Gutierrez, Brittany R

Rowland, David

English

ValpoScholar

Valparaiso University
ValpoScholar
Psychology Faculty Publications Department of Psychology
2017
Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle
David Rowland
Valparaiso University
Brittany R. Gutierrez
Valparaiso University
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/psych_fac_pub
This Book chapter/entry is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Psychology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Psychology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff
member at scholar@valpo.edu.
Recommended Citation
Rowland, David and Gutierrez, Brittany R., "Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle" (2017). Psychology Faculty Publications. 62.
https://scholar.valpo.edu/psych_fac_pub/62
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal
and Clinical Psychology
Human Sexual Response, Phases of
Contributors: David L. Rowland & and Brittany R. Gutierrez
Edited by: Amy Wenzel
Book Title: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology
Chapter Title: "Human Sexual Response, Phases of"
Pub. Date: 2017
Access Date: April 12, 2017
Publishing Company: SAGE Publications, Inc.
City: Thousand Oaks,
Print ISBN: 9781483365831
Online ISBN: 9781483365817
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n684
Print pages: 1705-1706
©2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
This PDF has been generated from SAGE Knowledge. Please note that the pagination of
the online version will vary from the pagination of the print book.
The human sexual response cycle refers to the structured series of changes the body goes
through physically, psychologically, and emotionally when becoming aroused and engaging in
sexual activity. Most current models of the sexual response cycle include sexual desire,
arousal, and orgasm. This entry discusses several traditional models of the sexual response
cycle, challenges and criticisms to those models, and subsequent modification to the models.
Early Models
In 1966, William Masters and Virginia Johnson proposed a four-stage “linear” model of human
sexual response based on some 10,000 recordings of changes in participants’ physiology.
From these data, they identified four successive (hence, linear) stages: (1) excitement, (2)
plateau, (3) orgasm, and (4) resolution.
The first phase, excitement, refers to the initial physiological sexual arousal response as
characterized by increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. In addition, myotonia
(an increase in muscle tension), vasocongestion (engorgement of blood vessels), and nipple
hardening or erection occur. These changes are often accompanied by a flush or reddening
of the skin. In women, a rush of blood causes engorgement of the clitoris, labia majora,
minora, and uterus, with uterine position elevating slightly. Vaginal lubrication also begins with
this stage. In men, the rush of blood causes penile erection and enlargement of the testes,
with the scrotal sac pulling more tightly toward the body.
The plateau phase intensifies the responses from the excitement phase—breathing, blood
flow, and heart rate continue to increase and stabilize. Muscle tension increases and may
extend to hands, feet, face, and other areas of the body. In women as blood flow increases,
the vaginal walls darken and the clitoris becomes increasingly sensitive. The vagina expands
and the uterus becomes fully elevated. The Bartholin glands produce additional lubrication in
and around the vagina. In men, the testicles are drawn further into the scrotal sac and
preseminal fluid from Cowper’s glands may be secreted at the penile opening.
The orgasm phase represents the peak or sexual climax of excitement, though not all men
and women necessarily reach this stage. Orgasm is marked by involuntary, rhythmic muscle
contractions throughout the body as well as a sense of euphoria and a feeling of tension
relief. Women experience contraction of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vagina and
uterus, followed by release of built-up muscle tension. In men, ejaculation/orgasm has two
stages of autonomic response. In the first—known as emission—the vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, and prostate trigger the urethral bulb to expand with seminal fluid, with internal
sphincter contraction closing the bladder neck to prevent urine leakage. In the second—
expulsion—muscles surrounding the base of the penis contract, propelling semen externally.
The last phase is resolution, marked by a return to baseline. Muscles relax, blood pressure
drops, and respiration returns to the prearousal state. Blood flow to the genital region
decreases, and erectile tissues return to normal. Masters and Johnson note a typically greater
refractory period in men, such that they are incapable of achieving an immediately successive
orgasm. Women typically have a shorter refractory period, being capable of successive
orgasms in a short period of time.
