A finishing trial evaluated wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and roughage inclusion levels in diets containing 30% modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS, DM basis) using a 3 x 3 factorial treatment structure. No significant WCGF x roughage level interactions were observed. There was a quadratic response due to WCGF level for dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG), which were lowest for cattle fed 30% WCGF; however, feed-gain ratio (F:G) increased linearly with increasing WCGF. Gain responded quadratically and was lowest for cattle fed 0% corn silage. F:G and DMI increased linearly with increasing corn silage. Feedlot performance was improved by feeding 0% or 15% WCGF compared to 30% WCGF in finishing diets containing 30% MDGS. The optimal level was 7.5% corn silage in diets containing 30% MDGS with or without WCGF

Benton, Joshua R.

Erickson, Galen E.

Klopfenstein, Terry J.

Luebbe, Matt K.

Lindquist, Ronald

English

Stadtarchiv Solingen, Bergische Arbeiterstimme 27. November 1914 Ein Solinger schildert in einem Brief an seine Eltern nicht ohne Stolz eine „Heldentat“, für die er voraussichtlich mit dem Eisernen Kreuz ausgezeichnet wird.                              Kriegsbriefe.     Wie ihm die Russen seine beiden Gäule erschossen und wie   er sich von den Russen sechs andere wieder holte und auch eine   Kanone, die ihm im Wege stand, mitnahm , das schildert in köst-  licher Selbstverständlichkeit ein Sol..

Stadtarchiv Solingen

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27. November 1914

Stadtarchiv Solingen, Bergische Arbeiterstimme 17. November 1914 Ankündigung des Liebesgabentags in Solingen am 19. November zur Sammlung von Spenden für die Soldaten und die Bedürftigen der Stadt. Solinger Liebesgabentag         am 19.November.              Mitbürger!      Sorgt, daß wir mit unseren Ergebnissen des Liebes-  gabentages am Donnerstag dieser Woche nicht zurück-  bleiben hinter den Ergebnissen anderer Gemeinden!           Jeder gebe nach seinen Kräften!        Jeder folge der St..

17. November 1914

Stadtarchiv Hilden, Rheinisches Volksblatt vom 27. November 1914 Es soll Anzeichen dafür geben, dass Russland und England versuchen Material und Werkzeuge in Deutschland herstellen zu lassen. Der kommandierende General des 7. Armeekorps warnt davor. Hilden, 27. Nov. Die Solinger Handelskammer teilt mit, daß sichere Anzeichen darauf schließen lassen, daß Rußland und auch England durch Mittelspersonen ober neutrale Staaten Material und Werkzeuge zur Anfertigung von Munition und anderem Kriegsma..

Stadtarchiv Hilden

Stadtarchiv Solingen, Bergische Arbeiterstimme 27. November 1914 In einer Beurteilung über die Stadtratswahlen wird die durch den „Burgfrieden“ ausbleibende Auseinandersetzung mit dem politischen Gegner beklagt, während das SPD-Ergebnis als gut eingeordnet wird.  Die Wahl unter dem Burgfrieden.     Wahlen ohne vorhergehenden Wahlkampf sind wie unge-  würzte Speisen. Man ißt sie, um den Magen zu füllen, jedoch  ohne jeden Genuß. Genau so ist es bei den Wahlen, bei denen   die Gegner nicht ihre..

Stadtarchiv Goch, Bestand Völcker-Janssen, Niederrheinisches Volksblatt, Gocher Zeitung, vom 27.11.1914, Anzeigenteil. Werbung der Völckerschen Buchhandlung in Goch für das Lied von Hindenburg Das Lied von Hindenburg. Ausgabe für eine Singstimme mit Klavierbegleitung 60 Pfg. Oktavblatt für 3stimm. Schüler-Chor 10 Pfg. Völcker’sche Buchhandlung, Goch

Stadtarchiv Goch

Stadtarchiv Solingen, Bergische Arbeiterstimme 27. November 1914 Offensichtlich aus gegebenen Anlass wird durch den Höhscheider Bürgermeister darauf hingewiesen, dass es den Ehefrauen verboten wird, ihre zum Krieg eingezogenen Männer zu besuchen.    Bekanntmachung     Es wird hiermit zur öffentlichen   Kenntnis gebracht, daß zufolge  Befehle der obersten Heeresleitung   der Besuch von Frauen bei ihren   im Felde stehenden Männern ver-  boten ist.    Hierzu gehören auch die Ange-  hörigen des ..

