Hollman, P.C.H.

Janssen, P.L.T.M.K.

Katan, M.B.

Staveren, W.A. van

Vries, J.H.M. de

de Vries, J.H.M.

van Staveren, W.A.

VU Research Portal

VU Research PortalConsumption of quercetin and kaemferol in free- living subjects eating a variety ofdietsde Vries, J.H.M.; Janssen, P.L.T.M.K.; Hollman, P.C.H.; van Staveren, W.A.; Katan, M.B.published inCancer Letters1997document versionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordLink to publication in VU Research Portalcitation for published version (APA)de Vries, J. H. M., Janssen, P. L. T. M. K., Hollman, P. C. H., van Staveren, W. A., & Katan, M. B. (1997).Consumption of quercetin and kaemferol in free- living subjects eating a variety of diets. 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May. 2021CANCER LETTERS ELSEVIER Cancer Letters 114 (1997) 141-144 Consumption of quercetin and kaempferol in free-living subjects eating a variety of diets Jeanne H.M. de Vries”,*, P.L.T.M. Karin Janssena, Peter C.H. Hollmanb, Wija A. van Staverena, Martijn B. Katana aDepartment of Human Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands bDLO - State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT-DLO), Bomsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands Abstract Quercetin and related flavonoids are anticarcinogenic in rats, but little is known about human intakes. The intake of five major flavonois and flavones was calculated using l-day dietary records of 17 volunteers from 14 countries, and using both 3- day records and a food frequency questionnaire of eight Dutch adults. Total consumption (+SD) was 27.6 + 19.5 mg/day in the international subjects, 34.1 f 31.2 mg/day in the Dutch adults according to 3-day records, and 41.9 f 23.7 mg/day according to questionnaires. Quercetin contributed 68-73%, and kaempferol22-29%, the major sources being tea and onions. A brief food frequency questionnaire may be a suitable method for ranking individuals by flavonol intake. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. Keywords: Flavonoids; Flavonols; Quercetin; Dietary assessment; Food frequency questionnaire 1. Introduction FIavonoids, a group of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, are widely distributed in foods of plant origin such as vegetables, fruit, tea and wine [ 1,2]. It has been suggested that the consumption of flavonols and flavones, a subgroup of the flavo- noids, would protect from cancer [3]. Furthermore, beneficial associations with the occurrence of coron- ary heart disease have been reported [4]. Within the subgroup of flavonols and flavones * Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 317 482503/82589; fax: +31 3 17 483342: e-mail: jeanne.devries@et;?.voed.wau.nl. the flavonol quercetin is the major compound in foods, with smaller contributions from kaemp- ferol, myricetin, and the flavones apigenin, and luteo- lin [5]. The main sources of flavonols and flavones are tea and onions [5]. The most important flavonol in onions is quercetin [l], while tea contains con- siderable amounts of both quercetin and kaempferol La. In order to study the relation of flavonoids in the diet with chronic diseases a method for ranking of individuals by flavonoid consumption is needed. For evaluation of dietary assessment methods information is needed about the main dietary sources and the within- and between-subject variations. For these pur- poses, we calculated the intake of the five flavonols and flavones from three existing datasets, obtained 0304-3835/97/$17.00 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved PII SO304-3835(97)04645-4 with l-day records, 3-day records, and a food fre- quency questionnaire. 2. Methods 2. I. Subjects and design Thirteen non-resident aliens and four Dutch sub- jects consuming non-traditional diets enrolled in the ‘international’ part of the study. These participants, six men and 11 women from 14 countries and four continents, ate a wide variety of diets (Table I ). Their mean age was 29 + 7 years (&SD), and their body mass index 21 + 3 kg/m2. Four female and four male Dutch subjects, aged 25 I9 years (mean ?I SD). with a body mass index of 23 C- 5 kg/ m’ consumed a normal Dutch diet (Table 21. All subjects were healthy and gave their written informed consent for participation in the study. The protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Com- mittee of the Department of Human Nutrition. 