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On the Borel Inseparability of Game Tree Languages

Abstract

The game tree languages can be viewed as an automata-theoretic counterpart of parity games on graphs. They witness the strictness of the index hierarchy of alternating tree automata, as well as the fixed-point hierarchy over binary trees. We consider a game tree language of the first non-trivial level, where Eve can force that 0 repeats from some moment on, and its dual, where Adam can force that 1 repeats from some moment on. Both these sets (which amount to one up to an obvious renaming) are complete in the class of co-analytic sets. We show that they cannot be separated by any Borel set, hence {\em a fortiori} by any weakly definable set of trees. This settles a case left open by L.Santocanale and A.Arnold, who have thoroughly investigated the separation property within the μ\mu -calculus and the automata index hierarchies. They showed that separability fails in general for non-deterministic automata of type Σnμ\Sigma^{\mu}_{n} , starting from level n=3n=3, while our result settles the missing case n=2n=2

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