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports Animal Science Department 
2009 
Effects of Wet Corn Gluten Feed and Roughage Inclusion Levels in 
Finishing Diets Containing Modified Distillers Grains Plus Solubles 
Joshua R. Benton 
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, jbenton2@unl.edu 
Galen E. Erickson 
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, gerickson4@unl.edu 
Terry J. Klopfenstein 
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, tklopfenstein1@unl.edu 
Matt K. Luebbe 
University of Nebraska - Lincoln, mluebbe2@unl.edu 
Ronald Lindquist 
Archer Daniels Midland Co., Columbus, Neb 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr 
 Part of the Animal Sciences Commons 
Benton, Joshua R.; Erickson, Galen E.; Klopfenstein, Terry J.; Luebbe, Matt K.; and Lindquist, Ronald, 
"Effects of Wet Corn Gluten Feed and Roughage Inclusion Levels in Finishing Diets Containing Modified 
Distillers Grains Plus Solubles" (2009). Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports. 508. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr/508 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Beef Cattle 
Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 
Page 70 — 2009 Nebraska Beef Report  © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved.
Effects of Wet Corn Gluten Feed and Roughage Inclusion 
Levels in Finishing Diets Containing Modified Distillers 
Grains Plus Solubles
Josh R. Benton
Galen E. Erickson
Terry J. Klopfenstein
Matt K. Luebbe
Ronald U. Lindquist 1
Summary
A finishing trial evaluated wet corn 
gluten feed (WCGF) and roughage 
inclusion levels in diets containing 30% 
modified distillers grains plus solubles 
(MDGS, DM basis) using a 3 x 3 facto-
rial treatment structure. No significant 
WCGF x roughage level interactions 
were observed. There was a quadratic 
response due to WCGF level for dry 
matter intake (DMI) and average daily 
gain (ADG), which were lowest for 
cattle fed 30% WCGF; however, feed-
gain ratio (F:G) increased linearly with 
increasing WCGF. Gain responded qua-
dratically and was lowest for cattle fed 
0% corn silage. F:G and DMI increased 
linearly with increasing corn silage. 
Feedlot performance was improved by 
feeding 0% or 15% WCGF compared to 
30% WCGF in finishing diets contain-
ing 30% MDGS. The optimal level was 
7.5% corn silage in diets containing 
30% MDGS with or without WCGF.
Introduction
Feedlots have the opportunity to 
utilize wet corn gluten feed (WCGF), 
wet distillers grains plus solubles 
(WDGS) or modified wet distillers 
grains plus solubles (MDGS). Com-
binations of WCGF and WDGS mak-
ing up to 60% of the diet have been 
shown to improve cattle performance 
(2007 Nebraska Beef Report, pp. 25-
28). Furthermore, WCGF is useful in 
managing acidosis, and it is beneficial 
to reduce or eliminate roughage levels 
in finishing diets when WCGF is 
includ ed (2004 Nebraska Beef Report, 
pp. 61-63). However, in finishing diets 
containing WDGS, roughage inclu-
sion is still necessary (2007 Nebraska 
Beef Report, pp. 29-32). One possible 
advantage of feeding a combination of 
WDGS and WCGF in finishing diets 
may be that WCGF inclusion could be 
used to replace roughage.
The objectives of the current study 
were to: 1) evaluate the effects of feed-
ing WCGF in combination with 30% 
MDGS (DM basis), and 2) determine 
the optimum roughage level in diets 
containing 30% MDGS fed with or 
without WCGF.
Procedure
Four hundred fifty crossbred steer 
calves (body weight [BW] = 655 + 
45 lb) were used in a randomized 
complete block design. Upon arrival, 
steers were vaccinated and weaned on 
smooth bromegrass for 21-28 days. 
