Adults of both sexes and the previously unknown eggs of the parasitoid conopid fly Stylogaster neglecta Williston are illustrated and measurements are provided, including the total clutch size and the lengths and widths of eggs from random samples

Maloney, Jennifer L

Taber, Stephen W

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 39 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2006 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2006 Article 11 April 2006 The Egg of Stylogaster Neglecta Williston (Diptera: Conopidae) Stephen W. Taber Saginaw Valley State University Jennifer L. Maloney Saginaw Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Taber, Stephen W. and Maloney, Jennifer L. 2006. "The Egg of Stylogaster Neglecta Williston (Diptera: Conopidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 39 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol39/iss1/11 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 0	 THE	GREAT	LAKES	ENTOMOLOGIST	 Vol.	39,	Nos.		&	2THE	EGG	OF	STYLOGASTER	NEGLECTA	WILLISTON	(DIPTERA:	CONOPIDAE)Stephen	W.	Taber	and	Jennifer	L.	MaloneyABSTRACTAdults of both sexes and the previously unknown eggs of the parasitoid conopid fly Stylogaster neglecta Williston are illustrated and measurements are provided, including the total clutch size and the lengths and widths of eggs from random samples. ____________________Flies of the genus Stylogaster Macquart belong to the family Conopidae, the members of which are sometimes known as thick-headed flies. Most conopids are parasitoids which spend the larval stage as internal parasites of Hymenoptera but Stylogaster species are atypical in their choice of host. The female probably uses her sword-like ovipositor to stab part of the egg into the host’s body rather than to shoot it from a distance (Kotrba 1997). When the sclerotized apex of the egg reaches the hemocoel, an extrusible sac and usually, but not always, two or more spines deploy under osmotic pressure to hold the egg in place like the opening of a folding grappling hook (Stuckenberg 1963).For excellent photographs of these eggs in place on potential hosts, see Couri and Pont (2006). As in the case of the egg-laying behavior, the exit site for larvae hatching from the egg remains unsettled. It has been described as the anterior, unattached end but also as from or near the extrusible sac at the opposite end, which is believed to have a function in anchoring the egg prior to hatching (Stuckenberg 1963, Smith and Cunningham-van Someren 1985, Woodley and Judd 1998).Among those few Stylogaster species for which the larva is known, the host is a cockroach (Blattaria, Blattelidae) or a cricket (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) (Smith and Cunningham-van Someren 1985, Woodley and Judd 1998). Stylo-gaster eggs in the Neotropics and Africa have been found attached to a cockroach (Stuckenberg 1963) and to muscid, calliphorid, tachinid, syrphid, and lauxaniid flies (Stuckenberg 1963, Smith 1969, Couri and Pont 2006), but these potential dipterous hosts might be unsuitable for development. There is one record of an egg on the head of Stylogaster itself (Kotrba 1997).Only two Stylogaster species are known to occur in the Nearctic (Camras and Parrillo 1985). They are Stylogaster biannulata (Say) and Stylogaster ne-glecta Williston (Fig. 1). The biology of the former species is known to a greater extent than that of any New World congener (Woodley and Judd 1998) but until now nothing has been reported about the life cycle of S. neglecta. These two flies are members of different species groups (Camras and Parrillo 1985) and thus their host, their egg, and their larval structures might be expected to differ despite their sympatry and great separation from Neotropical and Old World relatives. A recent redescription of Stylogaster stylata (Fabricius) synonymizes S. biannulata with that species (de Mello-Patiu and Gomes Rocha 2003) but as the geographic distribution reported on a subsequent page does not include the United States, some confusion remains about the status of that taxon. Herein I report the previously unknown egg stage of Stylogaster neglecta.1Biology Department, Saginaw Valley State University, 7400 Bay Road, University Center, MI 48710. (email: swtaber@svsu.edu).1Taber and Maloney: The Egg of Stylogaster Neglecta Williston (Diptera: ConopiPublished by ValpoScholar, 20062006	 THE	GREAT	LAKES	ENTOMOLOGIST	 MATERIALS AND METHODSThe adult Stylogaster neglecta female illustrated here (Fig. 2) was col-lected in a Malaise trap in a clearing between woods dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and oaks (Quercus spp.), and the open water of a cattail marsh (Typha latifolia L.) in Newaygo County, Michigan (GPS N43° 41.708’ / W85° 44.393’ ) on 24 July 2005. The specimen was pointed on a pin and identified 15 months later with the aid of a key to the species of the genus (Curran 1942), by which time it was in a thoroughly dry state. To determine if the female contained eggs it was placed in a relaxing chamber containing water and chlorocresol for one week. It was then dissected in a 0.5% saline solution