2.2. Dietary assessment The 17 ‘international’ subjects weighed and recorded all foods and beverages, including herbs and spices. in a diary for 1 day. The eight Dutch sub- jects recorded their foods and beverages in household measures for 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day. and filled out a 74-item food frequency questionnaire which specifically asked about the habitual consump- tion of flavonoid-rich foods such as vegetables, fruit, beverages, ready-to-eat meals containing onions. herbs, and spices. Trained dietitians checked the food records and the questionnaires. The intake of five flavonols and flavones (querce- tin, kaempferol, myricetin, luteolin, and apigenin) was calculated using published values for contents in vegetables, fruit and beverages [I ,2], supplemen- ted with values for other Dutch foods including herbs and spices, and some American and Italian foods, also determined at the RIKILT-DLO labora- tory (Hollman P.C.H, unpublished data). using an identical method 161. We calculated energy and dietary fibre intakes using the computer&d ver- sion of the Netherlands Nutrient Data Bank NEVO [ 7 1. We assessed the between- and within-person var- latlons by analysis of variance using SAS procedure ANOVA [8]. 3. Results In the 17 international subjects, intake oi energy was 9‘0 I!I 3.1 MJ (means + SD), and mean intake of dietary tibre was 1.7 g per MJ of energy. The lowest consumption of the five ffavonols and flavones ~a.4 3.6 mgfday for the subject with a South-American diet, whose single source was a small amount of onions (Table I). The highest value was 77 mglday for the subject with a Scandinavian diet, who drank almost 2 litres of tea on the day records were kept. The between-person coefficient of variation was 70%. The mean contribution of quercetin to the total flavonoi plus flavone consumption was on average 73%. of kaempferol 22%. and of myricetin 4%. The intake?, of luteolin and apigenin were almost at zero. Tea was i‘ahle I Flavonol and flavone intake in subjects - _______ __.~._ Subject Country -rype Intake of flaw)- of origin of diet nols plus Ra- vanes (mg/day I .._ll_-~-l.--._ --_ll_.. I IJSA Macrobiotic IS.7 , (‘hina Chinese i;i $ Czechoslovakia East-European z-i.2 -1 Ethiopia AfricaJl 52.9 4 Finland Scandinavian 37 li il India Asian I s.ir Indonesia Ahian 28.3 v Italy Mediterranean is.2 9 Lithuama Last-European 13.2 IO :Malaysia Asian 12.7 I! Mexico South American 3.6 I?. The Netherlands Lacto-ovo 50.3 vegetarian I : ‘The Netherlands Vegetarian 26.3 IS ‘The Netherlands ‘Prehistoric’” 26.X Ii The Netherlands Western 47.7 If.2 Surhlan1 Surinam 35.4 I ? Turkcq Middle-eastern 19.x Mean 77.6 ir 19.5 t SD Subjects ate a variety of diets according IO a l-day weighed food word, including herbs and spices. “Uncooked and unprocessed products, vegetables and fruit wcrc typical of this diet. J.H.M. de Vries et al. /Cancer Letters 114 (1997) 141-144 143 Table 2 Habitual Aavonol and flavone consumption Subject Age Sex Flavonoids Flavonoids (3-day rec- (question- ords, mg/day) naire mg/day) 1 21 Male 11 9 2 24 Male 1 31 3 22 Female 24 21 4 41 Male 2 33 5 21 Female 28 25 6 25 Female 81 72 I 22 Female 71 7.5 8 20 Male 55 51 Mean 34.1 f 31.2 41.9 + 23.1 k SD Flavonol and flavone consumption of four Dutch men and four Dutch women according to 3-day records and a food frequency questionnaire for assessment of flavonoid intake are shown. the major source contributing 37% of flavonols and flavones, followed by onions 26%, vegetables 14%, fruits 22%, and red wine 1%. In the eight Dutch adults the daily energy intake was 10.6 + 1.5 MJ, and the mean dietary fibre intake 2.2 g per MJ of energy according to the 3-day records. Flavonol plus flavone intake calculated from the food records ranged from 1 to 81 mg/day, and from the food frequency questionnaires from 9 to 75 mglday (Table 2). The mean contribution of quercetin to the total flavone and flavonol consumption according to 3-day records and food frequency questionnaires was 68% for both, of kaempferol 28% and 29%, and of myricetin 4% and 2%, respectively. The contributions of luteolin and apigenin were again negligible. The within- and between-person coefficients of variation calculated from the 3-day records were 63% and 84%, respectively. The ratio of the within-person and between-person components of variance was 0.57. The between-person coefficient of variation calcu- lated from the food frequency questionnaires was 56.5%. Tea contributed 47% to the total amount of the five flavonols and flavones according to 3-day records., and 28% according to the food frequency questionnaires, onions 26% and 34%, vegetables 20% and 27%, fruits 6% and 1 l%, and red wine 1% and 0% respectively. The correlation coefficient between the 3-day records and the food frequency questionnaires in the full Dutch group was 0.85 (n = 8). 