Although Masters and Johnson’s model was intentionally focused on physiological changes, it
was nevertheless criticized for being too narrow in its conceptualization. Along with other
developments, Helen Kaplan proposed a triphasic model in 1979—consisting of (1) desire, (2)
SAGE SAGE Reference
Contact SAGE Publications at http://www.sagepub.com.
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical PsychologyPage 2 of 4  
excitement, and (3) orgasm—the most significant contributions being the critical addition of
“sexual desire” and recognizing the importance of psychological factors in sexual response.
Desire was viewed by Kaplan as a precondition for subsequent sexual excitement/arousal and
orgasm, thereby maintaining the linearity of the sexual response cycle. An interest in sex was
essential for the body to become physiologically aroused. But the concept of desire was also
intended to encapsulate a range of psychological, emotional, and cognitive aspects of human
sexual response. The desire stage required subjective enjoyment or a want for becoming
aroused and represented a cognitive and emotional state of motivation to seek and respond to
sexual stimulation. The remaining two phases of Kaplan’s triphasic model essentially
represented an amalgamation of the excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution phases
delineated by Masters and Johnson.
Early Model Limitations
The traditional models of sexual response have been criticized as being male biased—that is,
effective in explaining the male sexual experience but inadequate to explain female sexual
experience. Four major criticisms have been leveled at these traditional models: (1) the
assumption that sexual desire is a spontaneous, automatic drive; (2) the idea that desire and
arousal are separate entities; (3) the sequencing of stages in a linear fashion; and (4) the idea
that the psychological, relational, and contextual aspects are secondary to the physiological
aspects of sexual response.
Specifically, traditional models assume that sexual desire is spontaneous, automatic, and
unprompted, yet this conceptualization does not fit with many women’s experiences of sexual
response. Because definitions of dysfunctions of desire assume a level of spontaneous sexual
desire, many women were being labeled as dysfunctional when in fact they were quite normal
in their sexual functioning. In addition, many individuals, particularly women, have difficulty
identifying a distinction between desire and arousal—viewing these as reciprocating and
unified processes.
Related to the aforementioned criticism is the idea that sexual response represents a linear
progression from one stage to the next. For example, the desire-arousal-orgasm model has a
clear flow from one stage to the next, not allowing for backward transition or even skipping of
stages. Yet women sometimes report that arousal precedes desire, with desire becoming the
recognition of one’s own aroused state. Such subtleties were likely overlooked by Masters and
Johnson, whose highly selected and typically orgasmic samples did not represent the full
variation of responses common within most study samples.
The final criticism of the traditional model, mentioned earlier, is the emphasis on the
physiological components of sexual response. Although these changes are necessary and
offer clear delineation of stages, they overlook critical psychological, emotional, and
contextual aspects of sexual response. In other words, these early models—valued for their
parsimony and easy explanation to clients—failed to capture the complex biopsychosocial
interactions involved in sexual response.
Recent Developments
Recent developments have largely addressed the shortcomings of earlier, simpler models.
The incentive motivation model—a model having roots in the drive theory research of Clark
Hull and Kenneth Spence in the mid-20th century—has been reconceptualized for a
SAGE SAGE Reference
Contact SAGE Publications at http://www.sagepub.com.
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical PsychologyPage 3 of 4  
contemporary audience and has reclaimed visibility. The incentive motivation model does not
view desire as a spontaneous drive; rather, sexual drive is a result of the arousal response,
often unconscious, to sexual stimuli. That is, desire is the recognition of the psychological
changes associated with arousal, which then gives rise to sexual action. In this model, the
motivation to act is preceded by the incentivizing stimuli, with the cognitive experience of
desire driving sexual action. This model is better able to accommodate the psychological,
neurological, and cultural differences inherent in sexual experience both among individuals
and across sexes.
With a primary focus on women’s sexual response, Rosemary Basson proposed a “circular”
(vs. linear) model for human sexual response, noting—as mentioned previously—that many
women do not experience sexual desire spontaneously. Rather, desire is a response to sexual
stimuli, creating arousal and the desire to continue the said arousal. Nonsexual stimuli can
also produce desire and arousal, with intimacy, love, and other emotional and relational
factors becoming the impetus for them. The circular model resists defining sexual response
as an either-or dichotomy between the physical and the psychological. Instead, it begins with
the individual in a state of sexual neutrality, who then may seek or respond to sexual stimuli
and thus activate sexual arousal and desire. This pattern can feed into itself from different
stages—that is, desire can increase arousal or, just as likely, increase seeking of sexual
stimuli, which further increases desire and arousal. The final aspect of the circular model is its
focal point—psychological and physical satisfaction leading to emotional intimacy.
