Cytokines and growth factors in the developing intestine and during necrotizing enterocolitis.

Abstract

Cytokines and growth factors play diverse roles in the uninflamed fetal/neonatal intestinal mucosa and in the development of inflammatory bowel injury during necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). During gestational development and the early neonatal period, the fetal/premature intestine is exposed to high levels of many inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, first via swallowed amniotic fluid in utero and then, after birth, in colostrum and mother\u27s milk. This article reviews the dual, seemingly counter-intuitive roles of cytokines, where these agents play a trophic role and promote maturation of the uninflamed mucosa, but can also cause inflammation and promote intestinal injury during NEC