Steers were then allowed to graze 
sorghum stalks for 15 days. While on 
stalks, steers were supplemented with 
5 lb/head/day of WCGF. Steers were 
brought back to the feedlot five days 
before initiation of the trial and limit-
fed a diet consisting of 50% WCGF 
and 50% grass hay (DM basis) at 2% 
of body weight. On day 0 and day 1, 
steers were individually weighed in 
order to get an accurate initial BW, 
and all steers were implanted with 
Synovex-Choice (Fort Dodge Animal 
Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa) on day 1. 
On day 64, steers were re-implanted 
with Synovex-Choice and poured with 
Durasect II (Pfizer Animal Health, 
New York, N.Y.). The weights from 
day 0 were used to assign steers to 
treatment. Steers were blocked by BW 
into three blocks, stratified by BW 
within block and assigned randomly 
to one of 45 pens (10 steers/pen). Pens 
were assigned randomly to one of nine 
finishing diets (5 pens/diet). During 
the trial, four steers were removed due 
to death and one steer was removed 
for other health reasons. All causes of 
removal from trial were determined 
to be unrelated to treatments.
All diets (Table 1) contained 30% 
MDGS, a mixture of dry-rolled and 
Table 1. Composition of finishing diets and formulated nutrient analysis.1
Roughage Level2:  0   7.5   15
WCGF Level: 0 15 30 0 15 30 0 15 30
DRC3 32.50 25.00 17.50 28.75 21.25 13.75 25.00 17.50 10.00
HMC 32.50 25.00 17.50 28.75 21.25 13.75 25.00 17.50 10.00
MDGS 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
WCGF — 15.00 30.00 — 15.00 30.00 — 15.00 30.00
Corn silage — — — 7.50 7.50 7.50 15.00 15.00 15.00
Dry Supplement4 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
Formulated Nutrient Composition
Crude Protein, % 16.2 17.9 19.5 16.2 17.8 19.4 16.1 17.7 19.3
Ca, % 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.74
P, % 0.45 0.54 0.64 0.45 0.54 0.63 0.45 0.54 0.63
K, % 0.60 0.73 0.86 0.67 0.80 0.92 0.73 0.86 0.99
S, % 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.31 0.35 0.39
Ether Extract, % 6.72 6.63 6.54 6.67 6.58 6.49 6.61 6.52 6.43
1Values presented on a DM basis.
2Dietary inclusion levels of corn silage in the finishing diet were 0, 7.5 or 15.0% of diet DM.
3DRC = dry-rolled corn; HMC = high-moisture corn; MDGS = modified distillers grains plus solubles; 
WCGF = wet corn gluten feed.
4All diets were formulated to provide 360 mg/steer daily Rumensin®, 90 mg/steer daily Tylan®, and 130 
mg/steer daily thiamine.
© The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved. 2009 Nebraska Beef Report  — Page 71 
(Continued on next page)
high-moisture corn fed at a 1:1 ratio , 
and 5% supplement (DM Basis). 
Treatments were arranged as a 3 x 
3 factorial and the factors included 
in this study were WCGF (ADM, 
Columbus, Neb.) levels of 0%, 15% 
or 30% on DM basis and roughage 
levels of 0%, 7.5% or 15% inclusion. 
Corn silage was used as the rough-
age source. Diets were formulated to 
contain 0.65 % calcium and 0.60% 
potassium and to supply 360 mg/steer 
Rumensin® (Elanco Animal Health, 
Greenfield, Ind.), 90 mg/steer Tylan® 
(Elanco Animal Health), and 130 mg/
steer thiamine daily.
Cattle were adapted to grain by 
feeding 37.5%, 27.5%, 17.5%, 7.5% 
and 3.75% alfalfa hay, which replaced 
the corn mixture in the finishing 
diets, for 3, 4, 6, 6 and 5 days, respec-
tively. The first four steps included 
15% corn silage and were formulated 
to supply 45%, 35%, 25% and 15% 
roughage (DM basis). For step 5, corn 
silage was reduced from 15% to 7.5% 
for finishing diets containing 0% or 
7.5% corn silage. Corn silage was as-
sumed to be 50% forage and 50% 
grain (DM basis). Steers were fed once 
