We present information compiled from several studies on the effects of methods for marking individual arthropods on their longevity and behavior. Results from our own research on effects of enamel paint marking on two in- sect species, the periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim, and the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, are also presented. Neither species showed any adverse survivorship or behavioral effects from marking

Cooley, J. R

Hammond, G. S

Marshall, D. C

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 31 Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 1998 Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 1998 Article 3 October 1998 Effects of Enamel Paint on the Behavior and Survival of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada Septendecim (Homoptera) and the Lesser Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus Sanguinipes (Orthoptera). J. R. Cooley University of Michigan G. S. Hammond University of Michigan D. C. Marshall University of Michigan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Cooley, J. R.; Hammond, G. S.; and Marshall, D. C. 1998. "Effects of Enamel Paint on the Behavior and Survival of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada Septendecim (Homoptera) and the Lesser Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus Sanguinipes (Orthoptera).," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 31 (3) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol31/iss3/3 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1998 161THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST EFFECTS OF ENAMEL PAINT ON THE BEHAVIOR AND SURVIVAL OF THE PERIODICAL CICADA, MAG/CICADA SEPTENDECIM (HOMOPTERA) AND THE LESSER MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPWS SANGUINIPES IORTHOPTERA}. J. R. Cooley, G. S. Hammond, and D. C. MorsholP ABSTRACT We present information compiled from several studies on the effects of methods for marking individual arthropods on their longevity and behavior. Results from our own research on effects of enamel paint marking on two in­sect species, the periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim, and the lesser migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes, are also presented. Neither species showed any adverse survivorship or behavioral effects from marking. The ease of use of different marking methods and their appropriateness for particular study designs are well reviewed (Southwood 1978, Walker and Winewriter 1981, Kearns and Inouye 1993). Above and beyond logistical con­cerns, the possible effects on the stu dects further constrains the choice of marking method. Table 1 summ 'terature reporting effects of indi­vidual marking (not mass-marking) methods on study organisms. We located sources using published reviews an  electronic databases (Zoological Record, Wilson Indexes to Journal Articles, and Biological Abstracts) and included only papers containing data specifically addressing possible mortality or morbidity due to marking. Of several hundr d papers examined, we found only 19 fitting these criteria. This table is neither exhaustive nor prescrip­tive, but rather supplements earlier reviews. Few general trends a e appar­ent, except that marks applied topically to sclerotized parts seemed to have few deleterious effects, while dusts, powders, or, in the case of soft-bodied in­sects, some solvents, must be used cautiously. The lack of general trends means that controlled testing of a marking method is the only way to ensure its appropriateness for any given study. Individual marking has proven effective in our research on periodical ci­cadas [Magicicada septendecim (L.)] and lesser migratory grasshoppers [Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.)], allowing us to track the behaviors of individ­ual insects or classes of insects as they emerge, mature, mate, and die. One marking technique we have used is to apply colored enamel paint dots to the dorsal thoracic surface (Testors® lead-free gloss enamel; Testors Corp., Rock­ford IL, 61104), or to use paint pens (Uni®·Paint Fine Line PX-21 paintmarkers; Eberhard Faber Inc., Lewisburg TN 37091). Because published reo lInsect Division, The University of Michigan useum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1079 1Cooley et al.: Effects