Cloetingh, S.A.P.L.

Dinu, C.

Mocanu, V.

Neubauer, F.

NARCIS 

Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian region

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VU Research PortalTectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian regionNeubauer, F.; Cloetingh, S.A.P.L.; Dinu, C.; Mocanu, V.published inTectonophysics1997document versionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordLink to publication in VU Research Portalcitation for published version (APA)Neubauer, F., Cloetingh, S. A. P. L., Dinu, C., & Mocanu, V. (1997). Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian region. 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Sep. 2021ELSEVIER Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 93-96 TECTONOPHYSICS Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian region: introduction F. N e u b a u e r  a,*, S. C loe t i ngh  b, C. Dinu  c, V. M o c a n u  c a Dept. of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrafle 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria J' Faculty of Earth Sciences. Vrije Universiteit. De Boelelaan 1081, 1085 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands c Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Vuia Traiana 5, R0-70139, Bucharest. Romania Accepted 23 October 1996 1. Introduction Research on the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian system intensified during the past decade because of several reasons. These include the following. (1) The specific nature of late-orogenic intra- continental extrusion processes with orogen-paral- lel displacement due to indentation by the rigid Southalpine/Apulian indenter, and formation of vari- ous sedimentary basins in the interior of the arcuate orogen. The ongoing research on Cenozoic/Neogene basins has shown the need for quantitative under- standing of vertical motion of the underlying base- ment, as well as better understanding of the thermal and mechanical properties of the lithosphere under- lying the various basins (Genser et al., 1996). At the same time, it has become apparaent for more struc- tural studies to unravel the complex tectonic history of basins. (2) The pre-collisional history, which includes a complex system of oceanic and continental plate boundaries, is not fully understood. (3) The Phanerozoic history of the Alpine- Carpathian-Balkanian orogenic belt that is entirely different its geological evolution from the adjacent Russian platform. Because of these factors, many international projects and workshops are dealing with various aspects of the considered region. Among these, the * Corresponding author. Fax: +43 662 8044621. ALCAPA project ('Geological evolution of internal Alps, Carpathians and of the Pannonian basin') was one of the first, and was partially funded by Austrian authorities after the political opening of eastern Eu- ropean countries. A first volume of ALCAPA results that concern mainly the Mesozoic evolution of the re- gion has been published previously (Neubauer et al., 1995). Many contributions to integrated reasearch on the Pannonian basin system have been published in two other Tectonophysics volumes (Cloetingh et al., 1993, 1995). Further results on Alpine (including some Carpathian) geology were recently published in a special volume of Eclogae  Geologicae  Helve t iae  that is an outgrow of a meeting on 'Alpine geology' held at Basel, January 1995 (Froitzheim et al., 1996). The present issue of Tectonophysics is an out- come of a meeting held in Romania (Covasna, Oc- tober 14-24, 1994), the second major one within the ALCAPA project. The ALCAPA project has strong links with a number of programs funded by inter- national scientific agencies. These include a.o.: The Task Force of 'Origin of Sedimentary Basins' of the International Lithosphere Program, and the PAN- CARDI project of the Europrobe program of the European Science Foundation. 2. Models and constraints The papers in this special issue focus on the processes that operate on different scales. The main emphasis is on integrated research in the borderland 0040-1951/97/$17.00 © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII S0040-1951(96)00253-3 94 F Neubauer et al . /Tectonophysics  272 (1997) 93-96  50"N . ¢~O1 ~ S a l z b u r g  , - "  / /  / /  Bucharest FORELAND-RELATED UNITS --  (PENNINIC, HELVETIC UNITS, OUTER CARPATHIANS) THRUST AUSTROALPINE UNITS FAULT SOUTHALPINE/DINARIDES ~ NEOGENE BASINS Fig. 1. Distribution of major geological units within the ALCAPA area. between regional studies, lithospheric structure, and tectonic modelling. It includes mainly studies that yield constraints on the post-collisional history of the Alpine-Carpathian mountain belt and the associated sedimentary basin formation (Fig. 1). Contributions dealing with the Alpine development are presented first in a sequence from Alps to