Growth rate and survival of first-instar larvae of Danaus plexippus, a milkweed specialist, depended on milkweed species, and was related to the amount of latex produced from wounds, leaf cardenolide concentrations and the presence of leaf hairs. Larval growth was more rapid and survival was higher on leaves of Asclepias californica with experimentally reduced latex, and this species has characteristically high latex, low- to mid-range cardenolide concentrations, and very hirsute leaves. Similarly, growth was higher on reduced latex leaves of both A. eriocarpa (a high latex/high cardenolide, hirsute species) and A. erosa (glabrous fleshy leaves, high latex/high cardenolides). There were no differences in either survival or growth rate between larvae on reduced latex or control leaves of the low latex/low cardenolide A. fascicularis with soft glabrous leaves and both survival and growth rate were higher on this species than the other species tested. Larval growth rates on leaves with reduced latex were similar among ten milkweed species tested to date but differed from growth rates on intact leaves suggesting that latex and possibly included cardenolides are both important in first-instar monarch larval growth, development and survival. We show for a range of ecologically important milkweeds that experiments on cut plant material (no latex outflow) lead to higher growth rates compared to intact plants. Such laboratory assays based on detached leaves will be misleading if the objective is to determine the impact of treatments such as Bt-maize pollen on monarchs on field plants
