The scientific literature documents the efficacy of antibacterial feed additives for weaned pigs. More recently, Feeding therapeutic levels of supplemental zinc (Zn) from zinc oxide (ZnO) stimulated voluntary feed intake and weight gain of young pigs. Over the last decade, research demonstrated that swine diets contianing sub-therapeutic levels of various antibiotics combined with pharmacological levels of copper (Cu) resulted in better performance than when either ingredient was provided individually. In 1982, an additive improvement in performance was found when a sub-therapeutic level (55 mg/kg) of carbodox (CARB) and high level of Cu (125 mg/kg) were provided in combination in a corn-soybean meal diet. The interactive effects of Cu from copper sulfate (CuSO4) and Zn from ZnO in diets for weanling pigs on performance have been evaluated, and the use of 3000 mg/kg Zn alone provided greater performance than the use of both Cu and Zn. Because Cu and Zn have independent biological growth promoting properies, it is necessary to determine if swine diets containing an antimicrobial agent in combination with 3000 mg/kg Zn as ZnO may result in better performance than when either is provided individually. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the additive effects of 3000 mg/kg Zn as ZnO and CARB on weaned pig performance and (2) to evaluate whether simple nursery diets containing Zn as ZnO support performance that is similar to complex (phase I and phase II) nursery diets

Hamilton, C.R.

Lee, D.Y.

Libal, G.W.

Peters, D.N.

English

Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange

South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeSouth Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001 Animal Science Field Day Proceedings andResearch Reports2002Effect of Diet Complexity and the Additive Effectof Pharmacological Levels of ZnO and Carbadoxon the Performance of Weaned PigsD.Y. LeeSouth Dakota State UniversityG.W. LibalSouth Dakota State UniversityC.R. HamiltonSouth Dakota State UniversityD.N. PetersFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_swinereport_2001Part of the Animal Sciences CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports at Open PRAIRIE: OpenPublic Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Dakota Swine Research Report,2001 by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For moreinformation, please contact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationLee, D.Y.; Libal, G.W.; Hamilton, C.R.; and Peters, D.N., "Effect of Diet Complexity and the Additive Effect of Pharmacological Levelsof ZnO and Carbadox on the Performance of Weaned Pigs" (2002). South Dakota Swine Research Report, 2001. 8.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_swinereport_2001/8i Effect of diet complexity and the additive effect of pharmacological levels of ZnO and carbadox on the performance of weaned pigs D.Y. Lee, G.W. Libal, C.R. Hamilton, and D.N. Peters Department of Animal and Range Sciences SDSU SWINE 2001 - 7 The scientific literature documents the efficacy of antibacterial feed additives for weaned pigs. More recently, feeding therapeutic levels of supplemental zinc (Zn) from zinc oxide (ZnO) stimulated voluntary feed intake and weight gain of young pigs. Over the last decade, research demonstrated that swine diets containing sub-therapeutic levels of various antibiotics combined with pharmacological levels of copper (Cu) resulted in better performance than when either ingredient was provided individually. In 1982, an additive improvement in performance was found