Carpathians followed by some papers that contribute data to the pre-Alpine history. Linzer et al. (1997) discuss kinematics of nappe piling and subsequent dismembering of the Northern Calcareous Alps, a classical fold-and-thrust belt with a long and complex contractional history. These au- thors address the Late Cretaceous to Eocene top-NW internal nappe stacking, and later top-N emplace- ment of these units onto the European foreland units. The nappe pile was overprinted by Miocene strike- slip faulting mainly along a major and complex fault zone along which the structure is largely influ- enced by local heterogeneities. Peresson and Decker (1997) concentrate on the eastern portion of the same area, and arrive at similar conclusions. They constrain the important E-W extension, and subse- quent post-Middle Miocene E-W contraction. They discuss possible causes of the E-W-contraction that is postulated in the collisional stop in the eastwards located Carpathian/European foreland boundary. The late Palaeogene to Miocene history of East- ern Alps and Carpathians is largely related to the change from collision to subsequent strike-slip fault- ing, exhumation of previously buried metamorphic sequences, surface uplift and sedimentary basin for- mation. Hejl (1997) presents apatite fission track data from the Austroalpine units of east of the Tauern window. He shows a pattern of early Palaeogene cooling ages within Austroalpine units that are en- tirely unrelated to, and apparently unaffected by later strike-slip faulting and extension. Sachsenhofer et al. (1997) modelled subsidence data of the Miocene Styrian basin, and provide quantitative evidence for a very low effective elastic thickness of the Aus- troalpine units which is consistent with the occur- rence of the Miocene Rechnitz metamorphic core complex to the east of this basin. Cooling of the Rechnitz metamorphic core complex is constrained by zircon and apatite fission track data by Dunkl and Demeny (1997). These authors also modelled the up- lift rate derived from these new data demonstrating F. Neubauer et al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 93-96 95 that the cooling rate was high during initial stages of the Early Miocene exhumation, and significantly lower during late stage uplift. Rantitsch (1997) presents evidence, based on analysis of illite crystallinity, coal rank, microther- mometry, of Alpine very low- to low-grade meta- morphic overprint within the Southalpine unit along the Periadriatic fault that separates this unit from the Austroalpine units. This opens the question what process may be related to the overprint, e.g. the in- trusion of tonalites as the effect of post-collisional slab break-off (Blanckenburg and Davies, 1995). Szafifin et al. (1997) modelled the lithospheric structure beneath the Pannonian extensional basin and its surroundings. Significant differences of the gravity field exist between the Western Carpathians where evidence of the subducted lithosphere is ab- sent, and Southern Carpathians where the presence of a subducted slab can be resolved from the gravity record. These findings are consistent with contrac- tion that ceased in the Western Carpathians during the Miocene and later and continued in the Southern Carpathians through the Pliocene (e.g., Meulenkamp et al., 1996; Posgay et al., 1996; Linzer, 1996). Huismans et al. (1997) discuss the structural evo- lution of the Transylvanian basin that developed within the inner bend zone of the Eastern to South- em Carpathians on crust that was deformed during mid-Cretaceous orogenic events. They present new data in support of the complex polyphase history of the Transylvanian depression/basin that initially formed as a rift basin during the Late Cretaceous, and that was transformed into a foreland basin char- acter during the Palaeogene, followed by an ex- tensional basin phase in the Miocene. These major subsidence phases were separated by mostly con- tractional and/or extensional orogenic events that affected the basin fill (see also Linzer, 1996). Lankreijer et al. (1997) modelled lateral variations of lithospheric strength in the Romanian Carpathi- ans and relate strengths with formation of peripheral foreland basins along outer margins of the Carpathi- ans. Oncescu and Bonjer (1997) discuss microseis- micity and strain release of the large Vrancea earth- quakes in the Romanian Carpathians that are inter- preted to result from a detached sinking slab beneath the Outer Carpathians. Constraints on the pre-Alpine, Palaeozoic his- tory of the ALCAPA region are presented by two contributions: Haydoutov and Yanev (1997) briefly discuss the Palaeozoic geological development of the Moesian microcontinent that is exposed within the Balkan peninsula. This microcontinent com- prises two Palaeozoic terranes: a combined Late Pre- cambrian to Cambrian