The frequency of mating and polyandry in natural populations are important parameters for understanding evolutionary dynamics. Mating frequency among natural populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) [Lepidoptera: Crambidae] are quite variable. Showers et al. (1974) found 91.1, 73.8, and 71.3% of females had mated during the second flight over 1971-3 at one location in Iowa. During 1971, only 10% mated multiple times, with lower levels of polyandry in subsequent years. In an earlier study in Iowa, Pesho (1961) found that 65-100 % of females had mated and up to 43% had mated more than once. A population in southwestern Ontario averaged 73% mating and 37% polyandry for the 5-year period from 1971-5, a higher rate of polyandry than during the same period in Iowa (Elliot, 1977). In this note, we amplify these previously published results by reporting the mating status of female O. nubilalis captured in light traps in Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. We also provide evidence that some females in natural populations may be sperm-limited

Andow, D. A

Hinton, J. L

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 36 Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 2003 Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 2003 Article 7 October 2003 Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas J. L. Hinton University of Minnesota D. A. Andow University of Minnesota Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Hinton, J. L. and Andow, D. A. 2003. "Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 36 (2) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss2/7 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 156 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 36, Nos. 3 & 4MATING FREQUENCY OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER(LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN MINNESOTA, KANSAS, AND TEXASJ. L. Hinton1  and D. A. Andow1ABSTRACTThe frequency of mating and polyandry in natural populations are impor-tant parameters for understanding evolutionary dynamics.  Mating frequencyamong natural populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) [Lepidoptera:Crambidae] are quite variable.  Showers et al. (1974) found 91.1, 73.8, and71.3% of females had mated during the second flight over 1971-3 at one locationin Iowa.  During 1971, only 10% mated multiple times, with lower levels ofpolyandry in subsequent years.  In an earlier study in Iowa, Pesho (1961) foundthat 65-100 % of females had mated and up to 43% had mated more than once.A population in southwestern Ontario averaged 73% mating and 37% polyandryfor the 5-year period from 1971-5, a higher rate of polyandry than during thesame period in Iowa (Elliot, 1977).  In this note, we amplify these previouslypublished results by reporting the mating status of female O. nubilalis capturedin light traps in Minnesota, Kansas and Texas.  We also provide evidence thatsome females in natural populations may be sperm-limited.____________________Female O. nubilalis were collected alive using BioQuip black light trapsthroughout the entire second flight period during the summers of 1999 and2000.  Traps were suspended above grassy areas next to corn fields at least 200m from another trap.  Collection intensity varied among sites, but was constantwithin sites.  At Rosemount, MN samples were collected 3-5 nights a week from4 traps, at Lamberton, MN samples were collected 2-3 nights a week from 6traps, while in Garden City, KS and Edmonson, TX, samples were taken 1-3nights a week from 1 or 2 traps.  In most samples, ≈ 4 adults were caught pertrap-night, and the highest densities were at Rosemount during 2000.  While itis possible that females mated in the traps before we collected them during themorning, we note that the highest captures of unmated females were from theRosemount 2000 samples (see results).Moths were placed in individual cages (8.5 cm diam. × 6.5 cm) in a walk-ingrowth chamber, 16L:8D, 29:15 °C and 80% RH, and provided water (1999) orboth water and sugar/agar diet (2000) (Leahy and Andow 1994).  Females wereallowed to oviposit on waxed paper sheets until the female died.  Dead moths weredissected to determine the number of spermatophores in the bursa copulatrix,and the presence or absence of eggs in the ovaries.  Spermatophore counts arecommonly used to study mating frequency in O. nubilalis (Drecktrah and Brindley1967; Showers et al. 1974; Fadamiro and Baker 1999).  Abdomens were placed in10% KOH for 1.5 hours to soften the tissue.  Although KOH can clear insect cuticle,at the low concentration and short time exposure we used, it probably did not clearor digest existing spermatophores from our samples, because abdomens removedfrom KOH retained pigmented abdominal cuticle, ovarian tissue, some fat bodytissue, and a pigmented, intact bursa copulatrix.  The presence of eggs in theovaries was noted, and the number of spermatophores counted in the bursacopulatrix.  Occasionally clear, completely unsclerotized spermatophores wereobserved.  Dissection results for each moth were matched with her ovipositionrecord to determine if she laid eggs and if those eggs were viable.  Mating history1Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN  55108.1Hinton and Andow: Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)Published by ValpoScholar, 20032003 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 157was scored as the number of spermatophores in the bursa.  Oviposition history wasscored as no, sterile, or fertile eggs laid.  Ovary condition in abdomens were scored aseither having mature eggs or not.Each locality and year combination was treated as a different collection.The number of females was the response variable, and the effects of matinghistory, ovary condition, oviposition history and collection were analyzed by log-linear contingency table analysis (SAS 1999).  We pooled the data by combiningthe 2 and 3 spermatophore categories into one “multiply-mated” category.  Only9 females were observed to have 3 spermatophores.There was significant variation among collections in mating history (g2 =18.38, df = 8, P = 0.0186) (Table 1).  Polyandry varied from 7.0% (Texas 2000) to15.1% (Lamberton 2000), and females without a detectable spermatophore rangedfrom 17.1% (Kansas 2000) to a high of 38.3% (Rosemount 2000) (Table 1).  