Although Basson’s model was originally proposed to address traditional shortcomings related
to female sexual experience, its major elements can be applied to either sex. The model
provides a means to account for individuals who either have or lack spontaneous sexual
desire by demonstrating multiple ways as to how desire feeds into the stimuli-arousal loop.
The circular model is not so much a rejection of the existing models as it is a combination of
an elaborated traditional model with greater recognition of the importance of the emotional
and relational aspects inherent in partnered sexual response.
See alsoSexual Desire; Sexual Dysfunction; Sexual Dysfunction: Epidemiology; Sexual
Dysfunction: Gender and Sex Differences; Sexual Dysfunction: Social Factors
David L. Rowlandand Brittany R. Gutierrez
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n684
10.4135/9781483365817.n684
Further Readings
Basson, R. (2001). Human sex-response cycles. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 27, 33–43.
Levin, R. (2008). Critically revisiting aspects of the human sexual response cycle of Masters
and Johnson: Correcting errors and suggesting modifications. Sexual and Relationship
Therapy, 23(4), 393–399.
Masters, W., & Johnson, V. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
Meana, M. (2012). Sexual dysfunction in women: Advances in psychotherapy evidence-based
practice (D. Wedding, Ed.). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe.
Rowland, D.,  &  Adamski, B. (2015). Epidemiology of sexual dysfunction. International
Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 21(2), 711–720.
Sewell, K. (2005). The experience cycle and the sexual response cycle: Conceptualization
and application to sexual dysfunctions. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 18(1), 3–13.
SAGE SAGE Reference
Contact SAGE Publications at http://www.sagepub.com.
The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical PsychologyPage 4 of 4  


Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle

Valparaiso University

Valparaiso UniversityValpoScholarPsychology Faculty Publications Department of Psychology2017Phases of the Sexual Response CycleDavid RowlandValparaiso UniversityBrittany R. GutierrezValparaiso UniversityFollow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/psych_fac_pubThis Book chapter/entry is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Psychology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted forinclusion in Psychology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staffmember at scholar@valpo.edu.Recommended CitationRowland, David and Gutierrez, Brittany R., "Phases of the Sexual Response Cycle" (2017). Psychology Faculty Publications. 62.https://scholar.valpo.edu/psych_fac_pub/62The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormaland Clinical PsychologyHuman Sexual Response, Phases ofContributors: David L. Rowland & and Brittany R. GutierrezEdited by: Amy WenzelBook Title: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical PsychologyChapter Title: "Human Sexual Response, Phases of"Pub. Date: 2017Access Date: April 12, 2017Publishing Company: SAGE Publications, Inc.City: Thousand Oaks,Print ISBN: 9781483365831Online ISBN: 9781483365817DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n684Print pages: 1705-1706©2017 SAGE Publications, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.This PDF has been generated from SAGE Knowledge. Please note that the pagination ofthe online version will vary from the pagination of the print book.The human sexual response cycle refers to the structured series of changes the body goesthrough physically, psychologically, and emotionally when becoming aroused and engaging insexual activity. Most current models of the sexual response cycle include sexual desire,arousal, and orgasm. This entry discusses several traditional models of the sexual responsecycle, challenges and criticisms to those models, and subsequent modification to the models.Early ModelsIn 1966, William Masters and Virginia Johnson proposed a four-stage “linear” model of humansexual response based on some 10,000 recordings of changes in participants’ physiology.From these data, they identified four successive (hence, linear) stages: (1) excitement, (2)plateau, (3) orgasm, and (4) resolution.The first phase, excitement, refers to the initial physiological sexual arousal response ascharacterized by increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. In addition, myotonia(an increase in muscle tension), vasocongestion (engorgement of blood vessels), and nipplehardening or erection occur. These changes are often accompanied by a flush or reddeningof the skin. In women, a rush of blood causes engorgement of the clitoris, labia majora,minora, and uterus, with uterine position elevating slightly. Vaginal lubrication also begins withthis stage. In men, the rush