daily and allowed ad libitum access to 
feed and water. Cattle were fed for 167 
days (December 13, 2007 to May 27, 
2008) and harvested at a commercial 
packing plant (Greater Omaha Pack, 
Omaha, Neb.). Hot carcass weight 
and liver scores were collected the day 
of harvest; 12th rib fat, LM area and 
USDA marbling score were collected 
following a 24-hour chill. Yield grade 
was calculated using the following 
equation: YG = 2.50 + (0.0038*HCW, 
lb) + (0.2*2.0% KPH) + (2.5*12th rib 
fat, in) - (0.32*LM area, in2) (Meat 
Industry Handbook, 2001). Final BW, 
ADG and F:G were calculated using 
hot carcass weight divided by an aver-
age dressing percentage of 63%.
Data were analyzed using the 
MIXED procedure of SAS (Version 
9.1, SAS Inc., Cary, N.C.) as a 3 x 3 
factorial treatment design. Factors 
included in the model were WCGF, 
roughage inclusion level and WCGF 
x roughage inclusion level interac-
tion. The random variable was weight 
block. Pen served as the experimental 
unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used 
to detect linear and quadratic rela-
tionships for the main effect of WCGF 
level and the main effect of roughage 
level if no interaction was detected. If 
an interaction occurred, only simple 
effects were tested.
Results 
The hypothesis was that cattle 
performance would improve with 
increasing WCGF level and decreasing 
roughage levels. Interestingly, this was 
not the case, as no significant WCGF 
x roughage inclusion level inter-
actions were observed. Therefore, only 
main effects of either WCGF level or 
roughage level are presented. For the 
Table 2. Effects of WCGF inclusion level on performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed 
finishing diets containing 30% MDGS.
WCGF Inclusion Level1: 0.0 15.0 30.0 Lin2 Quad3
Performance
Initial BW, lb 655 656 655 0.83 0.58
Final BW, lb4 1329 1332 1299 < 0.01 < 0.01
DMI, lb/day 22.28 22.48 22.01 0.15 0.04
ADG, lb 4.03 4.05 3.86 < 0.01 < 0.01
F:G5 5.52 5.54 5.70 < 0.01 0.13
Carcass Characteristics
HCW, lb 837 839 818 < 0.01 < 0.01
12th rib fat, in 0.56 0.58 0.53 0.10 0.07
LM area, in2 14.1 14.0 14.2 0.81 0.35
Marbling score6 511 512 487 0.03 0.15
Choice or above, % 51.6 53.6 41.6 0.11 0.19
Yield grade7 2.97 3.05 2.79 0.02 0.01
Liver abscesses, % 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.72 0.66
1Dietary inclusion levels of WCGF in the finishing diet (DM basis).
2Contrast for the linear effect of WCGF inclusion level P-value.
3Contrast for the quadratic effect of WCGF inclusion level P-value.
4Final BW calculated as hot carcass weight divided by a common dressing percentage of 63%.
5Analyzed as gain:feed, reciprocal of feed conversion.
6Marbling score: 400 = Slight 0, 450 = Slight 50, 500 = Small 0, etc.
7Yield grade: 2.50 + (0.0038*HCW, lb) + (0.2*2.0% KPH) + (2.5*12th rib fat, in) - (0.32*LM area, in2).
Table 3. Effects of roughage inclusion level on performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed 
finishing diets containing 30% MDGS.
Roughage Inclusion Level1: 0 7.5 15.0 Lin2 Quad3
Performance
Initial BW, lb 656 655 655 0.13 0.23
Final BW, lb4 1296 1330 1335 <0.01 0.01
DMI, lb/day 21.06 22.36 23.35 <0.01 0.33
ADG, lb 3.83 4.04 4.07 <0.01 <0.01
F:G5 5.49 5.53 5.73 <0.01 0.06
Carcass Characteristics
HCW, lb 816 838 841 <0.01 0.01
12th rib fat, in 0.51 0.57 0.58 <0.01 0.25
LM area, in2 14.2 14.1 14.0 0.40 0.74
Marbling score6 490 503 517 0.02 0.90
Choice or above, % 40.9 48.2 57.6 0.01 0.85
Yield grade7 2.75 2.98 3.08 <0.01 0.32
Liver abscesses, % 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.19 0.90
1Dietary inclusion levels of corn silage in the finishing diet were 0, 7.5 or 15.0% of diet DM.