of Enamel Paint on the Behavior and Survival of the PerioPublished by ValpoScholar, 1998'l'able 1. Reported effects of methods for marking individual insects, grouped by general method and organized chronologically within 0­each grouping. I'V Reference Marker Taxon Effect* This study Enamel paint (xylol, propanol based) Magicicada septendecim (Homoptera) Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera) None Hunter 1960 Enamel paint (xylol, propanol based) Laelaspis georgiae (mite) None et al. 1990 Enamel p int (xylol, propanol based) Leptin.otarsa decemlin.eata (Coleoptera) None Hager and Kurczewski 1986 Enamel paint (xylol, propanol based) Ammophila harti (Hymenoptera) None§ Greenslade 1964 E amel paint (petroleum-solvent based) Nebria breuicollis (Coleoptera) Nonet I -i m Paulson and Akre 1991 Enamel paint (petroleum-solvent based) Formica neoclara (Hymenoptera) None G) ;:<:lDobson et al. 1958 Oil-based paint Lepthohylemia coarctata (Diptera) None m ~ Dobson et al. 1961 Lacquer-based paint (nitrocellulose) Lepthohylemia coarctata (Diptera) Toxic :; Davey 1956 Oil-based paint (Rubine 'funer or Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera) A mMonolite Yellow in wood rosin and kerosene) None C/l m Gallepp and Hasler 1975 Typewriter correction fluid Brachycentrus spp. (Trichoptera) Behavioral Z changes -i 0 Fales et al. 1964 Fingernail polish (acetone based) Musca autumnalis (Diptera) Toxic ~ 0 0 r-Garcia and Paleari 1990 Fingernail polish (acetone based) Charidotis punctatostriata (Coleoptera) None G)Dreyer and Fingernail polish (acetone based) Clauigralla tomentosicollis (Hemiptera) Vi -iBaumgartner 1997 None Brussard 1971 "Sharpie" marker (xylol solvent) Erebia epipsodea (Lepidoptera) None Rieske and Raffa 1990 Acrylic paint Hylobius pales (Coleoptera) ~ None w Caprio et at. 1990 Paper labels affixed with cynoacrylate glue Leptin.otarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera) None -~ Z Caprio et at. 1990 Acetone wash, followed by Leptin.otarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera) ~ paper labels aft'"txed with cynoacrylate glue None w QoHart and Resh 1980 Plastic tags aftixed wi h wire or elastic band Dicosmoecus giluipes (Trichoptera) None ..,.. 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 31, No. 3 [1998], Art. 3https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol31/iss3/3Sempala 1981 Fluorescent powder 	 Aedes africanus (Diptera) -0combined with Duco paint 	 Toxic -0 CD Gangwere et al. 1964 Colored thread or paper attached with glue 	Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera) None:\: Stuart 1986 Polyester fiber tied around body 	 Leptothorax spp., Harpagoxenus spp. (Hymenoptera) None Gangwere et al. 1964 	 Melted crayon, colored ink, Aniline dyes, or Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera) Titanium oxide spray None:\: Gangwere et al. 1964 Metallic dust 	 Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera) None:\: Gangwere et al. 1964 Fluorescent powder, pigment in oil spray, 	Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera) Toxic in :2Oil and Cellulose paints, dry pigment large doses m Gangwere et al. 1964 Wing amputation or clipping Periplaneta americana (Blattaria) None for G) ;>Cmoderate m treatment ~ Mead-Briggs 1964 Tarsal clipping 	 SpilopsyUus cuniculi (Siphonaptera) None S; Mascanzoni and Wallin 1986 	Radar tags APterostichus melanarius, P. niger, Harpalus m rufipes, Carabus granulatus (Coleoptera) None C/l m * "None:" no effects reported; "Toxic:" increased mortality reported; "Injury:" unspecified damage or mortality noted. 	 Z --i § Pers. Comm. o t Dispersal attributable to handling effects noted. ~ o:\: Method proved to be impermanent and of limited use. 5 G) ~ 0­W 3Cooley et al.: Effects of Enamel Paint on the Behavior and Survival of the PerioPublished by ValpoScholar, 1998164 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOlOGIST Vol. 31, No.3 & 4 ports contain no clear information on the toxicity of the solvents in these paints (xylene, xylol and n- propoxy propanol) we conducted experiments to determine whether this marking method as adverse effects on our tudy an­imals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodical cicadas. We compared the survivorship and mat ng activity of marked and unmarked adult Magicicada septendecim in a recently logged