with the aid of a stereomicroscope and the eggs were removed and transferred to fresh saline solution for counting and measurement. Samples were mounted on microscope slides in one drop of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), lengths and widths of eggs were measured with a calibrated ocular micrometer, and photographs were taken with a 35mm film camera mounted on a microscope. RESULTSEgg description (Figs. 3-5, Table 1). Average length: 0.463 mm; average width at greatest diameter: 0.124 mm; as seen in usual perspective the shape is fusiform with a truncated posterior end but in a seldom-seen perspective the point that allows penetration of the host cuticle is visible. According to a recent study (de Mello-Patiu and Gomes Rocha 2003) this is a dorsal or ventral view whereas the more frequently seen lateral perspective presents the blunted appearance shown here. An extrusible sac extends from just behind the dark sclerotized posterior end to about the midpoint of the egg (Fig. 3 “ES”). The hind margin of the sclerotized apex is curved into a barbed shape resembling a crochet hook (Fig. 3 “B”). No spines are present. The chorion surface bears Figure 1. Stylogaster neglecta: pair in copula; 29 July 2004, London, Ontario, Canada, in fencerow adjacent to deciduous woods (photo courtesy of Robin McLeod).2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 39, No. 1 [2006], Art. 11https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol39/iss1/112	 THE	GREAT	LAKES	ENTOMOLOGIST	 Vol.	39,	Nos.		&	2Figure 3. Stylogaster neglecta: egg; A = Anterior end, P = Posterior end, ES = Ex-trusible Sac, B = Barb.Figure 2. Stylogaster neglecta: adult female; with eggs in situ.3Taber and Maloney: The Egg of Stylogaster Neglecta Williston (Diptera: ConopiPublished by ValpoScholar, 20062006	 THE	GREAT	LAKES	ENTOMOLOGIST	 3Figure 4. Stylogaster neglecta; surface pattern of egg chorion.Figure 5. Stylogaster neglecta; surface pattern of egg chorion further magnified.4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 39, No. 1 [2006], Art. 11https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol39/iss1/11	 THE	GREAT	LAKES	ENTOMOLOGIST	 Vol.	39,	Nos.		&	2scale-shaped reticulations extending from the anterior end for a distance ap-proximately equal to three-fourths of the total length of the egg (Figs. 4-5). Reticulation, where present, is strongest in the middle portion of the egg and weakest at the anterior end. The total clutch size was 155 eggs.DISCUSSIONThe two most remarkable features about the egg of Stylogaster neglecta are the absence of any spines and the shape of the darkly sclerotized posterior end which in most other species is armed with two or four spines anterior to the apex. This apex is blunt from most perspectives though presenting a point in others. It and the associated extrusible sac appear to perform the function of anchoring the egg inside the body of the host without the aid of the spines that are indicated by nearly all other illustrated Stylogaster eggs. The crochet-hook modification of the apex is an indication of its hold-fast ability. The clutch size of 155 is the greatest yet reported for any Stylogaster species. One explanation might be the size of these eggs which are the smallest yet reported. Though the only other Nearctic Stylogaster species is S. biannulata, the egg of S. neglecta bears a greater resemblance to the egg of the African species Stylogaster seyrigi Séguy. That egg is said to bear barbs that are “produced from posterior margin of head” (Smith 1967, p. 52), a condition which might cor-respond functionally to the crochet-hook configuration of S. neglecta. However, no such emargination of the sceloritized head is visible in the illustration of the African species, its chorion reticulation is restricted to the central portion of the egg, its extrusible sac occupies much less of the egg margin, the dark posterior apex appears to be more uniformly sharp, and with a length of 1.0 mm it is more than twice the size of its New World relative.The egg of the second Nearctic species, S. biannulata, a relative distant enough for placement in a different species group (Camras and Parrillo 1985), bears two distinct barbs positioned just behind the sclerotized apex and each is nearly as long as that apex (Smith and Peterson 1987, Woodley and Judd 1998). The filament or thread located between these “backward-projecting” spines (pointing from the posterior toward the anterior end) might be present Table 1. Egg length and width (mm) N = 20 Length Width Length Width0.440 0.110 0.455 0.125 0.460 0.120 0.435 0.120 0.500 0.125 0.420 0.110 0.475 0.120 0.470 0.140 0.500 0.120 0.480 0.135 0.460 0.130 0.485 0.110 0.440 0.120 0.435 0.120 0.480 0.140 0.400 0.115 0.470 0.115 0.500 0.135 0.485 0.130 0.470 0.135 Egg Length Egg Width Average 0.463 Average 0.124 Min. 0.400 Min. 0.110 Max. 0.500 Max. 0.140 S.D. 0.028 S.D. 0.0105Taber and Maloney: The Egg of Stylogaster Neglecta Williston (Diptera: ConopiPublished by ValpoScholar, 20062006	 THE	GREAT	LAKES	ENTOMOLOGIST	 on the egg of S. neglecta but it was never noticed. The chorion reticulation of S. biannulata