4. Discussion We found marked differences of up to 80 mg/day in flavonol and flavone intake between free-living sub- jects. Tea and onions were the most important sources for flavonoid consumption in both groups. The between-subject coefficient of variation was higher in the ‘international’ than in the Dutch group. The variation within subjects in the Dutch subjects accord- ing to the 3-day records was large, and comparable with, for example, vitamin C in US women [9]. How- ever, in contrast with many nutrients the ratio of within- and between-person variance was lower than 1 [9]. The relatively large between-person variation gives a fine opportunity to study the relationship between flavonoids and health. The results of one or 3-day records were possibly not sufficient to represent the long-term average daily individual intake. The within-subject coefficient of variation of 63% suggests that the number of days needed to estimate the individual intake within 20% of the actual intake 95% of the time is 38 days [lo]. The results of the food frequency questionnaire prob- ably provided the best data as this method inquired after food intake over 30 days. The high correlation coefficient of this method with the 3-day records sug- gests that these methods are similar for ranking of individuals. We did not have flavonol values for all plant foods consumed by the subjects. However. we have lacked only the data of a few foods, for example, citrus fruits, which we do not expect to contribute significant amounts of flavonols and flavones [2]. Therefore, we probably made only a small underestimation of actual flavonoid intake. The contribution of herbs and spices to flavonol and flavone intake was at most 3 mg/day. The flavonol and flavone intake of all subjects was within the distribution of flavonoid intake in the Netb- erlands [5], although some subjects were at the high- est intake range. Hertog [4,5] also found tea and onions to be the major sources of flavonol and flavone consumption. However, the contribution of tea that he found in elderly men (61%), and in Dutch adults (48%) was higher than in our study. We conclude that there was a large variation in flavonol and flavone consumption in this study, but the within-person variation was less than the between- person variation. For ranking of cubjects for filavonoid intake, a short food frequency questionnaire appears to be suitable. However, it needs to be tested in a larger study. Acknowledgements Supported by grant No 93.084 of the Netherlands Heart Foundation and by the Foundation for Nutrition and Health Research. References ]I] Hcrtog, M.G.I... Holhnan. P.C.H. and Katan, M.B. i 19921 Flavonol and flavone content of vegetables and frun. .I Agric. Food Chem.. 40, 2379.--238.1. [?] Hertog, M.G.L.. Hollman, P.C.H and Van de Puttc. B. (1993i Flavonol and flavone content of beverages. J. ,Agric. Food Chem.. 41. 1242-1246. 131 Huang. 41. and Ferraro, T. (1992) Phenolic compounds m foods and cancer prevention. In: Phenolic Compounds m lid dlld therr Miicts on llealth II. Ghtors. Nt ‘I’. Huang, (‘.-FL Ho and <‘.Y. I.ce. ACS Symposium Series. No 507. Washin :: ton IX‘ Hertog, M.G.I.. fesken,, h.J..M., Hollman. P.C.H.. Katan, M.B. and Kromhout. II. (1993i Dietary antioxidant flaw- noids and risk of’ coronary heart disease: the Zutphen ElderIF Study. Lancct, 342, 1007-101 I. Hertog. M.G.1... lfollman. P.C.H., Katan. M.H. and Kromh- t~u!. I). ( 1997 1 Intake of potentially anticascinogenic flaw noI& and their dcterminanrs in adults in the Netherlandr. km Ciincer 70 ) I 29. . -,. _ Hertog. .M.F.I... ilollman. P.c‘.li. and Vzncma. U.1 ! 19911 Analyrical method for the determination of flavunols and Ilavon~r, in food:, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, IS)l- 1598. Stichtinp Nederlands voedingsstoffenbestand ( 1993 1 Dutch Food Cornposit ion Table. NEVO Sahel. Voortichtingsbureau vo\x dc Voedinp. hJ1 IHaap SAS institute (19X9) SAS/STA’l’ liser’s tiuide. 6th cdn. SAS Institute Inc.. Gary. NC. Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology (1990) Oxford Uniter- zity Prcua. New York. Beaton, (;.!I., Mdner, J. and <:oreq. P. et aI. i 1979) Sourcci <ii :,ariance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutri.- rion study, dedgn and interpretation, Am. 1. Clin. Nutr., 32. ?536-‘359. 