ophiolite/island-arc sequence forms the Balkan terrane, and a Proterozoic to Ven- dian metamorphic sequence of continental affinity forms the Moesian terrane. These terranes also differ in Palaeozoic evolution of sedimentary sequences deposited on each unit. These are in line with the terrane concept applied to the eastern Mediter- ranean Alpine to Himalayan mountain belts where the Phanerozoic tectonic evolution is explained by accretion of various Cadomian and Variscan terranes to the southwestern European margin (Ebner et al., 1996). The contribution of Schermaier et al. (1997) re- views the Austroalpine Variscan granites in the East- ern Alps, and displays compelling evidence of a two-stage tectonic development with earlier subduc- tion-related granites, and later collisional type ones. Acknowledgements We like to thank all reviewers for rigorous and constructive reviews. References Blanckenburg, F. von and Davies, J.H., 1995. Slab breakoff: a model for syncollisional magmatism and tectonics in the Alps. Tectonics, 14: 120-131. Cloetingh, S., Sassi, W. and Horvath, F. (Editors), 1993. The Origin of Sedimentary Basins: Inferences from Quantitative Modelling and Basin Analysis. Tectonophysics, 226:1-518. Cloetingh, S., d'Argenio, B., Catalano, R., Horvath, F. and Sassi, W. (Editors), 1995. Interplay of Extension and Compression in Basin Formation. Tectonophysics, 252: 1484. Dunkl, I. and Demeny, A., 1997. Exhumation of the Rechnitz Window at the border of the Eastern Alps and Pannonian basin during Neogene extension. In: F. Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Editors), Tectonics of the Alpine- Carpathian-Pannonian Region, II. Tectonophysics, 272: 197- 211 (this issue). Ebner, F., Neubauer, F. and Rantitsch, G., 1996. Terrane map of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belts, 1:2,500,000. Greek Geological Society. 96 K Neubauer ('t cd./ Tectonophy,~'ic.~ 272 (1997) 93-96 Froitzheim, Nikolaus, Schmid, S.M., Frey, M. /Editorsl. 1996. Alpine Geology. Eclogae Geol. Helv., 89: l 605. Genser, J., Wees, J.D. vail, Cloetingh, S. and Neubauer, F., 1996. Eastern Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution: con- straints from two-dimensional P-T- t  modelling. Tectonics, 15: 584-604. Haydoutov, I. and Yanev, S., 1997. The Protomoesian microcon- tinent of the Balkan peninsula - -  a peri-Gondwanaland piece, In: F. Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Edi- tors). Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian Region, If. Tectonophysics, 272:303-313 (this issue). He)l, E., 1997. 'Cold spots' during the Cenozoic evolution of the Eastern Alps: thermochronological interpretation of apatite fission-track data. In: E Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Editors), Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pan- nonian Region, 11. Tectonophysics, 272:159 173 (this issue). Huismans, R.S, Bertotti. G., Ciulavu. D., Sanders, C.A.E., Cloet- ingh, S. and Dinu, C., 1997. Structural evolution of the Tran- sylvanian Basin (Romania): a sedimentary basin in a bend zone of the Carpathians. In: E Neubauer, S. Cloetingfi, (7. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Editors), Tectonics of the Alpine- Carpathian-Pannonian Region, II. Tectonophysics, 272:249 268 (this issue). Lankreijer, A., Mocanu, V. and Cloefingh, S., 1997. Lateral variations in lithosphere strength in the Romanian Carpathians: constraints on basin evolution. In: F. Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Editors), Tectonics of the Alpine- Carpathian-Pannonian Region, If. Tectonophysics, 272:269 290 (this issue). Linzer, H.-G., Moser. F., Nemes. F.. Ratschbacher. L. and Sperner, B., 1997. Build-up and dismembering of the east- ern Northern Calcareous Alps. In: E Neubauer. S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Editors), Tectonics of the Alpine- Carpathian-Pannonian Region, If. Tectonophysics, 272: 97- 124 (this issue). Linzer. H.G., 1996. Kinematics of retreating subduction along the Carpathian arc, Romania. Geology, 24:167 I70. Meulenkamp, J.E., Kovac, M., and Cicha, L.. 1996. On l,ate Oligocene to Pliocene depocenter migrations and the evolution of the Carpathian-Pannonian system. In: S. Cloetingh, Z. Ben-Avraharn, W. Sassi and F. Horvfith (Editors), Dynamics of Extensional Basins and Inversion Tectonics. Tectonophysics, 266: 301-317. Neubauer. F.. Ebner, F. and Wallbrecher, E. (Editors), 1995. Tec~ tonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian Region. Tectono- physics, 242: 1-182. Oncescu. M.C. and Bonjer, K.B., 1997. A note on the depth recurrence and strain release of large Vrancea earthquakes. In: K Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Edi- tors), Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian Region, 11. Tectonophysics, 272:291-302 (this issue). Peresson, H. and Decker, K., 1997. The Tertiary dynamics of the northern Eastern Alps (Austria): changing palaeostresses in a collisional plate boundary. In: F. Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Editors), Tectonics of the Alpine- Carpathian-Pannonian Region, II. Tectonophysics, 272: 125- 157 (this issue). Posgay, K., Bodoky, T., Heged0s, E.. Kovacsv61gyi, Lenkey, L., Szafifin, P., Takacs, E., Timar, E. and Varga, G., 1996. Asthenospheric structure beneath a Neogene basin in southeast Hungary. In: S. Cloetingh, B. d'Argenio, R. Catalano. E Horvath and W. Sassi (Editors), 1995. Interplay of Extension and Compression in Basin Formation. Tectonophysics, 252: 467-484. Rantitsch. G., 1997. Thermal history of the Carnic Alps (South- ern Alps. Austria) and its palaeogeographic implications. In: F. Neuhauer. S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Edi- tors), Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian Region, If. Tectonophysics, 272:213-232 (this issue). Sachsenhofer. R., Lankreijer, A., Cloetingh, S. and Ebner, F., 1997. Subsidence analysis and quantitative basin modelling in the Styrian basin (Pannonian basin system, Austria). In: F. Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Edi- tors), Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian Region, 1I. Tectonophysics, 272:175-196 (this issue). Schermaier, A., Haunschmid, B. and Finger, E, 1997. Distribu- tion of Variscan I- and S-type granites in the Eastern Alps: a possible clue to unravel pre-Alpine basement structures. In: E Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Edi- tors), Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian Region, 11. Tectonophysics, 272:315-333 (this issue). Szah;in, P., Horwith, F. and Cloetingh, S., 1997. Gravity con- straints on the crustal structure and slab evolution along a Transcarpathian transect. In: E Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. Dinu and V. Mocanu (Editors), Tectonics of the Alpine- Carpathian-Pannonian Region, If. Tectonophysics, 272: 233- 249 (this issue). 

English

DSpace at VU

ELSEVIER Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 93-96 
TECTONOPHYSICS 
Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian region: introduction 
F. Neubauer  a,*, S. C loet ingh b, C. Dinu c, V. Mocanu c 
a Dept. of Geology and Palaeontology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrafle 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria 
J' Faculty of Earth Sciences. Vrije Universiteit. De Boelelaan 1081, 1085 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands 
c Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Vuia Traiana 5, R0-70139, Bucharest. Romania 
Accepted 23 October 1996 
1. Introduction 
Research on the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian 
system intensified uring the past decade because 
of several reasons. These include the following. 
(1) The specific nature of late-orogenic intra- 
continental extrusion processes with orogen-paral- 
lel displacement due to indentation by the rigid 
Southalpine/Apulian indenter, and formation of vari- 
ous sedimentary basins in the interior of the arcuate 
orogen. The ongoing research on Cenozoic/Neogene 
basins has shown the need for quantitative under- 
standing of vertical motion of the underlying base- 
ment, as well as better understanding of the thermal 
and mechanical properties of the lithosphere under- 
lying the various basins (Genser et al., 1996). At the 
same time, it has become apparaent for more struc- 
tural studies to unravel the complex tectonic history 
of basins. 
(2) The pre-collisional history, which includes a 
complex system of oceanic and continental plate 
boundaries, is not fully understood. 
(3) The Phanerozoic history of the Alpine- 
Carpathian-Balkanian orogenic belt that is entirely 
different its geological evolution from the adjacent 
Russian platform. 
Because of these factors, many international 
projects and workshops are dealing with various 
aspects of the considered region. Among these, the 
* Corresponding author. Fax: +43 662 8044621. 
ALCAPA project ('Geological evolution of internal 
Alps, Carpathians and of the Pannonian basin') was 
one of the first, and was partially funded by Austrian 
authorities after the political opening of eastern Eu- 
ropean countries. A first volume of ALCAPA results 
that concern mainly the Mesozoic evolution of the re- 
gion has been published previously (Neubauer et al., 
1995). Many contributions to integrated reasearch on 
the Pannonian basin system have been published in 
two other Tectonophysics volumes (Cloetingh et al., 
1993, 1995). Further results on Alpine (including 
some Carpathian) geology were recently published 
in a special volume of Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 
that is an outgrow of a meeting on 'Alpine geology' 
held at Basel, January 1995 (Froitzheim et al., 1996). 