Therange of variation is similar to that previously reported (Pesho 1961, Showers etal. 1974, Elliot 1977).  A higher proportion of females were mated at Lambertonduring 2000 than during 1999 (Table 1).  The observed variation in spermato-phore number may have been related to differences in male density or sex ratio(Elliot 1977) with lower mating associated with a relative scarcity of males, but itwas probably also related to other factors, such as female age (Fadamiro andBaker 1999), egg load and spermatophore size (Royer and McNeil 1993).The only other statistically significant effect was the relation betweenovary condition and mating history (g2 = 20.35, df = 2, P < 0.0001) (Table 1).Most females without eggs in their ovaries at death had a spermatophore (85.6%),while 50.9% of the females with eggs had no spermatophore.  It is not surprisingthat many unmated females did not lay any eggs, while mated females laid allof their eggs before dying.  Male ejaculate in many Lepidoptera stimulatesoocyte development and oviposition (Gillott 2002).We observed that 30.0% (158/529) of all field-collected females with de-tectable spermatophores did not lay fertile eggs in the laboratory environment(Fig. 1).  Of these, 28.5% (45/158) had no eggs in their ovaries at death, whichimplies that they either resorbed their eggs or had no eggs to lay (perhapshaving laid them all prior to capture).  However, 43.0% (68/158) laid only infer-tile eggs, which suggests that some females are sperm-limited in the field.  Inaddition, 28.5% (45/158) had eggs in their ovaries but refused to lay any eggs.We had supplied similar females additional mates in the laboratory, but moststill did not oviposit (Bourguet et al. 2003), which indicates that these femalesmay have refused to oviposit under laboratory conditions.  It is also possiblethat these females had mated with poor quality males and had not been in-duced to mate (Gillott 2002).We also observed 23 females that had no detectable spermatophore thatlaid viable eggs.  As we noted in our methods, we are unlikely to have destroyedor missed observing a spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix.  We observedconsiderable variation in the degree of sclerotization of the spermatophores, sowe suggest that a small proportion of spermatophores are completely digestedby some females.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank J. Harmon, E. Hladalik, T. Stodola, J. White, and B. Simmonsfor assistance and comments on early drafts of this paper, and P. Porter, G.Cronholm, and L. Buschman for assistance in collecting moths, and two anony-mous reviewers for their helpful comments.  This was supported by USDA-NRI-CSREES/99-35302-7937.2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 36, No. 2 [2003], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss2/7158 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 36, Nos. 3 & 4Table 1.  Percent of Ostrinia nubilalis females (number in parentheses) categorized by the number of spermatophores present in thebursa (Multiple = 2+ spermatophores), location and year, and absence or presence of eggs in the ovaries.                      Location and Year                   Eggs in OvariesNumber ofLambertonKansasLambertonRosemountTexasSpermatophores19992000200020002000AbsentPresentTotal024.017.117.838.319.314.450.927.8(44)(20)(13)(116)(11)(67)(137)(204)167.871.867.148.273.770.344.260.7(124)(84)(49)(146)(42)(326)(119)(445)Multiple8.211.115.113.57.015.34.811.5(15)(13)(11)(41)(4)(71)(13)(84)Total100100100100100100100100(183)(117)(73)(303)(57)(464)(269)(733)3Hinton and Andow: Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)Published by ValpoScholar, 20032003 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 159REFERENCESBourguet, D., J. Chaufaux, M. Séguin, C. Buisson, J. L. Hinton, T. J. Stodola, P. Porter,G. Cronholm, L. L. Buschman, and D. A. Andow.  2003.  Frequency of allelesconferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of theEuropean corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis.  Theor. Appl. Genet. 106: 1225-1233.Drecktrah, H. G. and T. A.Brindley  1967.  Morphology of the internal reproductivesystems of the European corn borer.  Iowa State J. Sci. 41: 467-480.Elliott, W. M.  1977.  Mating frequency of the female European corn borer, Ostrinianubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in southwestern Ontario.  Can. Entomol. 109:117-122.Fadamiro, H. Y. and T. C. Baker  1999.  Reproductive performance and longevity offemale European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis: Effects of multiple mating, delayin mating, and adult feeding.  J. Insect Physiol. 45: 385-392.Gillott, C.  2002.  Insect accessory reproductive glands: Key players in production andprotection of eggs, pp. 37-59.  In M. Hilkers and T. Meiners (eds.) Chemecology ofinsect eggs and egg deposition.  Blackwell: London.Leahy, T. C. and D. A. Andow  1994.  Egg weight, fecundity, and longevity are in-creased by adult feeding in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).  Ann.Entomol. Soc. Am. 97: 342-349.Pesho, G. R.  1961.  Female mating patterns and spermatophore counts in the Euro-pean corn borer.  Proc. North Central Branch Entomol. Soc. Am. 16: 43.Royer, L. and J. N. McNeil  1993.  Male investment in the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Impact on female longevity and re-productive performance.  Funct. Ecol. 7: 209-215.SAS.  1999.  Statistical Analysis System.  SAS Institute, Cary, NC.Showers, W. B., G. L. Reed and H. Oloumi-Sadeghi.  1974.  Mating studies of femaleEuropean corn borers: Relationship between deposition of egg masses on cornand captures in light traps.  J. Econ. Entomol. 67: 616-619.Figure 1.  Number of Ostrinia nubilalis females (raw data) for each spermatophoreclass (0, 1, 2+ spermatophores (spt) in the bursa), categorized by collection (location andyear), oviposition history in the laboratory (F = fertile eggs laid, S = sterile eggs laid, N =no eggs laid), and presence (+) or absence (-) of eggs in the ovaries at the end of life.4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 36, No. 2 [2003], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss2/7

Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 36 
Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 2003 Numbers 3 & 
4 - Fall/Winter 2003 
Article 7 
October 2003 
Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: 
Crambidae) in Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas 
J. L. Hinton 
University of Minnesota 
D. A. Andow 
University of Minnesota 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Hinton, J. L. and Andow, D. A. 2003. "Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) 
in Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 36 (2) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss2/7 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
156 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 36, Nos. 3 & 4
MATING FREQUENCY OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER
(LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN MINNESOTA, KANSAS, AND TEXAS
J. L. Hinton1  and D. A. Andow1
ABSTRACT
The frequency of mating and polyandry in natural populations are impor-
tant parameters for understanding evolutionary dynamics.  Mating frequency
among natural populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) [Lepidoptera:
Crambidae] are quite variable.  Showers et al. (1974) found 91.1, 73.8, and
71.3% of females had mated during the second flight over 1971-3 at one location
in Iowa.  During 1971, only 10% mated multiple times, with lower levels of
polyandry in subsequent years.  In an earlier study in Iowa, Pesho (1961) found
that 65-100 % of females had mated and up to 43% had mated more than once.
A population in southwestern Ontario averaged 73% mating and 37% polyandry
for the 5-year period from 1971-5, a higher rate of polyandry than during the
same period in Iowa (Elliot, 1977).  In this note, we amplify these previously
published results by reporting the mating status of female O. nubilalis captured
in light traps in Minnesota, Kansas and Texas.  We also provide evidence that
some females in natural populations may be sperm-limited.
____________________
Female O. nubilalis were collected alive using BioQuip black light traps
throughout the entire second flight period during the summers of 1999 and
2000.  Traps were suspended above grassy areas next to corn fields at least 200
m from another trap.  Collection intensity varied among sites, but was constant
within sites.  At Rosemount, MN samples were collected 3-5 nights a week from
4 traps, at Lamberton, MN samples were collected 2-3 nights a week from 6
traps, while in Garden City, KS and Edmonson, TX, samples were taken 1-3
nights a week from 1 or 2 traps.  In most samples, ≈ 4 adults were caught per
trap-night, and the highest densities were at Rosemount during 2000.  While it
is possible that females mated in the traps before we collected them during the
morning, we note that the highest captures of unmated females were from the
Rosemount 2000 samples (see results).
Moths were placed in individual cages (8.5 cm diam. × 6.5 cm) in a walk-in
growth chamber, 16L:8D, 29:15 °C and 80% RH, and provided water (1999) or
both water and sugar/agar diet (2000) (Leahy and Andow 1994).  Females were
allowed to oviposit on waxed paper sheets until the female died.  Dead moths were
dissected to determine the number of spermatophores in the bursa copulatrix,
and the presence or absence of eggs in the ovaries.  Spermatophore counts are
commonly used to study mating frequency in O. nubilalis (Drecktrah and Brindley
1967; Showers et al. 1974; Fadamiro and Baker 1999).  Abdomens were placed in
10% KOH for 1.5 hours to soften the tissue.  Although KOH can clear insect cuticle,
at the low concentration and short time exposure we used, it probably did not clear
or digest existing spermatophores from our samples, because abdomens removed
from KOH retained pigmented abdominal cuticle, ovarian tissue, some fat body
tissue, and a pigmented, intact bursa copulatrix.  The presence of eggs in the
ovaries was noted, and the number of spermatophores counted in the bursa
copulatrix.  Occasionally clear, completely unsclerotized spermatophores were
observed.  Dissection results for each moth were matched with her oviposition