English

Consumption of quercetin and kaemferol in free- living subjects eating a variety of diets

DSpace at VU

CANCER 
LETTERS 
ELSEVIER Cancer Letters 114 (1997) 141-144 
Consumption of quercetin and kaempferol in free-living 
subjects eating a variety of diets 
Jeanne H.M. de Vries”,*, P.L.T.M. Karin Janssena, Peter C.H. Hollmanb, 
Wija A. van Staverena, Martijn B. Katana 
aDepartment of Human Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands 
bDLO - State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT-DLO), Bomsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands 
Abstract 
Quercetin and related flavonoids are anticarcinogenic in rats, but little is known about human intakes. The intake of five 
major flavonois and flavones was calculated using l-day dietary records of 17 volunteers from 14 countries, and using both 3- 
day records and a food frequency questionnaire of eight Dutch adults. Total consumption (+SD) was 27.6 + 19.5 mg/day in 
the international subjects, 34.1 f 31.2 mg/day in the Dutch adults according to 3-day records, and 41.9 f 23.7 mg/day 
according to questionnaires. Quercetin contributed 68-73%, and kaempferol22-29%, the major sources being tea and onions. 
A brief food frequency questionnaire may be a suitable method for ranking individuals by flavonol intake. 0 1997 Elsevier 
Science Ireland Ltd. 
Keywords: Flavonoids; Flavonols; Quercetin; Dietary assessment; Food frequency questionnaire 
1. Introduction 
FIavonoids, a group of polyphenolic compounds 
with antioxidant properties, are widely distributed in 
foods of plant origin such as vegetables, fruit, tea and 
wine [ 1,2]. It has been suggested that the consumption 
of flavonols and flavones, a subgroup of the flavo- 
noids, would protect from cancer [3]. Furthermore, 
beneficial associations with the occurrence of coron- 
ary heart disease have been reported [4]. 
Within the subgroup of flavonols and flavones 
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 317 482503/82589; fax: +31 
3 17 483342: e-mail: jeanne.devries@et;?.voed.wau.nl. 
the flavonol quercetin is the major compound 
in foods, with smaller contributions from kaemp- 
ferol, myricetin, and the flavones apigenin, and luteo- 
lin [5]. The main sources of flavonols and flavones 
are tea and onions [5]. The most important flavonol 
in onions is quercetin [l], while tea contains con- 
siderable amounts of both quercetin and kaempferol 
La. 
In order to study the relation of flavonoids in the 
diet with chronic diseases a method for ranking of 
individuals by flavonoid consumption is needed. For 
evaluation of dietary assessment methods information 
is needed about the main dietary sources and the 
within- and between-subject variations. For these pur- 
poses, we calculated the intake of the five flavonols 
and flavones from three existing datasets, obtained 
0304-3835/97/$17.00 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved 
PII SO304-3835(97)04645-4 
with l-day records, 3-day records, and a food fre- 
quency questionnaire. 
2. Methods 
2. I. Subjects and design 
Thirteen non-resident aliens and four Dutch sub- 
jects consuming non-traditional diets enrolled in the 
‘international’ part of the study. These participants, 
six men and 11 women from 14 countries and four 
continents, ate a wide variety of diets (Table I ). Their 
