A perusal of previous research on sugar maple borer, Glycobius speciosus, in northern New York State strongly associates severe early and late season defoliation with increased borer damage. This re-examination of earlier work suggests foliage protection may be necessary when forest management objectives are concerned with wood volume and quality

Allen, Douglas C

Wink, Robert A

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 36 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2003 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2003 Article 2 April 2003 Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity Associated With Periods of Severe Defoliation Robert A. Wink Finger Lakes Community College Douglas C. Allen State University College of Environmental Science and Forestry Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Wink, Robert A. and Allen, Douglas C. 2003. "Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity Associated With Periods of Severe Defoliation," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 36 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss1/2 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 10 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 36, Nos. 1 & 21Finger Lakes Community College, Canandaigua, NY 144242State University College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive,Syracuse, NY 13210SUGAR MAPLE BORER (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) ACTIVITYASSOCIATED WITH PERIODS OF SEVERE DEFOLIATIONRobert A. Wink1  and Douglas C. Allen2ABSTRACTA perusal of previous research on sugar maple borer, Glycobius speciosus,in northern New York State strongly associates severe early and late seasondefoliation with increased borer damage. This re-examination of earlier worksuggests foliage protection may be necessary when forest management objec-tives are concerned with wood volume and quality.____________________The sugar maple borer (SMB), Glycobius speciosus (Say), is an economicallyimportant sub-cortical pest of sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maplesare rarely killed by this insect; however, large diameter holes in the sapwoodresulting from gallery excavation can reduce lumber grade (Hoffard and McCreery1977). Additionally, SMB activity often stains the sapwood as a result of mineralstreak (Shigo et al. 1973, Shigo 1976). This discoloration is a physiological re-sponse of maple to stem injury and occurs when anti-fungal phenolic compoundsaccumulate in the region of injury (Manville and Levitin 1974). Stained maplelumber often checks during drying and both imperfections can render it unusablefor visible surfaces in furniture (Levitin 1976). Also, the callous that forms aroundwounds created by the borer results in twisted grain, which is problematic duringwood milling (Shigo 1976; Hesterberg et al. 1976).Sugar maple borer – host relations. SMB has been implicated as acontributing factor in maple decline (Giese et al. 1964; Bauce and Allen 1992a),yet little is known concerning its population dynamics. Host condition plays asignificant role in determining the susceptibility of a tree to SMB attack, withlow vigor trees being the most susceptible (Britton 1923; Talerico 1962; Newtonand Allen 1982; Bauce and Allen 1992a). Thus, to avoid significant economiclosses due to SMB, it is essential to understand the nature of the factors affect-ing the susceptibility of sugar maple.In 1978, Newton and Allen (1982) investigated the role that host condi-tion plays in the attack ecology of SMB. The study was conducted in a secondgrowth northern hardwood stand in northern New York State near Wanakena(St. Lawrence County) which originated following extensive fires between 1905and 1910. In that study, dendrochronological methods were used to evaluateperiodic growth prior to attack and to determine the year that each of 78 sugarmaples were infested by SMB. This cohort represented 100% of the sugar maplesdamaged by SMB in a 1.9 ha portion of the stand. They found that annual SMBattack frequencies peaked during two periods; 1958-1963 and 1973-1975, sug-gesting that increased SMB activity may be triggered by specific environmentalconditions. Newton and Allen (1982) also noted that trees that were attackedhad experienced growth reductions during the preceding decade. They investi-gated the possibilities that low precipitation or unfavorable temperatures wereassociated with peak episodes of SMB attack, but were unable to demonstrateeither relationship.In the late 1980s, a separate study to understand the etiology of a sugarmaple decline (Bauce and Allen 1991) was conducted in another second growth1Wink and Allen: Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity AssociatedPublished by ValpoScholar, 20032003 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 11northern hardwood stand. It also originated following fires between 1905 and1910 and is located approximately 2.8 km from the stand used by Newton andAllen (1982). In this subsequent project growth studies were conducted on 120dominant sugar maples. Growth patterns were determined from increment corestaken at breast height (1.4 m). The width of growth rings was measured to thenearest 0.5mm and converted to volume estimates. Results indicated that epi-sodes of severe defoliation by the forest tent caterpillar