The present issue of Tectonophysics i  an out- 
come of a meeting held in Romania (Covasna, Oc- 
tober 14-24, 1994), the second major one within the 
ALCAPA project. The ALCAPA project has strong 
links with a number of programs funded by inter- 
national scientific agencies. These include a.o.: The 
Task Force of 'Origin of Sedimentary Basins' of 
the International Lithosphere Program, and the PAN- 
CARDI project of the Europrobe program of the 
European Science Foundation. 
2. Models and constraints 
The papers in this special issue focus on the 
processes that operate on different scales. The main 
emphasis is on integrated research in the borderland 
0040-1951/97/$17.00 © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 
PII S0040-1951(96)00253-3 
94 F Neubauer et al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 93-96 
50"N 
. ¢~O1 ~Salzburg  
, - "  / /  / /  
Bucharest 
FORELAND-RELATED UNITS -- 
(PENNINIC, HELVETIC UNITS, 
OUTER CARPATHIANS) THRUST 
AUSTROALPINE UNITS FAULT 
SOUTHALPINE/DINARIDES ~ NEOGENE BASINS 
Fig. 1. Distribution ofmajor geological units within the ALCAPA area. 
between regional studies, lithospheric structure, and 
tectonic modelling. It includes mainly studies that 
yield constraints on the post-collisional history of the 
Alpine-Carpathian mountain belt and the associated 
sedimentary basin formation (Fig. 1). Contributions 
dealing with the Alpine development are presented 
first in a sequence from Alps to Carpathians followed 
by some papers that contribute data to the pre-Alpine 
history. 
Linzer et al. (1997) discuss kinematics of nappe 
piling and subsequent dismembering of the Northern 
Calcareous Alps, a classical fold-and-thrust belt with 
a long and complex contractional history. These au- 
thors address the Late Cretaceous to Eocene top-NW 
internal nappe stacking, and later top-N emplace- 
ment of these units onto the European foreland units. 
The nappe pile was overprinted by Miocene strike- 
slip faulting mainly along a major and complex 
fault zone along which the structure is largely influ- 
enced by local heterogeneities. Peresson and Decker 
(1997) concentrate on the eastern portion of the 
same area, and arrive at similar conclusions. They 
constrain the important E-W extension, and subse- 
quent post-Middle Miocene E-W contraction. They 
discuss possible causes of the E-W-contraction that 
is postulated in the collisional stop in the eastwards 
located Carpathian/European foreland boundary. 
The late Palaeogene to Miocene history of East- 
ern Alps and Carpathians is largely related to the 
change from collision to subsequent s rike-slip fault- 
ing, exhumation of previously buried metamorphic 
sequences, urface uplift and sedimentary basin for- 
mation. Hejl (1997) presents apatite fission track data 
from the Austroalpine units of east of the Tauern 
window. He shows a pattern of early Palaeogene 
cooling ages within Austroalpine units that are en- 
tirely unrelated to, and apparently unaffected by later 
strike-slip faulting and extension. Sachsenhofer t 
al. (1997) modelled subsidence data of the Miocene 
Styrian basin, and provide quantitative evidence for 
a very low effective lastic thickness of the Aus- 
troalpine units which is consistent with the occur- 
rence of the Miocene Rechnitz metamorphic core 
complex to the east of this basin. Cooling of the 
Rechnitz metamorphic core complex is constrained 
by zircon and apatite fission track data by Dunkl and 
Demeny (1997). These authors also modelled the up- 
lift rate derived from these new data demonstrating 
F. Neubauer et al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 93-96 95 
that the cooling rate was high during initial stages 
of the Early Miocene exhumation, and significantly 
lower during late stage uplift. 
Rantitsch (1997) presents evidence, based on 
analysis of illite crystallinity, coal rank, microther- 
mometry, of Alpine very low- to low-grade meta- 
morphic overprint within the Southalpine unit along 
the Periadriatic fault that separates this unit from 
the Austroalpine units. This opens the question what 
process may be related to the overprint, e.g. the in- 
trusion of tonalites as the effect of post-collisional 
slab break-off (Blanckenburg and Davies, 1995). 