mean age was 29 + 7 years (&SD), and their body 
mass index 21 + 3 kg/m2. Four female and four 
male Dutch subjects, aged 25 I9 years 
(mean ?I SD). with a body mass index of 23 C- 5 kg/ 
m’ consumed a normal Dutch diet (Table 21. 
All subjects were healthy and gave their written 
informed consent for participation in the study. The 
protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Com- 
mittee of the Department of Human Nutrition. 
2.2. Dietary assessment 
The 17 ‘international’ subjects weighed and 
recorded all foods and beverages, including herbs 
and spices. in a diary for 1 day. The eight Dutch sub- 
jects recorded their foods and beverages in household 
measures for 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day. and 
filled out a 74-item food frequency questionnaire 
which specifically asked about the habitual consump- 
tion of flavonoid-rich foods such as vegetables, fruit, 
beverages, ready-to-eat meals containing onions. 
herbs, and spices. Trained dietitians checked the 
food records and the questionnaires. 
The intake of five flavonols and flavones (querce- 
tin, kaempferol, myricetin, luteolin, and apigenin) 
was calculated using published values for contents 
in vegetables, fruit and beverages [I ,2], supplemen- 
ted with values for other Dutch foods including herbs 
and spices, and some American and Italian foods, 
also determined at the RIKILT-DLO labora- 
tory (Hollman P.C.H, unpublished data). using 
an identical method 161. We calculated energy and 
dietary fibre intakes using the computer&d ver- 
sion of the Netherlands Nutrient Data Bank NEVO 
[ 7 1. We assessed the between- and within-person var- 
latlons by analysis of variance using SAS procedure 
ANOVA [8]. 
3. Results 
In the 17 international subjects, intake oi energy 
was 9‘0 I!I 3.1 MJ (means + SD), and mean intake of 
dietary tibre was 1.7 g per MJ of energy. The lowest 
consumption of the five ffavonols and flavones ~a.4 
3.6 mgfday for the subject with a South-American 
diet, whose single source was a small amount of 
onions (Table I). The highest value was 77 mglday 
for the subject with a Scandinavian diet, who drank 
almost 2 litres of tea on the day records were kept. The 
between-person coefficient of variation was 70%. The 
mean contribution of quercetin to the total flavonoi 
plus flavone consumption was on average 73%. of 
kaempferol 22%. and of myricetin 4%. The intake?, 
of luteolin and apigenin were almost at zero. Tea was 
i‘ahle I
Flavonol and flavone intake in subjects 
- _______ __.~._ 
Subject Country -rype Intake of flaw)- 
of origin of diet nols plus Ra- 
vanes (mg/day I 
.._ll_-~-l.--._ --_ll_.. 
I IJSA Macrobiotic IS.7 
, (‘hina Chinese i;i 
$ Czechoslovakia East-European z-i.2 
-1 Ethiopia AfricaJl 52.9 
4 Finland Scandinavian 37 li 
il India Asian I s.ir 
Indonesia Ahian 28.3 
v Italy Mediterranean is.2 
9 Lithuama Last-European 13.2 
IO :Malaysia Asian 12.7 
I! Mexico South American 3.6 
I?. The Netherlands Lacto-ovo 50.3 
vegetarian 
I : ‘The Netherlands Vegetarian 26.3 
IS ‘The Netherlands ‘Prehistoric’” 26.X 
Ii The Netherlands Western 47.7 
If.2 Surhlan1 Surinam 35.4 
I ? Turkcq Middle-eastern 19.x 
Mean 77.6 ir 19.5 
t SD 
Subjects ate a variety of diets according IO a l-day weighed food 
word, including herbs and spices. 
“Uncooked and unprocessed products, vegetables and fruit wcrc 
