. Cook (see Perttula 2011:Figure 6-64d) with horizontal and opposed curvilinear engraved lines and a hatched triangular zone (Figure 2h).A lower rim of a carinated bowl has both diagonal engraved lines and narrow diagonal zones or ladders ?lled with diagonal hatched lines (see Figure 2b). Another carinated bowl sherd has both diagonal engraved lines and a set of diagonal and horizontal engraved lines on the rim panel (see Figure 2d).The engraved bottle sherds in the ?ne wares from the Hawkins site feature sets of curvilinear engraved lines on vessel bodies (see Figure 2c) or a set of horizontal and diagonal or vertical engraved lines. One bottle sherd has at least two horizontal engraved lines on the body below the bottle neck.The one engraved-excised rim sherd in the ?ne wares from the site is from a vessel with rim peaks and a wide ?attened lip. On the rim itself are curvilinear engraved zones ?lled with either diagonal or cross-hatched engraved lines (see Figure 2i). There is a large excised and drilled hole on the lip of the vessel (see Figure 2i’). Similar vessels with small excised holes on the rim peaks include East Incised bowls of early to Middle Caddo period age (ca. A.D. 900-1400) from the Crenshaw site on the Red River in southwestern Arkansas (Suhm and Jelks 1962:Plate 21j; Perttula et al. 2014:Figure 148, 150). The one excised rim sherd in the Hawkins site collection has a wide lip and a rim peak, with an excised circular hole on the ?attened lip.Five of the utility ware sherds have incised decorative elements (see Table 2). This includes a Canton Incised rim with diagonal opposed lines (Figure 3c), a Canton Incised rim with cross-hatched lines in a zone on the rim panel, above a horizontal incised line at the rim-body juncture (Figure 3d), and diagonal incised lines (with the incised lines running from right to left across the rim). One body sherd has cross-hatched incised lines.16 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 66 (2016)Figure 2. Selected decorative elements on ?ne ware sherds from the Hawkins site (41SM144).Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 66 (2016) 17Figure 3. Selected decorative elements on utility ware sherds from the Hawkins site (41SM144): a, incised-appliqued body sherd; b, appliqued body sherd; c-d, incised rim sherds.One of the other utility ware sherds from the Hawkins site has at least three horizontal incised lines on a jar rim panel, and widely spaced appliqued nodes on the vessel body (see Figure 3a). A large body sherd found at the site has a single large curvilinear appliqued ridge as well as at least two clusters of small appliqued nodes (see Figure 3b).18 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 66 (2016)Summary and ConclusionsThe Hawkins site (41SM144) is an ancestral Caddo settlement on the Sabine River in the East Texas Pineywoods. Investigations at the site in the 1950s recovered a small but distinctive ceramic sherd assemblage primarily from jars, bowls, carinated bowls, and bottles tempered with grog. The ?ne ware sherds are from carinated bowls and bottles, as well as one red-slipped Sanders Slipped bowl. The ?ne ware sherds have a variety of decorative elements that feature vessels with hatched ladder elements, diagonal opposed Sanders Engraved rim sherds, bottle sherds with sets of curvilinear engraved lines, and other vessels with horizontal and diagonal or sets of curvilinear engraved lines. Two rims with wide and ?attened lips have large excised and drilled circular holes on the lip, similar to East Incised vessels from Red River contexts. One rim in the assemblage is from a probable Poynor Engraved, var. Cook carinated bowl with opposed curvilinear engraved lines and an associated hatched pendant triangle.The utility wares are from Canton Incised jars, and there are incised-appliqued and appliqued jar sherds that feature small appliqued nodes on the vessel body. It is notable that there are no brushed utility ware sherds in the assemblage, as brushed utility ware jars are a common part of post-A.D. 1200 Caddo ceramic assemblages in many parts of East Texas (Perttula 2015). However, Caddo ceramic assemblages without considerable amounts of brushed sherds occur in the upper Sabine, Sulphur, and Red River basins, as is the case at the Early and Middle Caddo period Jamestown site (41SM54, 1.1 percent brushed, Perttula and Walker 2008), the Wolf site (41SM195, 0.0 percent brushed, Walters 2003), and 41SM53 (1.8 percent brushed, Walters and Perttula 2015).The preponderance of the evidence regarding the kinds of decorated sherds in the assemblage from the Hawkins site (41SM144) suggests that the ancestral Caddo occupation there took place during the Middle Caddo period, perhaps between ca. A.D. 1300-1400. It may be a habitation site that was associated socially and politically with the Middle Caddo period Jamestown mound center not far to the west in the Sabine River basin. AcknowledgmentsMy thanks to Mark Walters for providing the opportunity to study the Caddo sherds from the Hawkins site (41SM144).  Lance Trask prepared the ?gures in this article.References CitedPerttula, T. K.2011 The Ceramic Artifacts from the Lang Pasture Site (41AN38) and the Place of the Site within an Upper Neches River Basin Caddo Ceramic Tradition. In Archeolog?cal ?nvest?gat?ons at the ?ang ?asture ??te (41AN38) in the Upper Neches River Basin of East Texas, assembled and edited by T. K. Perttula, D. B. Kelley, and R. A. Ricklis, pp. 145-320. Archeological Studies Program Report No. 129, Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division, Austin.2015 East Texas Caddo Ceramic Sherd Database. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 51:1-46.Perttula, T. K. and C. P. Walker2008 The History of Archaeological Investigations and Geophysical Survey at the Jamestown Mound Site (41SM54), an Archaeological Conservancy Preserve in Smith County, Texas. Report of Investigations No. 92. Archeological & Environmental Consultants, LLC, Austin.Perttula, T. K., M. Walters, and B. Nelson2016 Caddo Ceramic ?essels from the T. M. Sanders Site (41?R2) on the Red River in ?amar County, Texas. Special Publication No. 41. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Austin and Pittsburg.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 66 (2016) 19Perttula, T. K., B. Nelson, M. Walters, and R. Cast2014 ?ocumentation of Caddo ?unerary ???ects from the Crenshaw Site (3MI6) in the Gilcrease Museum Collections. Special Publication No. 19. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin.Suhm, D. A. and E. B. Jelks (editors)1962 Hand?ook of Texas Archeology? Type ?escriptions. Special Publication No. 1, Texas Archeological Society, and Bulletin No. 4, Texas Memorial Museum, Austin. Reprinted in 2009, Gustav’s Library, Davenport, Iowa.Walters, M.2003 The Wolf Site (41SM195), Smith County, Texas. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 18:1-21.Walters, M., with contributions by T. Middlebrook and T. K. Perttula2010 Redwine or Pie-Crust Mode Forms in East Texas Caddo Ceramics and comparisons with Sprocket-Rims of Southwest Arkansas. Caddo Archeology Journal 20:77-128.Walters, M. and T. K. Perttula2015 Sam Whiteside’s Prairie Creek Sites in Smith County, Texas. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 58:1-12.

The Caddo Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Hawkins Site (41SM144) on the Sabine River in Smith County, Texas

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The Caddo Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Hawkins Site (41SM144) on the Sabine River in Smith County, Texas

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