from 1953 through 1954and the saddled prominent during 1967 and 1968, as documented in forestmanagement compartment records, significantly reduced growth. Furthermore,they suggested that both defoliation events were important inciting factors inthe etiology of the maple decline being studied. The impact of these defoliationslikely explain the growth losses reported by Newton and Allen (1982) that oc-curred 5-10 years prior to SMB attack. Neither study, however, made the con-nection between these defoliation events and increased SMB damage.Sugar maple borer incidence and insect defoliation. When we com-bined the temporal patterns of growth loss due to defoliation (Bauce and Allen1991) and incidence of SMB damage (Newton and Allen 1982), we uncovered alikely association (Fig. 1). The first period of increased SMB activity (1958-1963)began three years and peaked six to eight years following cessation of the foresttent caterpillar outbreak in 1953 and 1954. Likewise, the second period of in-creased SMB activity (1973-1975) began four years and peaked six to eight yearsfollowing cessation of the saddled prominent outbreak during 1967 and 1968.This pattern of severe defoliation followed by increased activity of a woodboring insect has been documented for members of the Buprestidae. For example,severe defoliation of oaks (Quercus spp.) by the gypsy moth often results in increasedpopulations of two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) (Dunn et al.1987). Similarly, infestations of bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, are associ-ated with severe defoliation of birch (Barter 1957). In both examples, severe defolia-tion created favorable conditions for the borers by reducing host resistance to at-tack. Defoliation apparently provides an increased number of potential hosts, whichin turn leads to an increase in successful attacks and, presumably, higher popula-tions of these borers. Many subcortical cerambycids and buprestids prefer exposedstems for oviposition (Solomon 1995). It is reasonable therefore to speculate thatthe diurnally active adults of SMB may follow this same strategy. Infestations ofmany cerambycid species have been associated with host stress due to events likesuppression, drought, fire, poor site conditions (clay soils), tree disease and physicalinjury, either singly or in combination (Hanks 1999). To the best of our knowledge,Saperda tridentata Olivier is the only other member of this family that has beenassociated with insect defoliation (Solomon 1995).Conclusions. Our observations suggest the three to four-year lag betweenthe cessation of defoliation and the beginning of increased SMB attacks simplyreflects an increase of available (i.e., stressed) hosts. It typically takes 4 to 6 yearsfor growth rates of surviving sugar maples to recover following defoliation epi-sodes (Bauce and Allen 1991; Wink 2002). During this period of recovery, trees arepresumably more susceptible to attack by SMB. Also, the borer’s two-year lifecycle is partly responsible for the lag in response. It may simply take time forSMB populations to respond to the favorable conditions provided by defoliation.Although our conclusions are based on only two events, we believe the evidencestrongly suggests severe defoliation often precedes increased damage by SMB.Forest management implications. When a forest owner’s managementobjectives include income from sawtimber or syrup production, there should bestrong incentive to undertake direct pest control measures to prevent repeated,severe (e.g., > 75%) defoliation. The value of quality sugar maple sawtimber hasincreased substantially during the past decade or so. The growth impact associatedwith this level of defoliation can be significant. Also, defoliated trees often are moresusceptible to a variety for secondary events, such as SMB (e.g., Hesterberg et al.1976, Bauce and Allen 1992a,b). Crown size plays a major role in sap production.2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 36, No. 1 [2003], Art. 2https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss1/212 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 36, Nos. 1 & 2Figure 1. The relationship between the occurrence of outbreaks of forest tent caterpillar (1953-1954) and saddled prominent (1967-1968)as evidenced by annual ring increments (ring width) and annual attack frequency of sugar maple borer (vertical bars).3Wink and Allen: Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity AssociatedPublished by ValpoScholar, 20032003 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 13Loss of foliage can significantly reduce both the quality (sugar content) andquantity of sap a tree produces (e.g., Sippell and Rose 1977). Though sugarmaple rarely succumbs to SMB attack, the insect girdles portions of the mainstem, resulting in large branches immediately above the damaged region oftenbeing killed. This branch loss reduces crown volume. Forest owners not onlyhave to be concerned about the impact of defoliation but a likely subsequentincrease in damage by SMB.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.LITERATURE CITEDBarter, G.W. 1957. Studies of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius, Gory in NewBrunswick. Can. Entomol. 89: 12-36.Bauce, E., and Allen, D.C. 1991. Etiology of a maple decline. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 686-693.Bauce, E. and Allen, D.C. 1992a. Role of Armillaria calvescens and Glycobius speciosusin a sugar maple decline. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 549-552.Bauce, E., and Allen, D.C. 1992b. Condition of the fine roots of sugar maple in differentstages of decline. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 264-266.Britton, W.E. 1923. Twenty-second report of the state entomologist of Connecticut forthe year 1922. Bull. Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn., New Haven. 247: 269-281.Dunn, J.P., Kimmerer, T.W., and Nordin, G.L. 1987. The role of host tree condition inattack of white oaks by the two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus biliniatus (Weber)(Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Oecologia 70(4): 596-600.Giese, R.L., Houston, D.R., Benjamin, D.M., Kuntz, J.E., Kaplan, J.E. and Skilling, D.D.1964. Studies of maple blight. University of Wisconsin, Madison Res. Bull. 250. 128p.Hanks, L.M. 1999. Influence of the larval host plant on reproductive strategies ofcerambycid beetles, Annu. Rev Entomol. 44: 483-505.Hesterberg, G.A., Wright, C.J., and Frederick, D.J. 1976. Decay risk for sugar mapleborer scars. J. For. 74: 443-445.Hoffard, W.H and McCreery, L. 1977. Evaluation of a sugar maple borer survey tech-nique. USDA For. Serv. For. Ins. Dis. Eval. Rep. D17-77.Levitin, N. 1976. Bleaching mineral stains out of maple. Can. For. Industry 96: 45-47.Manville, J.F. and N. Levitin. 1974. Anti-fungal coumarins from mineral-stained maple.Can. For. Service. Bi-mon. Res. Notes 30: 3-4.Newton, W.G., and Allen, D.C. 1982. Characteristics of trees damaged by sugar mapleborer, Glycobius speciosis (Say). Can. J. For. Res. 12: 738-744.Shigo, A.L., Leak, W.B., and Filip, S.M. 1973 Sugar maple borer injury in four northernhardwood stands in New Hampshire. Can. J. For. Res. 3: 512-515.Shigo, A.L. 1976. Mineral stain. Northern Logger Timber Processing. 24: 18-19.Solomon, J.D. 1995. Guide to insect borers of North American broadleaf trees andshrubs. Agric. Handbk. 706. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service.Sippell, W.L. and A.H. Rose. 1977. Another plague of forest tent caterpillar. Can. For.Service, FIDS, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.Talerico, R.L. 1962. A study of damage caused by the sugar maple borer. J. For. 60: 178-180.Wink, R.A. 2002. The combined effects of defoliation and partial cutting on Tug Hillhardwoods. PhD. thesis. SUNY Coll. Environ. Sci. and For., Syracuse, NY.4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 36, No. 1 [2003], Art. 2https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss1/2

Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity Associated With Periods of Severe Defoliation

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 36 
Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2003 Numbers 
1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2003 
Article 2 
April 2003 
Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity 
Associated With Periods of Severe Defoliation 
Robert A. Wink 
Finger Lakes Community College 
Douglas C. Allen 
State University College of Environmental Science and Forestry 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Wink, Robert A. and Allen, Douglas C. 2003. "Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity 
Associated With Periods of Severe Defoliation," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 36 (1) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss1/2 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
10 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 36, Nos. 1 & 2
1Finger Lakes Community College, Canandaigua, NY 14424
2State University College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive,
Syracuse, NY 13210
SUGAR MAPLE BORER (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) ACTIVITY
ASSOCIATED WITH PERIODS OF SEVERE DEFOLIATION
Robert A. Wink1  and Douglas C. Allen2
ABSTRACT
A perusal of previous research on sugar maple borer, Glycobius speciosus,
in northern New York State strongly associates severe early and late season
defoliation with increased borer damage. This re-examination of earlier work
suggests foliage protection may be necessary when forest management objec-
tives are concerned with wood volume and quality.
____________________
The sugar maple borer (SMB), Glycobius speciosus (Say), is an economically
important sub-cortical pest of sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar maples
are rarely killed by this insect; however, large diameter holes in the sapwood
resulting from gallery excavation can reduce lumber grade (Hoffard and McCreery
1977). Additionally, SMB activity often stains the sapwood as a result of mineral
streak (Shigo et al. 1973, Shigo 1976). This discoloration is a physiological re-
sponse of maple to stem injury and occurs when anti-fungal phenolic compounds
accumulate in the region of injury (Manville and Levitin 1974). Stained maple
lumber often checks during drying and both imperfections can render it unusable
for visible surfaces in furniture (Levitin 1976). Also, the callous that forms around
wounds created by the borer results in twisted grain, which is problematic during
wood milling (Shigo 1976; Hesterberg et al. 1976).