typical of this diet. 
J.H.M. de Vries et al. /Cancer Letters 114 (1997) 141-144 143 
Table 2 
Habitual Aavonol and flavone consumption 
Subject Age Sex Flavonoids Flavonoids 
(3-day rec- (question- 
ords, mg/day) naire mg/day) 
1 21 Male 11 9 
2 24 Male 1 31 
3 22 Female 24 21 
4 41 Male 2 33 
5 21 Female 28 25 
6 25 Female 81 72 
I 22 Female 71 7.5 
8 20 Male 55 51 
Mean 34.1 f 31.2 41.9 + 23.1 
k SD 
Flavonol and flavone consumption of four Dutch men and four 
Dutch women according to 3-day records and a food frequency 
questionnaire for assessment of flavonoid intake are shown. 
the major source contributing 37% of flavonols and 
flavones, followed by onions 26%, vegetables 14%, 
fruits 22%, and red wine 1%. 
In the eight Dutch adults the daily energy intake 
was 10.6 + 1.5 MJ, and the mean dietary fibre intake 
2.2 g per MJ of energy according to the 3-day records. 
Flavonol plus flavone intake calculated from the food 
records ranged from 1 to 81 mg/day, and from the 
food frequency questionnaires from 9 to 75 mglday 
(Table 2). The mean contribution of quercetin to the 
total flavone and flavonol consumption according to 
3-day records and food frequency questionnaires was 
68% for both, of kaempferol 28% and 29%, and of 
myricetin 4% and 2%, respectively. The contributions 
of luteolin and apigenin were again negligible. The 
within- and between-person coefficients of variation 
calculated from the 3-day records were 63% and 84%, 
respectively. The ratio of the within-person and 
between-person components of variance was 0.57. 
The between-person coefficient of variation calcu- 
lated from the food frequency questionnaires was 
56.5%. Tea contributed 47% to the total amount of 
the five flavonols and flavones according to 3-day 
records., and 28% according to the food frequency 
questionnaires, onions 26% and 34%, vegetables 
20% and 27%, fruits 6% and 1 l%, and red wine 1% 
and 0% respectively. The correlation coefficient 
between the 3-day records and the food frequency 
questionnaires in the full Dutch group was 0.85 
(n = 8). 
4. Discussion 
We found marked differences of up to 80 mg/day in 
flavonol and flavone intake between free-living sub- 
jects. Tea and onions were the most important sources 
for flavonoid consumption in both groups. The 
between-subject coefficient of variation was higher 
in the ‘international’ than in the Dutch group. The 
variation within subjects in the Dutch subjects accord- 
ing to the 3-day records was large, and comparable 
with, for example, vitamin C in US women [9]. How- 
ever, in contrast with many nutrients the ratio of 
within- and between-person variance was lower than 
1 [9]. The relatively large between-person variation 
gives a fine opportunity to study the relationship 
between flavonoids and health. 
The results of one or 3-day records were possibly 
not sufficient to represent the long-term average daily 
individual intake. The within-subject coefficient of 
variation of 63% suggests that the number of days 
needed to estimate the individual intake within 20% 
of the actual intake 95% of the time is 38 days [lo]. 
The results of the food frequency questionnaire prob- 
ably provided the best data as this method inquired 
after food intake over 30 days. The high correlation 
coefficient of this method with the 3-day records sug- 
