PDF of a powerpoint presentation from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Workshop on Biological Computations and Communications in Boston, Massachusetts, November 9, 2012.  Also available on Slideshare.https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/computerscience_presentations/1038/thumbnail.jp

Weigle, Michele C.

English

Old Dominion University

Old Dominion UniversityODU Digital CommonsComputer Science Presentations Computer Science11-9-2012Communications and Energy-Harvesting inNanosensor NetworksMichele C. WeigleOld Dominion University, mweigle@odu.eduFollow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/computerscience_presentationsPart of the Computer Sciences Commons, Digital Communications and Networking Commons,and the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CommonsThis Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion inComputer Science Presentations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contactdigitalcommons@odu.edu.Recommended CitationWeigle, Michele C., "Communications and Energy-Harvesting in Nanosensor Networks" (2012). Computer Science Presentations. 36.https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/computerscience_presentations/36Communications and Energy-Harvesting in Nanosensor NetworksMichele C. Weigle Intelligent Networking and Systems Lab (iNetS)Department of Computer ScienceOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VANSF Workshop on Biological Computations and CommunicationsNovember 9, 2012My Background• Vehicular Networking– the use of vehicles as sensors to detect traffic incidents on the road• Sensor Networks for Emergency Assistance– re-tasking existing sensor networks for use in emergency situations– investigating energy issues November 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 2Why Not Go Smaller?November 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 3Nanosensor Networks• Framework articulated by Ian Akyildiz's group at Georgia Tech• Investigated network properties, coding, MAC protocols, energy harvesting• We're just getting started, building on their work(many images from Akyildiz and Jornet)November 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 4Applications of NanosensorNetworks• Biomedical • Environmental • Industrial and consumer goods November 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 5Nanosensor Networks• Inspired by biological nanoscalenetworks• Communication– molecular– electromagnetic - our focusNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 6Electromagnetic Communication• Graphene-based nanoantenna– graphene nanoribbons(GNR) formed by unzipping carbon nanotubes (CNT)• Radiates waves in the terahertz (0.1-10 THz) bandNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 7http://www.jmtour.com/images/NatureUnzippingImages/TubeUnzipping.pngTerahertz Band• Supports very high transmission rates in the short range– up to a few terabits per second– distances below 1 meterNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 8http://www.utdallas.edu/news/imgs/photos/terahertz-gap-graph-375_1.jpgPulse-Based Communication• Not feasible to generate high-power carrier signal used in classical communications– motivates the need for pulse-based communication • Femtosecond-long pulses (10-15 second) proposed• This introduces major changes in classical networking protocolsNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 9TS-OOK(Time Spread On-Off Keying)• Example Encoding– '1' - 100 fs (0.1 picosecond) pulse– '0' - silence– 50 ps between bitsNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 10Jornet and AkyildizIEEE ICC, 2011TS-OOK Example• With femtosecond pulses, probability of collision is almost non-existent– senders transmit when they have data ready• With long inter-bit times, multiple senders can interleave transmissionsNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 11Communication and Power• Max capacity of nano-battery - 800 pJ• Transmission of single pulse - 1 pJ• Reception of a single pulse - 0.1 pJNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 12Message Coding• Code weight– average portion of 1s• Lower code weight, more bitsNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 13original(2 bits)3-bit packet (weight = 0.25)00 00001 00110 01011 100• Encode the message such that there are more 0s transmitted than 1s– 0 is silence, costs no energyEnergy Harvesting • Nanosensors have the potential to harvest energy from their surroundings– solar, thermal, electromagnetic, vibration• Vibration seems to be the best method for nanosensors• Allows nanosensors to re-charge themselvesNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 14Energy Harvesting• Charging time is not linear• Arrival of energy is not predictable in all scenarios November 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 15• Time to charge depends on vibration rate (needs 2500 cycles to charge)– A/C vents (50 Hz) =~ 50 sec– human heart beat (1 Hz) =~ 42 min Impact on Communication• End-to-end delay significantly affected if forwarding nodes need to recharge before forwarding packetNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 16• Energy harvesting phase is orders of magnitude larger than communication phaseOther Limitations• Limited resources (memory, power) for storage and modulation• Significant molecular absorption of pulses– expensive energy needed for retransmission – limited resources for error correction• Dense network scenarios (100 nodes in 1 cm2) need special multi-hop design  November 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 17Our Focus• Model communications and energy-harvesting process• Develop and evaluate strategies for coding, packet size, bit repetition, and packet retransmission to produce efficient and power-aware network transmissionsNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 18Joint work with PhD student Shahram Mohrehkesh and Dr. Stephan OlariuOur Road Ahead• We're just at the beginning of our investigation• Development of customized protocol layers – pulse-based communication models • coding methods to send fewer 1s • error correction/detection methods: repetition, LDPC, hamming    – energy harvesting-aware • MAC protocol• packet scheduling • packet formation– optimized model for throughput and delay, end2end delivery, reliability • Development of simulation environmentNovember 9, 2012 NSF Workshop on Biological Computation and Communications 19Michele C. Weigle Intelligent Networking and Systems Lab (iNetS)Department of Computer ScienceOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VAmweigle@cs.odu.eduhttp://www.cs.odu.edu/inetsNSF Workshop on Biological Computations and CommunicationsNovember 9, 2012Communications and Energy-Harvesting in Nanosensor Networks

Communications and Energy-Harvesting in Nanosensor Networks

https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=computerscience_presentations

Communications and Energy-Harvesting in Nanosensor Networks

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