when a sub-therapeutic level (55 mg/kg) of carbodox (CARB) and high level of Cu (125 mg/kg) were provided in combination in a corn-soybean meal diet. The interactive effects of Cu from copper sulfate (CuS04) and Zn from ZnO in diets for weanling pigs on performance have been evaluated, and the use of 3000 mg/kg Zn alone provided greater performance than the use of both Cu and Zn. Because Cu and Zn have independent biological growth promoting properties, it is necessary to determine if swine diets containing an antimicrobial agent in combination· with 3000 mg/kg Zn as ZnO may result in better performance than when either is provided individually. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the additive effects of 3000 mg/kg Zn as ZnO and GARB on weaned pig performance and (2) to evaluate whether simple nursery diets containing Zn as ZnO support performance that is similar to complex (phase I and phase II) nursery diets. (Key Words: Weaned pigs, Diet complexity, Zinc oxide, carbadox.) Experimental Procedure One hundred twenty crossbred pigs averaging 7.90 kg were weaned between 21 and 28 days of age and allotted on the basis of 38 weight, sex, and ancestry to dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were six dietary treatments replicated in four weight blocks with five pigs per pen. Four of the six dietary treatments were simple diets (Table 1) containing corn, soybean meal, 1 % soybean oil, and 20% dried edible whey with O or 3000 mg/kg Zn as ZnO and O or 55 mg/kg GARB arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial. These diets were fed for the entire 28 day period. The two additional treatments were complex diets (Table 2) fed in a phase I-phase II sequence as reference diets in making comparisons with simple diets. These two diets included O or 55 mg/kg CARB. The complex diet fed during phase I (first 14 days) contained corn, soybean meal, 1 % soybean oil, 20% dried edible whey, 10% lactose, and 6% spray-dried porcine plasma. The complex diet fed during phase II (last 14 days) contained corn, soybean meal, 1 % soybean oil, 20% dried edible whey, and 2% blood meal. Dietary treatments were: • Simple diet • Simple diet with 3000 mg/kg added Zn from ZnO • Simple diet with 55 mg/kg GARB • Simple diet with 3000 mg/kg added Zn from ZnO and with 55 mg/kg CARB • Complex diets • Complex diets with 55 mg/kg GARB. Simple and phase I diets were formulated to provide 1.40% lysine. Phase II diets were formulated to provide 1.20% lysine. All diets contained at least 100 mg/kg added Zn. Levels of all essential dietary nutrients in the experimental diets were at or greater than NRC (1988) nutrient requirements. Calculated and chemically determined nutrient content of experimental diets is shown in Table 3. Pigs were weaned in two groups each providing 60 pigs, which were placed in two TABLE 1 .. COMPOSITION OF SIMPLE DIETS WITH AND WITHOUT ZINC OXIDE AND/OR CARBADOX, % Added Zn, mg/kg O 3000 0 3000 55 4 Added CARB, mg/kg O O 55 lngredientsrrreatments . 1 2 3 Ground com 43.05 42.63 42.57 42.15 33.58 20.00 Soybean meal, 44% 33.34 33.34 33.58 Edible dried whey 20.00 20.00 20.00 Soybean oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.15 .69 .25 .25 .17 .20 .14 .42 Dicalcium phosphate 1.14 1.14 1.15 Limestone . 70 . 70 .69 Salt .25 .25 .25 Carbadoxab O O .25 L-lysine Her• .18 .18 .17 DL-methionine• .20 .20 .20 Premixbc .14 .14 .14 Zinc oxide"d O .42 0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 _•2.2% carbadox (Mecadox® premix-10) produced by Pfizer, New York, NY 10017. "Premixed with ground corn before adding with macro ingredients. Ground corn added to give a IQlal inclusion rate of 1 % . 