Comunicación presentada en: Jornada Técnica de Observación de la Tierra celebrada el 12 de diciembre de 2006 en el Centro Oceanográfico de Izaña

Cuevas Agulló, Emilio

English

Agencia Estatal de Meteorología

MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEEl sistema de aviso de tormentas de polvo y arena para Europa, África del Norte y la Península ArábigaEmilio Cuevas INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE METEOROLOGÍAObservatorio Atmosférico de IzañaJornada técnica sobre observación de la Tierra Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias (Tenerife)12 de diciembre de 2006WMOMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTE26/02/0026/03/00500KmZONE 1010020030040050060070001/02/0003/02/0005/02/0007/02/0009/02/0011/02/0013/02/0015/02/0017/02/0019/02/0021/02/0023/02/0025/02/0027/02/0029/02/0002/03/0004/03/0006/03/0008/03/0010/03/0012/03/0014/03/0016/03/0018/03/0020/03/0022/03/0024/03/0026/03/0028/03/0030/03/00daysPM10 µg/m3TenerifeGran CanariaSDS impacts (1)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEEMEP stations :Exceedances of the daily limit values (2001-2003)ATLANTIC (LOCAL)AFRICANEUROPEANWITHOUT ADVECTIONTOTAL0-82-400-60-40-41EPISODES PM10 > 50 µg m-3 PM2.5 > 35 µg m-30-40-60-40-80-18African Non advective conditions European LocalOS OSVA IZPE PECC CCMO ET ETCA CAZAZARL RLBABAVI VIPM10 PM2.580151511894167851118401100124SDS impacts (2)AIR QUALITY:European directivesMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEINTERACTIVE RADIATION-DUST-CLOUD SYSTEMS• A component of future chemical weather forecast models• Interactive dust-radiation  to  describe direct aerosol effects• Interactive dust-cloud  to describe indirect aerosol effects Can desert dust explain the outgoing longwave radiation anomaly in the UK operational model over the Sahara?Haywood, et al., JGR 2003SDS impacts (3)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEDirect effects• Effects: ground cooling and slight upper-air heating• I. Tegen’s group – first interactive dust-radiation scheme in a global model (Perlwitz et al, 2001)• Nickovic 2004: interactive scheme - a potential to improve weather forecasts in a regional model DUST RADIATIONATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICSGround cools down to ~50 C during strong SDSSDS impacts (4)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEIndirect aerosol effect (I)Few aerosolsLow droplet concentrationLess reflective cloudNumerous aerosolsHigh droplet concentrationMore reflective cloud(Cooler climate)Indirect aerosol effect (II)Smaller droplets Lower Precipitation rateClouds are longer lived and retain higher liquid water contentDust-clouds-radiation interactions –room for improvements of bothdust and atmospheric models1st indirect aerosol effect2nd indirect aerosol effectSDS impacts (5)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEHEALTH:Bronchial tubes,eye infections, asthma, heart stressSDS impacts (6)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEENVIRONMENT:Coral mortality and African dust19881998Courtesy of Dr. Joe Prospero, University of MiamiSDS impacts (7)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEENVIRONMENT:Iron deposition to oceansCorrelation coefficient between SeaWiFS chlorophyll vs. model depositionErickson, D., et al. 2002Erickson et al., GRL, 2003 SDS impacts (8)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEHEALTH, ENVIRONMNET:Transcontinental transport of microorganismsSample filter collected during African dust event in the US Virgin IslandsGriffin et al., 2003• Evidence: Saharan dust carries bacteria and fungi across the Atlantic • 10,000 microbs/(gr of soil)• 30 percent of the bacteria isolated from airborne soil dust are known pathogens, able to affect plants, animals, or humans (Griffin et al., 2003)(Prospero et al, 2005)“…Endospores of Bacillaceae bacteria isolated from non-saline Japanese soil may be transported by Kosa event…” Akinobu Echigo et al., 2003SDS impacts (9)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEDust and tropical stormsRecent evidence:Amato T. Evan et al., 2006, JRL, New evidence for a relationship between Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and African dust outbreaksTropical cyclone days vs. dust coverEvan et al., 2006Increased % of dust cover in the Eastern Atlantic  decreased number of tropical cyclonesA hypothesis: cyclogenesis and cyclone evaluation