record to determine if she laid eggs and if those eggs were viable.  Mating history
1Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN  55108.
1
Hinton and Andow: Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Published by ValpoScholar, 2003
2003 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 157
was scored as the number of spermatophores in the bursa.  Oviposition history was
scored as no, sterile, or fertile eggs laid.  Ovary condition in abdomens were scored as
either having mature eggs or not.
Each locality and year combination was treated as a different collection.
The number of females was the response variable, and the effects of mating
history, ovary condition, oviposition history and collection were analyzed by log-
linear contingency table analysis (SAS 1999).  We pooled the data by combining
the 2 and 3 spermatophore categories into one “multiply-mated” category.  Only
9 females were observed to have 3 spermatophores.
There was significant variation among collections in mating history (g2 =
18.38, df = 8, P = 0.0186) (Table 1).  Polyandry varied from 7.0% (Texas 2000) to
15.1% (Lamberton 2000), and females without a detectable spermatophore ranged
from 17.1% (Kansas 2000) to a high of 38.3% (Rosemount 2000) (Table 1).  The
range of variation is similar to that previously reported (Pesho 1961, Showers et
al. 1974, Elliot 1977).  A higher proportion of females were mated at Lamberton
during 2000 than during 1999 (Table 1).  The observed variation in spermato-
phore number may have been related to differences in male density or sex ratio
(Elliot 1977) with lower mating associated with a relative scarcity of males, but it
was probably also related to other factors, such as female age (Fadamiro and
Baker 1999), egg load and spermatophore size (Royer and McNeil 1993).
The only other statistically significant effect was the relation between
ovary condition and mating history (g2 = 20.35, df = 2, P < 0.0001) (Table 1).
Most females without eggs in their ovaries at death had a spermatophore (85.6%),
while 50.9% of the females with eggs had no spermatophore.  It is not surprising
that many unmated females did not lay any eggs, while mated females laid all
of their eggs before dying.  Male ejaculate in many Lepidoptera stimulates
oocyte development and oviposition (Gillott 2002).
We observed that 30.0% (158/529) of all field-collected females with de-
tectable spermatophores did not lay fertile eggs in the laboratory environment
(Fig. 1).  Of these, 28.5% (45/158) had no eggs in their ovaries at death, which
implies that they either resorbed their eggs or had no eggs to lay (perhaps
having laid them all prior to capture).  However, 43.0% (68/158) laid only infer-
tile eggs, which suggests that some females are sperm-limited in the field.  In
addition, 28.5% (45/158) had eggs in their ovaries but refused to lay any eggs.
We had supplied similar females additional mates in the laboratory, but most
still did not oviposit (Bourguet et al. 2003), which indicates that these females
may have refused to oviposit under laboratory conditions.  It is also possible
that these females had mated with poor quality males and had not been in-
duced to mate (Gillott 2002).
We also observed 23 females that had no detectable spermatophore that
laid viable eggs.  As we noted in our methods, we are unlikely to have destroyed
or missed observing a spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix.  We observed
considerable variation in the degree of sclerotization of the spermatophores, so
we suggest that a small proportion of spermatophores are completely digested
by some females.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank J. Harmon, E. Hladalik, T. Stodola, J. White, and B. Simmons
for assistance and comments on early drafts of this paper, and P. Porter, G.
Cronholm, and L. Buschman for assistance in collecting moths, and two anony-
mous reviewers for their helpful comments.  This was supported by USDA-NRI-
CSREES/99-35302-7937.
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 36, No. 2 [2003], Art. 7
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss2/7
158 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 36, Nos. 3 & 4
Ta
bl
e 
1.
  
