Les processus de mélange sont essentiels au fond de l'océan car ils permettent la remontée des eaux froides abyssales vers la surface. Une grande question de la communauté océanographique concerne la contribution des ondes internes à ces processus car ces ondes, bien que peu énergétiques en regard des courants marins par exemple, sont présentes partout dans l'océan et y déferlent. Les principales sources d'énergie des ondes internes sont le vent et l'interaction de la marée avec la topographie sous-marine. C'est cette dernière configuration que nous considérons ici, au travers d'expériences de laboratoire et numériques, dans le contexte académique d'un talus continental bidimensionnel dans un océan uniformément stratifié. Nous examinons plus particulièrement le processus de génération du champ d'ondes internes et la structure cinématique de ce champ. Nous discutons également de la manifestation des effets non linéaires lorsque le champ d'ondes se réfléchit au fond de l'océan

GOSWAMI, Kaushik

MEHDIZADEH, Mehdi

PAIRAUD, Ivane

SOMMERIA, Joël

STAQUET, Chantal

I-Revues

18 ème Congrès Français de Mécanique Grenoble, 27-31 août 2007
Numerical and experimental modelling of the internal tide near a
continental shelf
Staquet Chantal, Sommeria Joël, Pairaud Ivane, Goswami Kaushik, Mehdizadeh Mehdi
Laboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels
CNRS-INPG-UJF
BP 53, Grenoble cédex 9, France
Chantal.Staquet@hmg.inpg.fr
Abstract :
Mixing is an essential process in the deep ocean, as it accounts for the raising of the cold abyssal water masses.
The role of internal gravity waves in this process has been questioned because their breaking leads to localized
but ubiquitous mixing. The main sources of energy for internal gravity waves are the wind and the interaction
of the barotropic tide with the bathymetry. We consider the latter situation in this paper, the internal wave field
thus generated being referred to as the internal tide. Joint laboratory and numerical experiments are used to study
the internal tide dynamics, in the academic context of a uniformly stratified ocean and when the bathymetry is a
two-dimensional continental shelf. We focus on the generation process and on the structure of the internal tide,
and briefly address nonlinear effects which occur when the internal tide first reflects from the oceanic bottom.
Résumé :
Les processus de mélange sont essentiels au fond de l’océan car ils permettent la remontée des eaux froides
abyssales vers la surface. Une grande question de la communauté océanographique concerne la contribution
des ondes internes à ces processus car ces ondes, bien que peu énergétiques en regard des courants marins par
exemple, sont présentes partout dans l’océan et y déferlent. Les principales sources d’énergie des ondes internes
sont le vent et l’interaction de la marée avec la topographie sous-marine. C’est cette dernière configuration que
nous considérons ici, au travers d’expériences de laboratoire et numériques, dans le contexte académique d’un
talus continental bidimensionnel dans un océan uniformément stratifié. Nous examinons plus particulièrement
le processus de génération du champ d’ondes internes et la structure cinématique de ce champ. Nous discutons
également de la manifestation des effets non linéaires lorsque le champ d’ondes se réfléchit au fond de l’océan.
Key-words :
Fluid mechanics; internal gravity waves; ocean mixing.
1 Introduction
Internal gravity waves in the deep ocean have been given much importance for ten years, since
Munk & Wunsch (1998) proposed that the raising of the cold abyssal water masses is sustained
by the energy sources that feed the mixing processes in the abyss (thereby extending to the
open ocean an idea first proposed by Stigebrandt (1979) in fjords). Mixing in the deep ocean
is mostly due to breaking gravity waves, which are created by the wind (more precisely, by the
interaction of the surface layer due to the wind and the stably-stratified fluid below) and by the
interaction of the tide with the bathymetry. The energetic content of both energy sources may
be roughly estimated at global scale and are likely to be comparable: the most recent estimates
are between 1 TW and 1.5 TW for the wind and about 1 TW for the tide (Wunsch & Ferrari
(2004)).
The thermal equilibrium of the deep ocean thus depends upon local, strongly intermittent
processes which occur on small temporal scales (of the order of one minute) and small spatial
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18 ème Congrès Français de Mécanique Grenoble, 27-31 août 2007
scales (of the order of ten meters). One may note that, as well, the large scale atmospheric cir-
culation depends upon local mixing processes, which mostly occur in convective clouds (Bony
et al. (1995)). This gigantic difference in spatial and temporal scales requires the parameteriza-
tion of the mixing processes (which cannot be ignored as just shown) in large scale circulation
models, and even in regional models. This obvious requirement is still an open problem as it
relies upon a direct study of the mixing processes. This problem can be tackled via three com-
plementary approaches: (i) a numerical approach, if one has a precise numerical code which
solves the full dynamical equations, namely with nonlinear and non hydrostatic terms; (ii) us-
ing laboratory experiments, if the dimensions of the experimental device are large enough for
the flow dynamics not to be dominated by viscous effects; (iii) via in situ measurements, if the
locations where strong mixing occurs can be guessed.
The present paper uses the two first approaches, when the internal gravity waves are forced
by the interaction of the tide with the bathymetry. These internal waves are usually referred to
as the internal tide. We shall consider the academic situation of a uniformly stratified ocean,
