The [Lys-2-Arg-1-des(17−21)]-Endothelin-1 Peptide Retains the Specific Arg-1−Asp8 Salt Bridge but Reveals Discrepancies between NMR Data and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Abstract

The [des(17−21)]-endothelin-1 (CSH-ET) and [Lys-2-Arg-1-des(17−21)]-endothelin-1 (KR-CSH-ET) peptides, designed by removing the five-residue hydrophobic tail from the endothelin-1 (ET-1) and [Lys-2-Arg-1]-endothelin-1 (KR-ET-1) peptides, respectively, were synthesized. Previous studies on KR-ET-1 showed that, in contrast to ET-1, this engineered compound displays a pH-dependent conformational change related to the formation of a stabilizing salt bridge between the Arg-1 and Asp8 side chains. CD and NMR spectra indicate that CSH-ET and KR-CSH-ET display conformational behavior similar to those of ET-1 and KR-ET-1, respectively. The short salt bridge-stabilized KR-CSH-ET peptide therefore appears to be an attractive elementary scaffold for drug design. The solution structure of the salt-bridged form of KR-CSH-ET was determined by NMR at pH 4.5 and is very similar to the corresponding form of the parent KR-ET-1 peptide. Molecular dynamics simulations of the salt-bridged form of KR-CSH-ET were performed using both the GB/SA implicit solvation scheme or an explicit solvation and the particle-mesh Ewald method for long-range electrostatic calculation. Unexpectedly, the Arg-1−Asp8 salt bridge does not display in the simulation the stability that could be expected from the experimental data. The cooperative involvement of a cation−π interaction in formation of the salt bridge has been hypothesized. Difficulties in accurately simulating cation−π interactions might be responsible for the lack of stability in the simulation. At this time, however, no definitive explanation for the observed discrepancy between experiments and simulations is available, and further experimental studies appear to be necessary to fully understand in atomic detail the pH-dependent conformational change observed in the KR-ET-1 serie