clearing along Route 639 in the Horsepen Lake State Wildlife Management Area, Buckingham County, VA, in mid-May 1996. Two cages were con­structed by enclosing living vegetation with a 1 x 2 m piece of black fiber­glass window screen; each cage was stocked with 10 unmarked and 10 marked mature, unmated female cicadas. We marked each cicada by using a flat toothpick to apply one yellow and two blue dots of Testors® enamel paint. We used no anesthetic during marking, and we were careful to prevent paint from contacting the wing articulations or the articulation between the head and thorax. The total surface area covered by paint was between 6 and 10 mm2. Unmarked cicadas were handled in similar fashion. To allow matings, on May 20, 1996, we captured 20 sexually mat re adult males from the sur­rounding chorus and placed 10 in each female cage. Cages were censused on May 23, 24, 29, 30, 31, June 1, 2, and 4. At each census, we counted and removed d ad cicadas within each cage, recorded whether or not they were marked or showed evidence of a mating sign (or "seminal plug;" White 1973), and preserved them in 70% ethanoL We re­moved, examined, and preserved all remaining cicadas at the final census. Lesser migratory grasshoppers. We collected male and female nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), the lesser migratory grasshopper, from the grounds of the Matthaei Botanical Gardens t the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. We raised the grasshoppers to maturity in 50 x 40 x 40 em fiberglass screen cages, on a diet of romaine lettuce, wheat bran and wheat seedlings ad libitum. Cages were kept at room temperature (20°C ± 2°), but provided with a 90 watt incandescent light bulb on a 13:11h light: dark cycle to allow for thermoregulation. Twenty one-week-old adults of each sex were chosen for marking and handled individually; half (10 of each sex) were marked with two dots of paint on he pronotum. We used four different colors of Uni®-PaintFine Line paint markers. All 40 individuals were maintained for 6 days in a 50 x 40 x 40 cm cage under the same conditions described above. We examined the cage twice every day, once between 09:00 and 12:00 and once between 13:00 and 19:00, and recorded the paint/no-paint status of all copulating individuals, as well as any death . RESULTS Periodical cicadas. We compared the survivorship of the marked and unmarked cicadas using Cox regression analysis, implemented with the PHREG function in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., 1996). This technique allowed us to include individuals surviving at the end of our observations. Th  small difference in survivorship curves for ma k d and unmarked individuals was not statistically significant (Wald Chi-Square = -2.32, 1 d.f., p = 0.13), and the trend was in the direction of marked cicadas seeming to survive longer than unmarked cicadas. Mortality rates in the two cages differed (Wald Chi­4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 31, No. 3 [1998], Art. 3https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol31/iss3/31998 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOlOGIST 165 10 6c'" 3 CD ,Q iE 4 0 I5-+­~. <D <D <D <D <D <D <D <D <D <D <D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q!'" ~ Q! ~ '" i!l ~ ~ Q! Q! '" ll; Q! ill '" Q! '" "' ;:: '" 0'" S ;a.c '" l;; '" ~ '" '" '" )1i ~ '" '"~ U\ 5$ U\ iii iii iii U\ Sl Sl Sl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ LO'" '" "' "' '"'  Date Figure 1. Survivorship of marked and unmarked cicadas in two replicate cages. Triangular and square markers indicate different replicates, filled markers indicate marked treatment, open markers indicate unmarked treat­ment. Square = 14.02, 1 d.f., p = 0.0002), probably due to the death of substantial amounts of vegetation in one cage, although the increased mortality in this cage was distributed equally among marked and unmarked cicadas. A chi-square goodness-of-fit analysis of seminal plug presence/absence data reveals no significant pattern. Marked and unmarked females were equally likely to exhibit this indicator of mating status. Data are summa­rized in Figure 1 and Table 2. Lesser migratory grasshoppers. We observed 31 copulations over 6 days. Of these, 8 w re between unmark d females and unmarked males, 6 were between marked females and unmarked males, 10 