is reduced in the presence of sand and dust aerosolSDS impacts (10)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEAGRICULTURE:Transcontinental transport of microorganismsKellogg, Griffin, 2005:Fungal diseases, affecting crops like sugarcane and bananas, have appeared in the Caribbean within a few days after an outbreak in Africa. Identified bacterial pathogens of rice and beans in the Caribbean air samples, as well as those that cause disease in fruit and a variety of trees, from African air samples. Speculation:  African dust may carry the virus responsible for Foot and Mouth Disease (which is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa) because tentative links have been made between dust storms that passed over Great Britain and subsequent outbreaks of the disease at multiple points. SDS impacts (11)MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTE Interest for SDSWSA  questionnaire in 2005 showed that more than 40 WMO Members wished to participate in SDS projectMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEThe Challenge:WMO Sand And Dust Storm  Warning SystemIntegrating Observations With Models & Delivering Products Useful To A Well Defined Community Of PracticeMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTETo establish a WMO-coordinated global network of SDS forecasting centers delivering products useful to a wide range of users  in understanding and reducing the impacts of SDSWMO SDS WS: PROPOSED OBJECTIVEFramework for SDSWS is the WMO SDS Project. One of its major goalsis “…to enhance the participating countries’ ability to establish and improve systems for warning and forecasting services and to suppress the impact of SDS…”MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEThe present DSD Warning System in Spain (1)MSGDREAMMSG  - DREAM spatial verificationMSG-1Feb 23-24, 2006RGB CompositeR = IR12.0 - IR10.8G = IR10.8 - IR8.7B = IR10.8MINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEMPL at Santa CruzThe present DSD Warning System in Spain (2)Ground-based remote observations (aerosol lidar)523 nm MPLNETFully authomatized since July 2005Saharan Air Layer characterizationMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEEMEP station with gravimetric measurementsMadeiraCanariasNWWNNESESWBalearesCentroLevante BarcarrotaCampisábalosOSaviñaoPeñausendeEMEP stations with real time measurementsZarraRiscollanoNiembroTormsCabo de CreusViznarOther than EMEPTenerife (El Río, Arinaga)NijarBellverValderejoHuelva AlcornocalesSierra NorteMontsenyMonagregaLos Tojos IzkiMorellaMundakaPagoetaOlo(Quinta da Magnolia)MadeiraLamas de FundãoChamuscaAlcoutim Beta and TEOM on-line instruments+ GRIMM spectrometers at Izaña,Santa Cruz and Barcelona:EMEP + Regional GAW stationsGround-based in-situ observations (PM10)The present DSD Warning System in Spain (3)Off-line dust intrusion verificationMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEThe present DSD Warning System in Spain (4)Ground-based remote observations (AOD)AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork)PHOTONS (PHOtométrie pour le Traitement Opérationnel de Normalisation Satellitaire)RIMA (Red fotométrica Ibérica de Medida de Aerosoles)Izaña GAW station: Solar absolute calibrationcenter for AERONET/PHOTONSDahkla (1997-2005)Azores (2000-2005)DREAM and MSG validationMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEThe present DSD Warning System in Spain (5)Daily warning e-messageswww.calima.wsMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEAir qualityGAWClimateSatellite validation Model validationImproving GAW in the Mediterranean region: emphasis on aerosol programEnhancing capacity in the application of satellite remote sensing dataImproving capacity in regional modelingThe WMO-GCOS ProjectGlobal Climate Observing SystemMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEProposal:SDS Warning System for Europe and northern Africa (1)The ConsortiumWMO/AREP-GAWGMES/ESA PROMOTE projectMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTESDS Watch:QRT (AOT @ 550 and 865 nm; Alpha) MSG (early 2007) + other satellites(done) INMECastRT AOD from AERONET (done for the Mediterranean) www.aeronet.gsfc.nasa.govand Brewer networks (done for Spain) www.iberonesia.comRT PM10 from ground stations (EMEP and GAW) (done for Spain)RT aerosol vertical distribution from MPL (done for Tenerife) + other lidars(Airlinet)SDS Forecast:BSC-DREAM