is reported as strongest near the sclerotized end whereas the reticulation is weakest in this region for S. neglecta. Furthermore, the S. bian-nulata egg chosen for detailed description was reported as 0.65 mm in length (Woodley and Judd 1998), much longer than any S. neglecta egg in the clutch removed from the adult female of the present study (Table 1). Flies of this genus are said to be elusive (Stuckenberg 1963) and “scarce in the field” (Smith and Peterson 1987). Adults have been collected from umbel-liferous flowers, composite flowers, orchids, and mints in Africa (Smith 1967, Nilsson 1985), and on button bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis L.) in July in the eastern United States as noted in the original description of Stylogaster neglecta (Williston 1883). Malaise traps are more likely to secure additional adults (Camras and Parrillo 1995) and these will be used in an effort to collect more specimens in western Michigan. Of greater interest is the unknown host species into which these remarkably adapted eggs are delivered. Is it a cockroach, a cricket, or a member of its own dipterous order as the literature currently sug-gests it might be? The unusual structure of the Stylogaster neglecta egg holds out the possibility of something altogether new. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Robin McLeod for the photo of mating Stylogaster neglecta, Dr. Donald Bachand of Saginaw Valley State University for arranging the purchase of the Biological Abstracts database that made this work possible, Dean Ronald R. Williams for subsidizing the cost of publication, and Dr. Jeff Skevington and one anonymous reviewer for constructive criticism.LITERATURE CITEDCamras, S., and P. P. Parrillo. 1985. Review of New World Stylogaster (Diptera: Conopidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 78: 111-126.Camras, S., and P. P. Parrillo. 1995. New Stylogaster and ranges of Conopidae (Diptera) from the Brazilian and Bolivian Amazonia. Acta Amazonica 25: 221-234.Couri, M. S., and A. C. Pont. 2006. Eggs of Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera: Conopidae) on Madagascan muscids (Diptera: Muscidae). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 57: 473-478.Curran, C. H. 1942. American Diptera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 80: 51-84.Kotrba, M. 1997. Shoot or stab? Morphological evidence on the unresolved oviposition technique in Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera: Conopidae), including discussion of behavioral observations. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 99: 614-622.de Mello-Patiu, C. A., and L. S. Gomes Rocha. 2003. Redescrição de Stylogaster stylata (Fabricius, 1805) (Diptera, Conopidae), com ênfase na morfologia da terminália e do ovo. Arq. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro 61: 215-220.Nilsson, L. A. 1985. Pollination of Plectranthus vestitus (Lamiaceae) by trap-lining hovering bees in Madagascar. Pl. Syst. Evol. 150: 223-236.Smith, K. G. V. 1967. The biology and taxonomy of the genus Stylogaster Macquart, 1835 (Diptera: Conopidae, Stylogasterinae) in the Ethiopian and Malagasy regions. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lon. 119: 47-69.Smith, K. G. V. 1969. Further data on the oviposition by the genus Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera: Conopidae, Stylogasterinae) upon adult calypterate Diptera associated with ants and animal dung. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lon. (A) 44 (1-3): 35-37. Smith, K. G. V., and G. R. Cunningham-van Someren. 1985. The larva of Stylogaster varifrons Malloch (Dipt., Stylogastridae). Ent. Month. Mag. 121: 81-85.6The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 39, No. 1 [2006], Art. 11https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol39/iss1/116	 THE	GREAT	LAKES	ENTOMOLOGIST	 Vol.	39,	Nos.		&	2Smith, K. G. V., and B. V. Peterson. 1987. Conopidae, pp.749-756. In McAlpine, J. F. (ed.), Peterson, B. V., Shewell, G. E., Teskey, H. J., Vockeroth, J. R., and D. M. Wood (coords.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Biosystematics Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Monograph No. 28.Stuckenberg, B. R. 1963. A study on the biology of the genus Stylogaster, with the description of a new species from Madagascar (Diptera: Conopidae). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 68: 251-275 + 1 plate.Williston, S. W. 1883. North American Conopidae: Stylogaster, Dalmannia, Oncomyia. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 6: 91-98. Woodley, N. E., and D. D. Judd. 1998. Notes on the host, egg, and puparium of Stylogaster biannulata (Say) (Diptera: Conopidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 100: 658-664.7Taber and Maloney: The Egg of Stylogaster Neglecta Williston (Diptera: ConopiPublished by ValpoScholar, 2006

The Egg of \u3ci\u3eStylogaster Neglecta\u3c/i\u3e Williston (Diptera: Conopidae)

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The Egg of \u3ci\u3eStylogaster Neglecta\u3c/i\u3e Williston (Diptera: Conopidae)

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