Szafifin et al. (1997) modelled the lithospheric 
structure beneath the Pannonian extensional basin 
and its surroundings. Significant differences of the 
gravity field exist between the Western Carpathians 
where evidence of the subducted lithosphere is ab- 
sent, and Southern Carpathians where the presence 
of a subducted slab can be resolved from the gravity 
record. These findings are consistent with contrac- 
tion that ceased in the Western Carpathians during 
the Miocene and later and continued in the Southern 
Carpathians through the Pliocene (e.g., Meulenkamp 
et al., 1996; Posgay et al., 1996; Linzer, 1996). 
Huismans et al. (1997) discuss the structural evo- 
lution of the Transylvanian basin that developed 
within the inner bend zone of the Eastern to South- 
em Carpathians on crust that was deformed uring 
mid-Cretaceous orogenic events. They present new 
data in support of the complex polyphase history 
of the Transylvanian depression/basin that initially 
formed as a rift basin during the Late Cretaceous, 
and that was transformed into a foreland basin char- 
acter during the Palaeogene, followed by an ex- 
tensional basin phase in the Miocene. These major 
subsidence phases were separated by mostly con- 
tractional and/or extensional orogenic events that 
affected the basin fill (see also Linzer, 1996). 
Lankreijer et al. (1997) modelled lateral variations 
of lithospheric strength in the Romanian Carpathi- 
ans and relate strengths with formation of peripheral 
foreland basins along outer margins of the Carpathi- 
ans. 
Oncescu and Bonjer (1997) discuss microseis- 
micity and strain release of the large Vrancea earth- 
quakes in the Romanian Carpathians that are inter- 
preted to result from a detached sinking slab beneath 
the Outer Carpathians. 
Constraints on the pre-Alpine, Palaeozoic his- 
tory of the ALCAPA region are presented by two 
contributions: Haydoutov and Yanev (1997) briefly 
discuss the Palaeozoic geological development of
the Moesian microcontinent that is exposed within 
the Balkan peninsula. This microcontinent com- 
prises two Palaeozoic terranes: a combined Late Pre- 
cambrian to Cambrian ophiolite/island-arc sequence 
forms the Balkan terrane, and a Proterozoic to Ven- 
dian metamorphic sequence of continental ffinity 
forms the Moesian terrane. These terranes also differ 
in Palaeozoic evolution of sedimentary sequences 
deposited on each unit. These are in line with 
the terrane concept applied to the eastern Mediter- 
ranean Alpine to Himalayan mountain belts where 
the Phanerozoic tectonic evolution is explained by 
accretion of various Cadomian and Variscan terranes 
to the southwestern European margin (Ebner et al., 
1996). 
The contribution of Schermaier et al. (1997) re- 
views the Austroalpine Variscan granites in the East- 
ern Alps, and displays compelling evidence of a 
two-stage tectonic development with earlier subduc- 
tion-related granites, and later collisional type ones. 
Acknowledgements 
We like to thank all reviewers for rigorous and 
constructive r views. 
References 
Blanckenburg, F. von and Davies, J.H., 1995. Slab breakoff: a 
model for syncollisional magmatism and tectonics in the Alps. 
Tectonics, 14: 120-131. 
Cloetingh, S., Sassi, W. and Horvath, F. (Editors), 1993. The 
Origin of Sedimentary Basins: Inferences from Quantitative 
Modelling and Basin Analysis. Tectonophysics, 226:1-518. 
Cloetingh, S., d'Argenio, B., Catalano, R., Horvath, F. and Sassi, 
W. (Editors), 1995. Interplay of Extension and Compression i
Basin Formation. Tectonophysics, 252: 1484. 
Dunkl, I. and Demeny, A., 1997. Exhumation of the Rechnitz 
Window at the border of the Eastern Alps and Pannonian basin 
during Neogene xtension. In: F. Neubauer, S. Cloetingh, C. 
Dinu and V. Mocanu (Editors), Tectonics of the Alpine- 
Carpathian-Pannonian Region, II. Tectonophysics, 272: 197- 
211 (this issue). 
Ebner, F., Neubauer, F. and Rantitsch, G., 1996. Terrane map 
of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belts, 1:2,500,000. Greek 
Geological Society. 
96 K Neubauer ('t cd./ Tectonophy,~'ic.~ 272 (1997) 93-96 
Froitzheim, Nikolaus, Schmid, S.M., Frey, M. /Editorsl. 1996. 
Alpine Geology. Eclogae Geol. Helv., 89: l 605. 
Genser, J., Wees, J.D. vail, Cloetingh, S. and Neubauer, F., 
1996. Eastern Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution: con- 
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Tectonics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian region

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