'Premix provided the following per kg of diet: 100 mg Zn, 75 mg Fe, 25 mg Mn, 7.5 mg Cu, 175 :g I, 300 :g Se, 16.5 IU vitamin E, 3.3 mg riboflavin, 17.6 mg niacin, 13.2 :g vitamin 812, 2.2 mg vitamin K3, 13.2 mg·pantothenic acid, 3960 IU vitamin A, and 396 IU vitamin D3. dzinc oxide (72% Zn) manufactured by Zinc National, SA nursery rooms at the South Dakota State University Swine Research Center. Pigs were housed in 1.2 m x 1.2 m raised pens equipped with either Tri-bar metal or vinyl floors and provided with one stainless steel self-feeder and one stainless s_teel nipple waterer. Nursery temperatures were maintained within the range of thermoneutrality in the mechanically ventilated nursery rooms starting at 30°C and decreased 2°C each week. A 24-hour constant light schedule was maintained. Pig weight, feed consumption, and feed wastage were measured weekly. Feed samples collected during the experimental period were pooled by diet and analyzed for crude protein, Ca, P, Zn, and lysine. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design. The statistical models included the effects of block, Zn, CARB, and Zn x CARB interaction for the 2 x 2 factorial and the effects of room, replication, treatment, room x treatment interaction,.and replication x treatment interaction for the analysis of the six treatments. Pen was the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were created to compare means for 39 simple diets and complex diets and feed additives. Results Main effect" means for gain, feed intake and wastage, and gain/feed are shown in Table 4. There was no Zn by CARB interaction (P>.10) for any period studied. For the initial 7-day (P<.05), 14-day (P<.01 ), and overall 28-day (P<.01) periods, pigs fed simple diets with 3000 mg/kg added Zn as ZnO had greater gains than those fed the simple diets without added Zn. There was no response to added Zn from day 15 to 28 (P>.10). Carbadox improved ADG from day 1 i;i to 28 (P<.10) and overall (P<.05), but did not affect ADG for other periods (P> .10). Feed intake was unaffected (P>.10) by added Zn or CARB during the initial 7 days. Pigs fed simple diets with 3000 mg/kg added Zn had greater (P<.05) ADFI than those fed simple diets without added Zn for the first 14-day, last 14-day, and the overall 28-day periods. Adding CARB to the simple diet had no effect (P>.10) on ADFI from day Oto 7 and day O to 14 but increased (P<.05) ADFI from day 15 to 28 and overall. Feed wastage was TABLE 2. COMPOSITION OF COMPLEX DIETS WITH OR WITHOUT CARBADOX, % · Phase I diets Added Zn, mg/kg Added CARB, mg/kg lngredientsfTreatments 0 0 5 Ground corn 39.12 Soybean meal, 44% 21.19 Edible dried whey 20,00 Plasma, spray-dried" 6.00 Blood meal, spray-dried" 0 Lactose0 10.00 Soybean oil 1.00 Dicalci11m phosphate 1.25 Limestone .71 Salt .25 Carbadox•• o L-lysine HCI" .17 DL-methionine• .17 Premixc1 __J_1 Total 100.0 0 55 6 38.64 21.43 20.00 6.00 0 10.00 1.00·. 1.26 .70 .25 .25 .16 .17 --1.1 100.0 Phase II diets .. 0 0 5 53.16 21.19 20.00 0 2.00 0 1.00 1.45 .60 .25 0 .15 .06 --1.1 100.0 0 55 6 52.68 21.42 20.00 0 2.00 0 1.00 1.45 .60 .25 .25 .15 .06 ~ 100.0 "Porcine plasma 780 produced by NutriBasics. •spray-dried blood meal produced by NutriBasics. 0Lactose manufactured by Davisco International, Inc. •2.2% carbadox (Mecadox® premix-10) produced by Pfizer, New York, NY, 10017. "Premixed with ground corn before adding with macro ingredients to inclusion rate of 1 %. 