Sugar maple borer – host relations. SMB has been implicated as a
contributing factor in maple decline (Giese et al. 1964; Bauce and Allen 1992a),
yet little is known concerning its population dynamics. Host condition plays a
significant role in determining the susceptibility of a tree to SMB attack, with
low vigor trees being the most susceptible (Britton 1923; Talerico 1962; Newton
and Allen 1982; Bauce and Allen 1992a). Thus, to avoid significant economic
losses due to SMB, it is essential to understand the nature of the factors affect-
ing the susceptibility of sugar maple.
In 1978, Newton and Allen (1982) investigated the role that host condi-
tion plays in the attack ecology of SMB. The study was conducted in a second
growth northern hardwood stand in northern New York State near Wanakena
(St. Lawrence County) which originated following extensive fires between 1905
and 1910. In that study, dendrochronological methods were used to evaluate
periodic growth prior to attack and to determine the year that each of 78 sugar
maples were infested by SMB. This cohort represented 100% of the sugar maples
damaged by SMB in a 1.9 ha portion of the stand. They found that annual SMB
attack frequencies peaked during two periods; 1958-1963 and 1973-1975, sug-
gesting that increased SMB activity may be triggered by specific environmental
conditions. Newton and Allen (1982) also noted that trees that were attacked
had experienced growth reductions during the preceding decade. They investi-
gated the possibilities that low precipitation or unfavorable temperatures were
associated with peak episodes of SMB attack, but were unable to demonstrate
either relationship.
In the late 1980s, a separate study to understand the etiology of a sugar
maple decline (Bauce and Allen 1991) was conducted in another second growth
1
Wink and Allen: Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity Associated
Published by ValpoScholar, 2003
2003 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 11
northern hardwood stand. It also originated following fires between 1905 and
1910 and is located approximately 2.8 km from the stand used by Newton and
Allen (1982). In this subsequent project growth studies were conducted on 120
dominant sugar maples. Growth patterns were determined from increment cores
taken at breast height (1.4 m). The width of growth rings was measured to the
nearest 0.5mm and converted to volume estimates. Results indicated that epi-
sodes of severe defoliation by the forest tent caterpillar from 1953 through 1954
and the saddled prominent during 1967 and 1968, as documented in forest
management compartment records, significantly reduced growth. Furthermore,
they suggested that both defoliation events were important inciting factors in
the etiology of the maple decline being studied. The impact of these defoliations
likely explain the growth losses reported by Newton and Allen (1982) that oc-
curred 5-10 years prior to SMB attack. Neither study, however, made the con-
nection between these defoliation events and increased SMB damage.
Sugar maple borer incidence and insect defoliation. When we com-
bined the temporal patterns of growth loss due to defoliation (Bauce and Allen
1991) and incidence of SMB damage (Newton and Allen 1982), we uncovered a
likely association (Fig. 1). The first period of increased SMB activity (1958-1963)
began three years and peaked six to eight years following cessation of the forest
tent caterpillar outbreak in 1953 and 1954. Likewise, the second period of in-
creased SMB activity (1973-1975) began four years and peaked six to eight years
following cessation of the saddled prominent outbreak during 1967 and 1968.
This pattern of severe defoliation followed by increased activity of a wood
boring insect has been documented for members of the Buprestidae. For example,
severe defoliation of oaks (Quercus spp.) by the gypsy moth often results in increased
populations of two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) (Dunn et al.
1987). Similarly, infestations of bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, are associ-
ated with severe defoliation of birch (Barter 1957). In both examples, severe defolia-
tion created favorable conditions for the borers by reducing host resistance to at-
tack. Defoliation apparently provides an increased number of potential hosts, which
in turn leads to an increase in successful attacks and, presumably, higher popula-
tions of these borers. Many subcortical cerambycids and buprestids prefer exposed
stems for oviposition (Solomon 1995). It is reasonable therefore to speculate that
the diurnally active adults of SMB may follow this same strategy. Infestations of
many cerambycid species have been associated with host stress due to events like
suppression, drought, fire, poor site conditions (clay soils), tree disease and physical
injury, either singly or in combination (Hanks 1999). To the best of our knowledge,
Saperda tridentata Olivier is the only other member of this family that has been
associated with insect defoliation (Solomon 1995).
Conclusions. Our observations suggest the three to four-year lag between
the cessation of defoliation and the beginning of increased SMB attacks simply
reflects an increase of available (i.e., stressed) hosts. It typically takes 4 to 6 years
for growth rates of surviving sugar maples to recover following defoliation epi-
sodes (Bauce and Allen 1991; Wink 2002). During this period of recovery, trees are
presumably more susceptible to attack by SMB. Also, the borer’s two-year life
cycle is partly responsible for the lag in response. It may simply take time for
SMB populations to respond to the favorable conditions provided by defoliation.