gests that these methods are similar for ranking of 
individuals. 
We did not have flavonol values for all plant foods 
consumed by the subjects. However. we have lacked 
only the data of a few foods, for example, citrus fruits, 
which we do not expect to contribute significant 
amounts of flavonols and flavones [2]. Therefore, 
we probably made only a small underestimation of 
actual flavonoid intake. The contribution of herbs 
and spices to flavonol and flavone intake was at 
most 3 mg/day. 
The flavonol and flavone intake of all subjects was 
within the distribution of flavonoid intake in the Netb- 
erlands [5], although some subjects were at the high- 
est intake range. Hertog [4,5] also found tea and 
onions to be the major sources of flavonol and flavone 
consumption. However, the contribution of tea that he 
found in elderly men (61%), and in Dutch adults 
(48%) was higher than in our study. 
We conclude that there was a large variation in 
flavonol and flavone consumption in this study, but 
the within-person variation was less than the between- 
person variation. For ranking of cubjects for filavonoid 
intake, a short food frequency questionnaire appears 
to be suitable. However, it needs to be tested in a 
larger study. 
Acknowledgements 
Supported by grant No 93.084 of the Netherlands 
Heart Foundation and by the Foundation for Nutrition 
and Health Research. 
References 
]I] Hcrtog, M.G.I... Holhnan. P.C.H. and Katan, M.B. i 19921 
Flavonol and flavone content of vegetables and frun. .I 
Agric. Food Chem.. 40, 2379.--238.1. 
[?] Hertog, M.G.L.. Hollman, P.C.H and Van de Puttc. B. (1993i 
Flavonol and flavone content of beverages. J. ,Agric. Food 
Chem.. 41. 1242-1246. 
131 Huang. 41. and Ferraro, T. (1992) Phenolic compounds m 
foods and cancer prevention. In: Phenolic Compounds m 
lid dlld therr Miicts on llealth II. Ghtors. Nt ‘I’. Huang, 
(‘.-FL Ho and <‘.Y. I.ce. ACS Symposium Series. No 507. 
Washin :: ton IX‘ 
Hertog, M.G.I.. fesken,, h.J..M., Hollman. P.C.H.. Katan, 
M.B. and Kromhout. II. (1993i Dietary antioxidant flaw- 
noids and risk of’ coronary heart disease: the Zutphen ElderIF 
Study. Lancct, 342, 1007-101 I. 
Hertog. M.G.1... lfollman. P.C.H., Katan. M.H. and Kromh- 
t~u!. I). ( 1997 1 Intake of potentially anticascinogenic flaw 
noI& and their dcterminanrs in adults in the Netherlandr. 
km Ciincer 70 ) I 29. . -,. _
Hertog. .M.F.I... ilollman. P.c‘.li. and Vzncma. U.1 ! 19911 
Analyrical method for the determination of flavunols and 
Ilavon~r, in food:, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, IS)l- 1598. 
Stichtinp Nederlands voedingsstoffenbestand ( 1993 1 Dutch 
Food Cornposit ion Table. NEVO Sahel. Voortichtingsbureau 
vo\x dc Voedinp. hJ1 IHaap 
SAS institute (19X9) SAS/STA’l’ liser’s tiuide. 6th cdn. SAS 
Institute Inc.. Gary. NC. 
Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology (1990) Oxford Uniter- 
zity Prcua. New York. 
Beaton, (;.!I., Mdner, J. and <:oreq. P. et aI. i 1979) Sourcci <ii 
:,ariance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutri.- 
rion study, dedgn and interpretation, Am. 1. Clin. Nutr., 32. 
?536-‘359. 


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Consumption of quercetin and kaemferol in free- living subjects eating a variety of diets

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