of blood causes penile erection and enlargement of the testes,with the scrotal sac pulling more tightly toward the body.The plateau phase intensifies the responses from the excitement phase—breathing, bloodflow, and heart rate continue to increase and stabilize. Muscle tension increases and mayextend to hands, feet, face, and other areas of the body. In women as blood flow increases,the vaginal walls darken and the clitoris becomes increasingly sensitive. The vagina expandsand the uterus becomes fully elevated. The Bartholin glands produce additional lubrication inand around the vagina. In men, the testicles are drawn further into the scrotal sac andpreseminal fluid from Cowper’s glands may be secreted at the penile opening.The orgasm phase represents the peak or sexual climax of excitement, though not all menand women necessarily reach this stage. Orgasm is marked by involuntary, rhythmic musclecontractions throughout the body as well as a sense of euphoria and a feeling of tensionrelief. Women experience contraction of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vagina anduterus, followed by release of built-up muscle tension. In men, ejaculation/orgasm has twostages of autonomic response. In the first—known as emission—the vas deferens, seminalvesicles, and prostate trigger the urethral bulb to expand with seminal fluid, with internalsphincter contraction closing the bladder neck to prevent urine leakage. In the second—expulsion—muscles surrounding the base of the penis contract, propelling semen externally.The last phase is resolution, marked by a return to baseline. Muscles relax, blood pressuredrops, and respiration returns to the prearousal state. Blood flow to the genital regiondecreases, and erectile tissues return to normal. Masters and Johnson note a typically greaterrefractory period in men, such that they are incapable of achieving an immediately successiveorgasm. Women typically have a shorter refractory period, being capable of successiveorgasms in a short period of time.Although Masters and Johnson’s model was intentionally focused on physiological changes, itwas nevertheless criticized for being too narrow in its conceptualization. Along with otherdevelopments, Helen Kaplan proposed a triphasic model in 1979—consisting of (1) desire, (2)SAGE SAGE ReferenceContact SAGE Publications at http://www.sagepub.com.The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical PsychologyPage 2 of 4  excitement, and (3) orgasm—the most significant contributions being the critical addition of“sexual desire” and recognizing the importance of psychological factors in sexual response.Desire was viewed by Kaplan as a precondition for subsequent sexual excitement/arousal andorgasm, thereby maintaining the linearity of the sexual response cycle. An interest in sex wasessential for the body to become physiologically aroused. But the concept of desire was alsointended to encapsulate a range of psychological, emotional, and cognitive aspects of humansexual response. The desire stage required subjective enjoyment or a want for becomingaroused and represented a cognitive and emotional state of motivation to seek and respond tosexual stimulation. The remaining two phases of Kaplan’s triphasic model essentiallyrepresented an amalgamation of the excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution phasesdelineated by Masters and Johnson.Early Model LimitationsThe traditional models of sexual response have been criticized as being male biased—that is,effective in explaining the male sexual experience but inadequate to explain female sexualexperience. Four major criticisms have been leveled at these traditional models: (1) theassumption that sexual desire is a spontaneous, automatic drive; (2) the idea that desire andarousal are separate entities; (3) the sequencing of stages in a linear fashion; and (4) the ideathat the psychological, relational, and contextual aspects are secondary to the physiologicalaspects of sexual response.Specifically, traditional models assume that sexual desire is spontaneous, automatic, andunprompted, yet this conceptualization does not fit with many women’s experiences of sexualresponse. Because definitions of dysfunctions of desire assume a level of spontaneous sexualdesire, many women were being labeled as dysfunctional when in fact they were quite normalin their sexual functioning. In addition, many individuals, particularly women, have difficultyidentifying a distinction between desire and arousal—viewing these as reciprocating andunified processes.Related to the aforementioned criticism is the idea that sexual response represents a linearprogression from one stage to the next. For example, the desire-arousal-orgasm model has aclear flow from one stage to the next, not allowing for backward transition or even skipping ofstages. Yet women sometimes report that arousal precedes desire, with desire