dust forecast model + other models (operational)http://www.bsc.es/projects/earthscience/DREAM/Proposal:SDS Warning System for Europe and northern Africa (2)SDS Public dissemination:Calima, INM (done for Spain) www.calima.ws and BSC Webs (partially through BSC web)The ConsortiumMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEProposal:SDS Warning System for Europe and northern Africa (3)Main goals• Establish a system for routine SDS warning (implemented for Spain);• Validate dust instrusion episodes (implemented for Spain);• Accurately quantify the formation conditions and mechanism of SDSover northern Africa (ongoing);• Validate AOD-MSG (to be done, starting in December 2006);• RT validation of DREAM (ongoing);• Characterize physical and chemical properties of SDS during itstransport processes to Europe and the Canary Islands (ongoing);• Conduct studies of SDS impact on temperature forecasting (ongoing);• Determine possible long term changes (in the past) in dust transportpatterns (ongoing for the Canary Islands);The ConsortiumMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTECurrent users of the system- National Meteorological Services - Scientific community- Observational Networks: Earlinet (European Lidar Network), AERONET, EMEP, GAW and air quality networks- Satellite community (Eumetsat, ESA, NASA…)- National air quality managers: Alert system - Experimental campaigns (TROMPETA, SAMUM,…)Potential users- Public Health Authorities: early warnings to population- Air transport activities- Oceanographers (dust deposition)Proposal:SDS Warning System for Europe and northern Africa (4)The ConsortiumMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEThree countries has expressed interest to be regional SDS centres; they have been denoted as regional SDS warning system centres for North Africa/Europe Hosting Country of the Regional Center: SpainResponsible institutes that will compose the Center:Instituto Nacional de Meteorología Supercomputer CenterConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Domain to be covered: Euro-Mediterranean region, North Africa, Central Eastern Atlantic, Saudi Arabia) East Asia/Western Pacific Hosting Country of the Regional Center: ChinaResponsible institution: Center for Atmospheric Watch and Services, Chinese Academy of Atmospheric Science, China Meteorological AdministrationDomain to be covered: East Asia, Western PacificNorth America Hosting Country of the Regional Center: CanadaResponsable institution: Environment CanadaDomain to be covered: North America WMOMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEWMO Scientific Steering Committee of the SDS Project resolved(Shanghai, November 1, 2006)to focus within the next 2 years on implementation of theWMO SDS Warning System, with the overall goal of utilizing“WMO/GEO Expert Meeting on an International Sand andDust Storm Warning System” to be hosted by Spain (BSC,INM and CSIC); the Meeting will be organized in Barcelona inearly November 2007.Announcing the Meeting to:• WMO Member countries through PRs• Relevant organizations and communities(NASA, EUMETSAT, ESA, EARLINET, GAW, etc)• Modelling groups that perform SDS forecastsand research• UsersWMOMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTE Links to users: developing the ‘community of practice’List of users – a first guess (to be completed before the Barcelonameeting)HealthMedical/Epidemiology researchWHOHealth care service/industry; e.g. oxygen supplyAviationICAOAircraft industry (MOSAIC)Tourism and recreationWorld Tourism Organization (UNWTO)Ground transport - railway, roads (system managers)Operational weather forecasters (WWW – to be a partner)Industry (semi-conductor); representative(s) from electronic industry ?TelecommunicationsAgriculture (protection of livestock; FAO)Disease transmission (valley fever)MilitaryAir-quality managersFishing industry (potential)Insurance industry (potential)Research communityAuthorities in countries affected by SDS e.g. Algeria, Morocco, Libya,TunisiaWMOMINISTERIODE MEDIO AMBIENTEGracias !The Consortium

El sistema de aviso de tormentas de polvo y arena para Europa, África del Norte y la Península Arábiga

https://repositorio.aemet.es/bitstream/20.500.11765/7425/1/SDS_GEO_Tenerife_12-12-2006.pdf

El sistema de aviso de tormentas de polvo y arena para Europa, África del Norte y la Península Arábiga

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