'Premix provided the following per kg of diet: 100 mg Zn, 75 mg Fe, 25.mg Mn, 7.5 mg Cu, 175 :g I, 300 :g Se, 16.5 IU vitamin E, 3.3 mg riboflavin, 17.6-mg niacin, 13.2:g vitamin 812, 2.2 mg vitamin K3, 13.2 mg pantothenic acid, 3960 IU vitamin A, and 396 IU vitamin 0 3 . TABLE 3. NUTRIENT CONTENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS (AS FED). Added Zn, mg/kg Added CARB, mg/kg NutrienUTreatment Calculated Crude protein, % Calcium,% Phosphorus, % Lysine,% Zinc, mg/kg Chemically determined Crude protein, % Calcium,% Phosphorus, % Lysine,% 0 0 1 21.00 .80 .70 1.40 125 20.72 .66 .68 1.26 Simple diets 3000 0 0 55 2 3 20.96 .80 .70 1.40 3125 20.37 .72 .69 1.38 21.00 .80 .70 1.40 125 21.01 .. 71 .68 1.41 unaffected (P>.10) by added ZnO or CARB during any period. For the initial 7-day (P<.05) and 14-day (P.10) periods, adding Zn to simple diets improved feed efficiency over simple diets without added Zn but decreased (P<.05) feed efficiency from day 15 to 28. Added Zn had no 40 3000 55 4 20.96 .80 .70 1.40 3125 19.72 .63 .65 1.40 Phase I diets 0 0 0 55 5 6 19.96 .80 .70 1.40 125 20.00 .80 .70 1.40 125 19.85 19.74 .71 .73 .67 .72 1.39 1.36 Phase II diets 0 0 0 55 5 6 18.20 .80 .71 1.20 125 17.12 .70 .65 1.03 18.20 .80 .71 1.20 125 17.43 .73 .69 1.03 effect (P> .10) on gain/feed for the overall period. There was no CARB effect (P> .10) on feed efficiency. Gain, feed intake and wastage, and gain/feed for the six treatments are shown in TABLE 4. EFFECT OF Zn ADDED AS ZnO AND CARBADOX ADDITIONS TO SIMPLE DIETS ON WEANED PIG PERFORMANCE ~MAIN EFFECT MEANSt Zn, mlJ!k!;J Carbadox, m!;Jlk!;J Item 0 3000 0 55 ±SDb Avg daily ~ain, glday Day0to7 44 93 - 57 80 42 Day Oto 14° 153 276 194 234 57 Day 15 to 281 530 563 524 569 48 Overalleg 341 419 359 402 33 Avg daily feed intake, glday Day0to7 107 127 112 121 25 Day Oto 14° 203 319 243 278 47 Day 15 to 28°• 775 902 784 893 63 Overarr•• 489 610 514 586 45 Avg daily feed wastage, glday Day Oto 7 7 11 10 9 5 DayO to 14 16 22 17 21 9 Day 15 to 28 42 41 34 49 17 Overall 29 31 26 35 11 Gain/feed Day Oto 7° .39 .72 .49 .62 .22 Day Oto 14° .75 .86 .77 .84 .11 Day 15 to 20• .69 .63 .67 .64 .04 Overall .70 .69 .70 .69 .03 •No added Zn x carbadox interaction (P> .10 ). bStandard deviation: each diet was replicated in four pens of five pigs, one pen removed day O to 7. 0P< .10, 0 P<.05, 0 P<.01 ZnO effect. 1P< .10, 9P<.05, •P<.1 O carbadox effect. Table 5. Pigs fed the simple diet with pharmacological Zn and the simple diet with pharmacological Zn and GARB had lower {P<.06) ADG than pigs fed phase I diets from day O to 7 and similar {P>.10) ADG to pigs fed phase I diets during the initial 14 days. Adding 3000 mg/kg Zn to the simple diet resulted in greater (P<.05) ADG than feeding the phase II diet during day 15 to 28. Over the entire 28-day period, pigs fed the simple diet with added Zn had ADG that was similar {P>.10) to pigs fed complex diets. Pigs fed the simple diet with pharmacological Zn or the simple diet with pharmacological Zn and CARB had ADFI that were similar {P>.10) to pigs fed the phase I diet from day O to 7 and day O to 14 and greater {P<.10) than those fed the "phase II diet from day 15 to 28. Over the entire 28-day period, pigs fed the simple diet with added Zn or the simple diet with added Zn and added CARB had similar {P>.10) ADFI to those fed complex diets. Pigs fed the simple diet with pharmacological Zn or the simple diet with pharmacological Zn and CARB had feed wastage that was greater {P<.05) than those fed the phase I diet from day O to 14 but similar (P>.10) to pigs fed the 41 complex diets from day O to 7, day 15 to 28, .and overall. For each period, pigs