Although our conclusions are based on only two events, we believe the evidence
strongly suggests severe defoliation often precedes increased damage by SMB.
Forest management implications. When a forest owner’s management
objectives include income from sawtimber or syrup production, there should be
strong incentive to undertake direct pest control measures to prevent repeated,
severe (e.g., > 75%) defoliation. The value of quality sugar maple sawtimber has
increased substantially during the past decade or so. The growth impact associated
with this level of defoliation can be significant. Also, defoliated trees often are more
susceptible to a variety for secondary events, such as SMB (e.g., Hesterberg et al.
1976, Bauce and Allen 1992a,b). Crown size plays a major role in sap production.
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 36, No. 1 [2003], Art. 2
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss1/2
12 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 36, Nos. 1 & 2
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Wink and Allen: Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity Associated
Published by ValpoScholar, 2003
2003 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 13
Loss of foliage can significantly reduce both the quality (sugar content) and
quantity of sap a tree produces (e.g., Sippell and Rose 1977). Though sugar
maple rarely succumbs to SMB attack, the insect girdles portions of the main
stem, resulting in large branches immediately above the damaged region often
being killed. This branch loss reduces crown volume. Forest owners not only
have to be concerned about the impact of defoliation but a likely subsequent
increase in damage by SMB.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.
LITERATURE CITED
Barter, G.W. 1957. Studies of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius, Gory in New
Brunswick. Can. Entomol. 89: 12-36.
Bauce, E., and Allen, D.C. 1991. Etiology of a maple decline. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 686-693.
Bauce, E. and Allen, D.C. 1992a. Role of Armillaria calvescens and Glycobius speciosus
in a sugar maple decline. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 549-552.
Bauce, E., and Allen, D.C. 1992b. Condition of the fine roots of sugar maple in different
stages of decline. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 264-266.
Britton, W.E. 1923. Twenty-second report of the state entomologist of Connecticut for
the year 1922. Bull. Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn., New Haven. 247: 269-281.
Dunn, J.P., Kimmerer, T.W., and Nordin, G.L. 1987. The role of host tree condition in
attack of white oaks by the two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus biliniatus (Weber)
(Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Oecologia 70(4): 596-600.
Giese, R.L., Houston, D.R., Benjamin, D.M., Kuntz, J.E., Kaplan, J.E. and Skilling, D.D.
1964. Studies of maple blight. University of Wisconsin, Madison Res. Bull. 250. 128p.
Hanks, L.M. 1999. Influence of the larval host plant on reproductive strategies of
cerambycid beetles, Annu. Rev Entomol. 44: 483-505.
Hesterberg, G.A., Wright, C.J., and Frederick, D.J. 1976. Decay risk for sugar maple
borer scars. J. For. 74: 443-445.
Hoffard, W.H and McCreery, L. 1977. Evaluation of a sugar maple borer survey tech-
nique. USDA For. Serv. For. Ins. Dis. Eval. Rep. D17-77.
Levitin, N. 1976. Bleaching mineral stains out of maple. Can. For. Industry 96: 45-47.
Manville, J.F. and N. Levitin. 1974. Anti-fungal coumarins from mineral-stained maple.
Can. For. Service. Bi-mon. Res. Notes 30: 3-4.
Newton, W.G., and Allen, D.C. 1982. Characteristics of trees damaged by sugar maple
borer, Glycobius speciosis (Say). Can. J. For. Res. 12: 738-744.
Shigo, A.L., Leak, W.B., and Filip, S.M. 1973 Sugar maple borer injury in four northern
hardwood stands in New Hampshire. Can. J. For. Res. 3: 512-515.
Shigo, A.L. 1976. Mineral stain. Northern Logger Timber Processing. 24: 18-19.
Solomon, J.D. 1995. Guide to insect borers of North American broadleaf trees and
shrubs. Agric. Handbk. 706. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service.
Sippell, W.L. and A.H. Rose. 1977. Another plague of forest tent caterpillar. Can. For.
Service, FIDS, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
Talerico, R.L. 1962. A study of damage caused by the sugar maple borer. J. For. 60: 178-
180.
Wink, R.A. 2002. The combined effects of defoliation and partial cutting on Tug Hill
hardwoods. PhD. thesis. SUNY Coll. Environ. Sci. and For., Syracuse, NY.
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 36, No. 1 [2003], Art. 2
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss1/2


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Sugar Maple Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Activity Associated With Periods of Severe Defoliation

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