Pe
rc
en
t 
of
 O
st
ri
ni
a 
nu
bi
la
lis
 f
em
al
es
 (
nu
m
be
r 
in
 p
ar
en
th
es
es
) 
ca
te
go
ri
ze
d 
by
 t
he
 n
um
be
r 
of
 s
pe
rm
at
op
ho
re
s 
pr
es
en
t 
in
 t
he
bu
rs
a 
(M
ul
tip
le
 =
 2
+ 
sp
er
m
at
op
ho
re
s)
, l
oc
at
io
n 
an
d 
ye
ar
, a
nd
 a
bs
en
ce
 o
r 
pr
es
en
ce
 o
f e
gg
s 
in
 t
he
 o
va
ri
es
.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
 L
oc
at
io
n 
an
d 
Ye
ar
   
   
   
   
   
   
 E
gg
s 
in
 O
va
ri
es
N
um
be
r 
of
L
am
be
rt
on
K
an
sa
s
L
am
be
rt
on
R
os
em
ou
nt
T
ex
as
Sp
er
m
at
op
ho
re
s
19
99
20
00
20
00
20
00
20
00
A
bs
en
t
P
re
se
nt
T
ot
al
0
24
.0
17
.1
17
.8
38
.3
19
.3
14
.4
50
.9
27
.8
(4
4)
(2
0)
(1
3)
(1
16
)
(1
1)
(6
7)
(1
37
)
(2
04
)
1
67
.8
71
.8
67
.1
48
.2
73
.7
70
.3
44
.2
60
.7
(1
24
)
(8
4)
(4
9)
(1
46
)
(4
2)
(3
26
)
(1
19
)
(4
45
)
M
ul
tip
le
8.
2
11
.1
15
.1
13
.5
7.
0
15
.3
4.
8
11
.5
(1
5)
(1
3)
(1
1)
(4
1)
(4
)
(7
1)
(1
3)
(8
4)
To
ta
l
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
10
0
(1
83
)
(1
17
)
(7
3)
(3
03
)
(5
7)
(4
64
)
(2
69
)
(7
33
)
3
Hinton and Andow: Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Published by ValpoScholar, 2003
2003 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 159
REFERENCES
Bourguet, D., J. Chaufaux, M. Séguin, C. Buisson, J. L. Hinton, T. J. Stodola, P. Porter,
G. Cronholm, L. L. Buschman, and D. A. Andow.  2003.  Frequency of alleles
conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the
European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis.  Theor. Appl. Genet. 106: 1225-1233.
Drecktrah, H. G. and T. A.Brindley  1967.  Morphology of the internal reproductive
systems of the European corn borer.  Iowa State J. Sci. 41: 467-480.
Elliott, W. M.  1977.  Mating frequency of the female European corn borer, Ostrinia
nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in southwestern Ontario.  Can. Entomol. 109:
117-122.
Fadamiro, H. Y. and T. C. Baker  1999.  Reproductive performance and longevity of
female European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis: Effects of multiple mating, delay
in mating, and adult feeding.  J. Insect Physiol. 45: 385-392.
Gillott, C.  2002.  Insect accessory reproductive glands: Key players in production and
protection of eggs, pp. 37-59.  In M. Hilkers and T. Meiners (eds.) Chemecology of
insect eggs and egg deposition.  Blackwell: London.
Leahy, T. C. and D. A. Andow  1994.  Egg weight, fecundity, and longevity are in-
creased by adult feeding in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).  Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Am. 97: 342-349.
Pesho, G. R.  1961.  Female mating patterns and spermatophore counts in the Euro-
pean corn borer.  Proc. North Central Branch Entomol. Soc. Am. 16: 43.
Royer, L. and J. N. McNeil  1993.  Male investment in the European corn borer,
Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Impact on female longevity and re-
productive performance.  Funct. Ecol. 7: 209-215.
SAS.  1999.  Statistical Analysis System.  SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Showers, W. B., G. L. Reed and H. Oloumi-Sadeghi.  1974.  Mating studies of female
European corn borers: Relationship between deposition of egg masses on corn
and captures in light traps.  J. Econ. Entomol. 67: 616-619.
Figure 1.  Number of Ostrinia nubilalis females (raw data) for each spermatophore
class (0, 1, 2+ spermatophores (spt) in the bursa), categorized by collection (location and
year), oviposition history in the laboratory (F = fertile eggs laid, S = sterile eggs laid, N =
no eggs laid), and presence (+) or absence (-) of eggs in the ovaries at the end of life.
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 36, No. 2 [2003], Art. 7
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol36/iss2/7


https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2089&amp;context=tgle

Mating Frequency of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Valparaiso University

ValpoScholar