becoming therecognition of one’s own aroused state. Such subtleties were likely overlooked by Masters andJohnson, whose highly selected and typically orgasmic samples did not represent the fullvariation of responses common within most study samples.The final criticism of the traditional model, mentioned earlier, is the emphasis on thephysiological components of sexual response. Although these changes are necessary andoffer clear delineation of stages, they overlook critical psychological, emotional, andcontextual aspects of sexual response. In other words, these early models—valued for theirparsimony and easy explanation to clients—failed to capture the complex biopsychosocialinteractions involved in sexual response.Recent DevelopmentsRecent developments have largely addressed the shortcomings of earlier, simpler models.The incentive motivation model—a model having roots in the drive theory research of ClarkHull and Kenneth Spence in the mid-20th century—has been reconceptualized for aSAGE SAGE ReferenceContact SAGE Publications at http://www.sagepub.com.The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical PsychologyPage 3 of 4  contemporary audience and has reclaimed visibility. The incentive motivation model does notview desire as a spontaneous drive; rather, sexual drive is a result of the arousal response,often unconscious, to sexual stimuli. That is, desire is the recognition of the psychologicalchanges associated with arousal, which then gives rise to sexual action. In this model, themotivation to act is preceded by the incentivizing stimuli, with the cognitive experience ofdesire driving sexual action. This model is better able to accommodate the psychological,neurological, and cultural differences inherent in sexual experience both among individualsand across sexes.With a primary focus on women’s sexual response, Rosemary Basson proposed a “circular”(vs. linear) model for human sexual response, noting—as mentioned previously—that manywomen do not experience sexual desire spontaneously. Rather, desire is a response to sexualstimuli, creating arousal and the desire to continue the said arousal. Nonsexual stimuli canalso produce desire and arousal, with intimacy, love, and other emotional and relationalfactors becoming the impetus for them. The circular model resists defining sexual responseas an either-or dichotomy between the physical and the psychological. Instead, it begins withthe individual in a state of sexual neutrality, who then may seek or respond to sexual stimuliand thus activate sexual arousal and desire. This pattern can feed into itself from differentstages—that is, desire can increase arousal or, just as likely, increase seeking of sexualstimuli, which further increases desire and arousal. The final aspect of the circular model is itsfocal point—psychological and physical satisfaction leading to emotional intimacy.Although Basson’s model was originally proposed to address traditional shortcomings relatedto female sexual experience, its major elements can be applied to either sex. The modelprovides a means to account for individuals who either have or lack spontaneous sexualdesire by demonstrating multiple ways as to how desire feeds into the stimuli-arousal loop.The circular model is not so much a rejection of the existing models as it is a combination ofan elaborated traditional model with greater recognition of the importance of the emotionaland relational aspects inherent in partnered sexual response.See alsoSexual Desire; Sexual Dysfunction; Sexual Dysfunction: Epidemiology; SexualDysfunction: Gender and Sex Differences; Sexual Dysfunction: Social FactorsDavid L. Rowlandand Brittany R. Gutierrezhttp://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483365817.n68410.4135/9781483365817.n684Further ReadingsBasson, R. (2001). Human sex-response cycles. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 27, 33–43.Levin, R. (2008). Critically revisiting aspects of the human sexual response cycle of Mastersand Johnson: Correcting errors and suggesting modifications. Sexual and RelationshipTherapy, 23(4), 393–399.Masters, W., & Johnson, V. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.Meana, M. (2012). Sexual dysfunction in women: Advances in psychotherapy evidence-basedpractice (D. Wedding, Ed.). Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe.Rowland, D.,  &  Adamski, B. (2015). Epidemiology of sexual dysfunction. InternationalEncyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 21(2), 711–720.Sewell, K. (2005). The experience cycle and the sexual response cycle: Conceptualizationand application to sexual dysfunctions. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 18(1), 3–13.SAGE SAGE ReferenceContact SAGE Publications at http://www.sagepub.com.The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical PsychologyPage 4 of 4  

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