when the tide interacts with a simple two-dimensional continental shelf. Numerical experiments
have been conducted in close correspondance with the laboratory experiments, the geometrical
and physical parameters being the same in both approaches. The laboratory experiments have
been performed on the rotating Coriolis platform in Grenoble and are the first laboratory exper-
iments of the internal tide dynamics in a large scale tank (preliminary experiments on a smaller
laboratory device have been performed by Gostiaux & Dauxois (2006). We shall focus upon
the structure of the internal tide close to its generation region and upon the nonlinear effecs that
result from the interaction of the internal tide with the reflected field at the oceanic bottom.
This short paper is naturally organized as follows. The laboratory and numerical experi-
ments are briefly described in the next Section. Results are discussed in Section 3 and conclu-
sions are proposed in the final Section.
2 Laboratory and numerical set-ups
2.1 Laboratory experiments
We force a tidal current over a continental slope, across a channel on the Coriolis rotating
platform (see Fig. 1). The barotropic tide is produced by a piston oscillating horizontally, with
motion x = dcosωt, which closes the channel at one end. The channel is open at the other
end to allow free flow of this ’barotropic tide’. A density stratification is initially introduced by
salinity when the tank is filled. In the present paper, the values for d and 2pi/ω are 0.6 cm and
25 s, the Brunt-Vaisala frequency N = 0.72s−1 and the tank is non rotating. This configuration
is inspired from the numerical simulations by Gerkema, Staquet & Bouruet-Aubertot Gerkema
et al. (2006) of the internal tide in the oceanic context, using similarity arguments.
To reach regimes of inertial dynamics, with weak viscous damping, we need a sufficiently
deep water (to permit large vertical wavelengths), so we choose a total depth of 90 cm, and a
topographic height equal to 75 cm. If this is assumed to represent an ocean 4.5 km deep, the
vertical scaling factor is 1/5000. Then the available channel length of 10 m would represent
50 km. This would be limited to the continental slope itself, with no space for internal tide
propagation, reflexion and breaking. To simulate the process over a distance of 250 km, we
therefore need to apply a distortion of aspect ratio by a factor 5. Hence, the slope will be five
times larger in the experiment than in the ocean. Since in the ocean, this slope is close to 0.1,
we shall consider a slope close to 0.5, corresponding to an angle with the horizontal of 30o.
We expect that such a distortion does not change the dynamics too much: note that within the
hydrostatic approximation, the dynamics is strictly invariant by a change of aspect ratio in the
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18 ème Congrès Français de Mécanique Grenoble, 27-31 août 2007
absence of viscosity effect or turbulence parametrisation.
The main measurement tool is Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), either in horizontal or
vertical planes. Only two cameras can be used simultaneously, so that a choice of the location
of the study has to be made: emission zone, reflexion on the bottom, reflexion on the free
surface. In addition to PIV, time records of the density at a given point have been obtained,
using the vertical profiler with fixed probe position.
2.2 Numerical simulations
The numerical simulations are based on the numerical code developed at MIT by Marshall et
al. (1997), which we adapted to the experimental configuration. The code solves the nonlinear
nonhydrostatic Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation using a finite volume
method. The forcing is imposed at the vertical boundary facing the shelf, via an oscillatory
velocity field x˙ = dωcosωt, which should not be very different from the oscillating piston
of the laboratory experiment since the displacement of the latter is very small. Despite the
numerical experiments have been carefully designed so as to fit the laboratory experiments,
unavoidable differences still remain. These are the viscous and diffusion effects, which are
modelled by a KPP scheme in the numerical simulations. Also, the Prandtl number is equal to
1 in the simulations while the Prandtl number for salt is 700.
The continental slope is solved with 125 grid points (as 700 grid points are used along
the horizontal direction) while 160 grid points are used along the vertical direction above the
abyssal plain. One tidal period is simulated by 200 time steps.
3 Internal tide propagation
The internal tide propagates as a rectilinear beam in a uniformly stratified fluid, which is tangent
to the topography (e.g. Baines (1982)). This behavior is illustrated in Fig. 2a for the experiment
and in Fig. 2b for the simulations. It can be accounted for as follows. In a frame of reference
attached to the barotropic tide (i.e. to the moving piston, in the experiment, or to the moving
lateral boundary, in the simulations), the topography becomes an oscillating body in a uniformly
stratified fluid. Assuming this change of reference frame is galilean (see Gerkema (2006) for a
discussion), the analysis can be equivalently performed in this new reference frame.
The wave pattern emitted by a spatially bounded oscillating body can be mostly predicted
by the dispersion relation, cosθ = ω/N , as this implies that the group velocity makes the angle
θ with the vertical. The laboratory experiment performed by Mowbray & Rarity (1967) nicely
vertical
sheet
7
5
 c
m
PIV field V1
wave maker
laser
PIV field V2PIV field V3
22630°
f/2
H
=
9
0
 c
m
 (
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
 d
e
p
th
)
radius of curvature Re=180 cm
vertical cut
ωx=d cos(   t), d < 15 cm
Figure 1: Sketch of the laboratory experiment.
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18 ème Congrès Français de Mécanique Grenoble, 27-31 août 2007