2Contrast for the linear effect of roughage inclusion level P-value.
3Contrast for the quadratic effect of roughage inclusion level P-value.
4Final BW calculated as hot carcass weight divided by a common dressing percentage of 63%.
5Analyzed as gain:feed, reciprocal of feed conversion.
6Marbling score: 400 = Slight 0, 450 = Slight 50, 500 = Small 0, etc.
7Yield grade: 2.50 + (0.0038*HCW, lb) + (0.2*2.0% KPH) + (2.5*12th rib fat, in) - (0.32*LM area, in2).
Page 72 — 2009 Nebraska Beef Report  © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved.
main effect of the WCGF inclusion 
level (Table 2), there was a quadratic 
(P < 0.05) response for final BW, 
ADG and DMI. Final BW, ADG and 
DMI were highest for cattle fed 15% 
WCGF and lowest for cattle fed 30% 
WCGF. As the WCGF inclusion level 
increased, F:G increased linearly  
(P < 0.01).
For the main effect of the rough-
age inclusion level (Table 3), there was 
a quadratic (P < 0.02) effect on final 
BW and ADG, and both were lowest 
for cattle fed 0% roughage. As the 
roughage inclusion level increased, 
DMI and F:G increased (linear;  
P < 0.01). However, F:G was high-
est for cattle fed 15% corn silage 
(quadratic; P = 0.06). The observed 
increase in DMI due to increasing 
roughage level is common and likely 
due to acidosis control if ADG im-
proves (7.5% silage) or may be due to 
an energy dilution effect whereby the 
cattle are attempting to eat to a con-
stant energy level (15% corn silage) if 
ADG is maximal.
The only observed carcass charac-
teristic differences within WCGF level 
were HCW, marbling score and yield 
grade. There was a quadratic  
(P < 0.01) response for HCW and 
yield grade, which was numerically 
highest for cattle fed 15% WCGF. 
There was a linear (P = 0.03) decrease 
for marbling score as the inclusion 
level of WCGF increased. No differ-
ences due to the WCGF inclusion level 
were observed in incidence of liver 
abscesses, 12th rib fat thickness, LM 
area or percentage choice. Roughage 
level had a quadratic (P = 0.01) effect 
on HCW, which was lowest for cattle 
fed 0% roughage. A linear (P < 0.05) 
increase due to increasing roughage 
level was observed for 12th rib fat 
thickness, marbling score, yield grade 
and percentage choice. The incidence 
of liver abscesses and LM area were 
not affected by roughage level.
These data suggest performance 
was similar for cattle fed either 0% or 
15% WCGF, and cattle performance 
decreased when feeding 30% WCGF 
in finishing diets containing 30% 
MDGS. These results are in agreement 
with previous research at Nebraska 
(2007 Nebraska Beef Report, pp. 25-
26). The previous study also evaluated 
a control diet without co-products; 
cattle fed 30% WDGS with 30% 
WCGF had improved performance 
compared to the control, but perfor-
mance was not as good as 30% WDGS 
alone. In the current study, when 
roughage was excluded (0%), DMI, 
ADG and 12th rib fat thickness were 
decreased compared to diets contain-
ing 7.5% or 15% corn silage. These 
results are in agreement with previous 
research in which roughage was elimi-
nated from finishing diets contain-
ing 30% WDGS (2007 Nebraska Beef 
Report , pp. 29-32).
In summary, feeding 0% or 15% 
WCGF with 30% MDGS improved 
cattle performance, compared to feed-
ing 30% WCGF with 30% MDGS. 
Furthermore, it appears that the 
optimum roughage level is 7.5% of 
diet DM when using corn silage in 
finishing diets containing 30% MDGS 
with or without WCGF.
1Josh R. Benton, research technician; 
Galen E. Erickson, associate professor; Terry 
J. Klopfenstein, professor; Matt K. Luebbe, 
research technician, Animal Science, Lincoln. 
Ronald U. Lindquist, Archer Daniels Midland 
Co., Columbus, Neb.