were b tween un­marked females and marked males, and 7 were between mark d females and marked males. There was no difference i  likelihood of marke or unmarked males or females being in copula (Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test, X2=1.31, p»0.10). During the 6 days after marking there was no mortality or appar­ent illness in any of the marked or unmarked individuals. DISCUSSION We have uncovered no evidence that careful marking with enamel paints affects cicadas' or grasshoppers' mortality during the short « 12 day) study period. Furthermore, marking does not affect th  behavior or attractiveness of female cicadas in any way that alters likelihood of mating. For the grasshopp rs, paint marking appeared to have no impact on the sexual be­havior of either sex. 5Cooley et al.: Effects of Enamel Paint on the Behavior and Survival of the PerioPublished by ValpoScholar, 1998166 THE GREAr LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 31, No. 3 & 4 Table 2. Results of "sperm plug" analysis, demonstrating that marking had no effect on tendency of female Magicicada septendecim to mate. Thtal "sperm plug" Females present X2 p--...... --------------------------..".----..".--"------...:..:...----...:..:...-­Females in replicate A with "sperm plug" Marked Unmarked Thtal 10 10 20 6 7 13 0.038 p»O.l (n.s.) Females in replicate B with "sperm plug" Marked 10 Unmarked 10 Thtal 20 5 6 11 0.045 p»O.l (n.s.) Females in combined replicates with "sperm plug" Marked 20 11 Unmarked 20 13 Thtal 40 24 0.083 p»O.l (n.s.) From our experiences in the field, we can draw attention to several pit­falls best avoided when marking insects with enamel paints. First, paint ap­plied to body parts that undergo significant flexion (such as the wings or dor­sum of the thorax in flying insects) tends to w ar or flake off, usually beginning a week to ten days after marking, but sometimes noticeably after only a day or two. Secondly, the pigments in enamel paints fade under daily exposure to sunlight; t us some colors may become indistinguishable within a week of marking. The difficulty in distinguishing similar pigments such as blue and violet can be exacerbated by the varying light conditions i  the field; the contrast between two given pigments differs depending on atmos­pheric conditions, orientation of the marked insect, or time of day. Redun­dancy in the marking scheme alleviates this problem to some extent. Finally, enamel paint spots fade and flake oft'when marklpd specimens are preserved in alcohol (we have experience with ethanol and denatured alcohol; other commonly available alcohols probably give similar results). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding was provided by the Insect Division of the University of Michi­gan Museum of Zoology. LITERATURE CITED Brussard, P. F. 1971. Field techniques for investigations of population structure in a "ubiquitous" butterfly. Jour. Lepidop. Soc. 25: 22-29. Caprio, M. A, Miller, D., and Grafius, E. 1990. Marking adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), using paper labels. Great Lakes Entomol. 23: 13-18. 6The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 31, No. 3 [1998], Art. 3https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol31/iss3/3-F"".----~---------------------------------I1'-.... THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST1998 	 167 Davey, J. T. 1956. A method of marking isolated a ult locusts in large numbers as an aid to the study of their seasonal migrations. Bull. EntomoI. Res. 46: 797-802. Dobson, R. M., Stephenson, J. W., and Lofty, J. R. 1958. A qnantitiative s udy of a pop­ulation of wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemia coarctata (FalI.), in the field. Bull. EntomoL Res. 49: 95-111. Dobson, R. M., and Morris, M. G. 1961. Observations on emergence and life-span of wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemia coarctata (Fall.), under field cage conditions. Bull. En­tomol. Res. 51: 803-821. Dreyer, H., and Baumgartner, J. 1997. Adult movement and dynamics of Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Heteroptera: Coreidae) populations in cowpea fields of Benin, West Mrica. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 90: 421-426. Fales, J. H., Bodenstein, O. F., Mills, G. D., Jr., and Wessel, L. H. 1964. Preliminary studies on face fly dispersion. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57: 135-137. Gangwere, S. K, Chavin, W., and Evans, F. C. 1964. Methods of marking insects, with especial reference to Orthoptera (Sens. Lat.). Ann. EntomoI. Soc. Am. 57: 662-669. Gallepp, G. W. and Hasler, A D. 1975. Behavior of larval caddisflies (Brachycentrus spp.) as influenced by marking. Am. MidI. Nat. 93: 247-254. Garcia, M. A, and Paleari, L. M. 1990. Marking cassinidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeli­dae) larvae in the field for population dynamics studies. Entomol. News 101: 216-218. Greenslade, P. J. M. 1964. The distribution, dispersal, and size of a population of Ne­bria brevocillis (F.) with comparative studies on three other Carabidae. J. Anim. Ecol. 33: 311-333. Hager, B. J., and F. E. Kurczewski. 1986. Nesting behavior ofAmmophila harti (Fer­nald) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Am. MidI. Nat. 116: 7- 24. Hart, D. D. and Resh, V. H. 1980. Movement patterns and foraging ecology of a st eam caddisfly larva. Can. J. ZooL 58: 1174-1185. Heller, K G. and vonHelverson, O. 1990. Survival of a phaneropterid bush-cricket studies by a new marking technique (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae). Entomol. Gener. 15: 203-208. Hendricks, D. E., and Graham, H. M. 1970. Oil-soluble dye in larval diet for tagging moths, eggs, and spermatophores of tobacco budworms. J. Econ. EntomoL 63: 1019-1020. Hunter, P. E. 1960. Plastic paint as a marker for mites. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 53: 698. Kearns, C. A, and Inouye, D. W. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot CO. Mascanzoni, D., and Wallin, H. 1986. The harmonic radar: a new method oftracing in­sects in the field. EcoL EntomoL 11: 387-390. Mead-Briggs, A R. 1964. Some experiments concerning the interchange of rabbit fleas, Spilopsyllu8 cuniculi (Dale), between living rabbit hosts. J. Anim. Ecol. 33: 13-26. Paulson, G. S., and Akre, R. D. 1991. Role of predaceous ants in pear psyUa (Ho­moptera: Psyllidae) management: estimating colony size and foraging range of Formica neoclara (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) through a mark-recapture technique. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 84: 1436-1440. Rieske, L. K and Raffa, K F. 1990. Dispersal patterns and mark-and-recapture esti­mates of two pine root weevil species, Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Christmas tree plantations. Environ. EntomoI. 19: 1829-1836. SAS Institute Inc. 1996. SASISTAT® Software: Changes d Enhancements through Release 6.11. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Sempala, S. D. K 	 1981. The ecology of Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus (Theobald) in a tropical forest in Uganda: mark-release-recapture studies on a female adult popula­tion. Insect Sci. Application 1: 211-224. 7Cooley et al.: Effects of Enamel Paint on the Behavior and Survival of the PerioPublished by ValpoScholar, 1998168 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 31, No. 3 & 4 Southwood, T. R. E. 1978. Ecological methods, with particular reference to the study of insect populations. Chapman and Hall, London. Stuart, R. J. 1986. Use of polyester fibers to mark small leptothoracine ants (Hy­menoptera: Formicidael. Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 59: 566-568. Walker, T. J., and Winewriter, S. A 1981. Marking techniques for recognizing individ­ual insects. Florida Entomol. 64: 18-29. White, J. 1973. Viable hybrid young from crossmated periodical cicadas. Ecology 54:573-580. 8The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 31, No. 3 [1998], Art. 3https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol31/iss3/3

Effects of Enamel Paint on the Behavior and Survival of the Periodical Cicada, \u3ci\u3eMagicicada Septendecim\u3c/i\u3e (Homoptera) and the Lesser Migratory Grasshopper, \u3ci\u3eMelanoplus Sanguinipes (Orthoptera).

ValpoScholar

https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1961&amp;context=tgle

Effects of Enamel Paint on the Behavior and Survival of the Periodical Cicada, \u3ci\u3eMagicicada Septendecim\u3c/i\u3e (Homoptera) and the Lesser Migratory Grasshopper, \u3ci\u3eMelanoplus Sanguinipes (Orthoptera).

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Valparaiso University

ValpoScholar