illustrates this relation : the wave pattern recorded in the plane perpendicular to an oscillating
horizontal cylinder is made of four beams which are phase lines and along which the energy of
the moving cylinder is carried away. The detailed emission pattern also depends upon the typical
scale of the oscillating body relative to the amplitude of oscillation (as well as upon unsteady
and viscous effects). However, after a sufficient time or, equivalently, at a large enough distance
from the source, the beam width is set by this typical scale (this is the diameter of the cylinder
for instance). When the oscillating body is not spatially bounded, as this is the case for the
topography, numerical and laboratory experiments show that a wave beam forms which extends
downwards and upwards from its generation region. The generation region is the location where
the tangent to the topography has the same slope as the beam direction. Hence, the beam width
should depend upon the radius of curvature at this location. But the precise dependence of this
width upon the geometrical and physical parameters of the problem is still an open question.
The beam width can be estimated from the experiments by plotting the velocity field along
the beam U as a function of the distance perpendicular to the beam η. This profile is plotted
at successive times during one tidal period in Fig. 3a for the laboratory experiment and in Fig.
3b for the numerical experiment. The superposition of the profiles displays the envelope of the
beam, from which the beam width can be inferred. It is noteworthy that the maximum amplitude
of the envelope is quite close in the numerical and laboratory experiments, being approximately
equal to 0.6 cm/s. The envelope of the beam seems actually to have two local maxima, the
origin of which is not clear yet. Another local maximum appears further away from the beam,
which may be attributed to transients leaving the domain (B. Voisin, private comm.).
In addition to the width, the beam involves another scale which is the wavelength. The latter
scale is actually ill-defined because the wave field is not monochromatic inside the beam. It
is still noteworthy that, when the velocity field U(η) is plotted at two successive times distant
by half a tidal period, the two profiles are out-of-phase (Fig. 4a). This suggests that the wave
structure is locally monochromatic inside the beam. This can be attested by plotting the maxi-
mum and minimum value of U(η) as a function of time over one period. The monochromatic
character should yield a linear behavior, whereof slope defines a local phase speed, from which
a wavelength can be defined. Fig. 4b shows that this indeed the case and that the wavelength is
of the same order as the beam width.
(a) (b)
Figure 2: (a) Laboratory experiment. Spatial distribution of the horizontal velocity component filtered at
the tidal frequency (i.e. u cos(ω.t) averaged over the 5th and 6th tidal periods); (b) Numerical experi-
ment. Same as (a) for an average performed over the 11th and 12th tidal periods.
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18 ème Congrès Français de Mécanique Grenoble, 27-31 août 2007
4 Internal tide reflection: nonlinear effects
The superposition of the incident and reflected beams at the flat bottom boundary leads non-
linear interaction between the two beams. As a result, internal waves with higher harmonics
are produced, as shown in the numerical simulations of Gerkema et al. (2006). The laboratory
experiments also clearly reproduce this nonlinear behavior, as shown in Fig. 5.
5 Conclusions
This short paper provides preliminary results from the first laboratory experiment of the internal
tide on a large enough experimental device for an inertial dynamics to be reached. Results from
0 200 400 600 800 1000
−0.01
−0.005
0
0.005
0.01
η
U
 (v
elo
cit
y c
om
po
ne
nt 
alo
ng
 th
e b
ea
m)
(a) (b)
Figure 3: (a) Laboratory experiment. Velocity component along the beam as a function of the distance
perpendicular to the beam, at successive times during the 5th tidal period. (b) Numerical experiment.
Same as (a) during the 11th tidal period.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
4
6
8 x 10
−3
η
U
 (v
elo
cit
y c
om
po
ne
nt
 a
lon
g 
th
e 
be
am
)
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
time
m
in
im
um
 e
t m
ax
im
um
 o
f U
 p
ro
fil
e
(a) (b)
Figure 4: Numerical experiment. (a) Velocity component along the beam as a function of the distance
perpendicular to the beam, at two times separated by half a tidal period. (b) Maximum and minimum
value of this velocity component as a function of time. The slope of the thick line is an estimate of the
phase velocity inside the beam.
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18 ème Congrès Français de Mécanique Grenoble, 27-31 août 2007
Figure 5: Laboratory experiment. Spatial distribution of the horizontal velocity component filtered at
twice the tidal frequency (i.e. u cos(2ω.t) averaged over the 5th and 6th tidal periods).
a carefully designed numerical experiment, which matches as much as possible the geometrical
and physical parameters of the laboratory experiment, are also presented. Further work is under
progress, in order to analyse the influence of rotation upon the generation of harmonics, the in-
fluence of a thermocline on the internal tide propagation and, more generally, processes leading
to the loss of energy from the coherent internal tide which emerges from the topography.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by contract no ANR-05-BLAN-0176-01. Computations have been
performed on the machines of the supercomputer centre IDRIS under contract no 060580.
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Numerical and experimental modelling of the internal tide near a continental shelf

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