fed the simple diets with added Zn and CARB had similar (P>.10) gain/feed ratios to pigs fed the complex diets. No additive effects of CARB to diets with ZnO were observed. However, there were additive effects of Znd to the diet that contained CARB for ADG for day Oto 14 {P<.10) and for gain/feed for day O to 7 {P<.05). Zinc supplied at 3000 mg/kg as ZnO provided maximum performance. These results would appear to be different from the equal performance of pigs fed copper and CARB individually and the greater additive resporise observed when both were included. Performance of pigs fed simple diets that included ZnO or ZnO and CARB was equal to performance of pigs fed complex diets for the 28-day trial. In this trial, simple diets including 3000 mg/kg Zn supplied as ZnO provided for feed intake and pig growth at the same level as complex diets containing more expensive feed ingredients. TABLE 5. EFFECTS OF DIET TYPE AND ADDITIVES ON PIG PERFORMANCE Simple diets Complex diets Added Zn, mg/kg Added GARB, mg/kg ltemrr reatments 0 0 1 3000 0 3000 55 4 0 0 0 55 0 55 2 3 5 6 ±SD" Avg daily ~ain. q/day DayO to 7 Day Oto 14•' Day 15 to 28"' Overall" Avg daily feed intake, g/day Day0to7 Day o to 14•• Day 15 to 28b• Overall" Avg daily feed wastage. g/day Day0to7 DayO to 14b Day 15 to 28 Overall Gain/feed 43 120 495 308 108 180 695 437 8 16 36 26 71 268 552 410 117 306 873 590 11 19 32 25 45 185 564 375 105 225. 856 540 6 16 48, 32 116 283 574 428 147 332 931 631 12 25 50 38 129 227 444 335 143 281 727 504 5 9 30 20 193 336 539 438 197 364 8.74 519 8 14 43 28 60 64 37 45 41 54 89 69 5 8 17 10 Day Oto 7°9 .37 .60 .40 .70 .90 .98 .22 Day Oto 14° .66 .87 .83 .85 .80 .93 .07 Day 15 to 28• .71 ,64 .66 .62 .61 .62 .05 Overall .70 .70 .70 .68 .67 .71 .02 "Standard deviation: each treatment was replicated in four pens of five pigs, one pen removed day O to 7. Orthogonal contrasts: bP<.10, 0P<.01, treatments 2 and 4 vs treatments 5 and 6 (simple diets with ZnO vs complex diets). •P<.05, 0P<.01, treatment 1 vs treatments 2, 3, and 4 (within simple diets, no additive vs additive). 'P<.10, 9P<.05, treatment 3 vs 4 (within simple diets, additive effect of ZnO to GARB). "P<.10, treatment 2 vs 3 (within simple diets, ZnO vs CARS). Treatment 2 vs 4 (within simple diets, additive effect of GARB to ZnO). Summary One hundred twenty crossbred pigs (7 .90 kg) were weaned between 21 and 28 days of age and allotted to six dietary treatments (randomized complete block design) replicated in four weight blocks with five pigs per pen. Four of the six dietary treatments were simple diets containing corn, soybean meal, 1 % soybean oil, and 20% dried edible whey with O or 3000 mg/kg Zn as ZnO and O or 55 mg/kg CARS arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial. The two additional treatments were complex diets with O or 55 mg/kg CARS fed in a phase I-phase II sequence as reference diets for making comparisons with simple diets. for the 4-week trial. All diets contained at least 100 mg/kg added Zn. There were no Zn by GARB interactions for any period studied. For the initial 7-day, 14-day, and overall 28-day periods, pigs fed simple diets 42 with 3000 mg/kg added Zn as ZnO had greater ADFI and ADG than those fed simple diets without added Zn. For the initial 7-day and 14-day periods, adding Zn to simple diets resulted in greater feed efficiency than when simple diets without added Zn were provided but poorer .feed efficiency from day 15 to 28. Carbadox improved ADG and increased ADFI from day 15 to 28 and overall. Pigs fed the simple diet with pha~macological Zn and the simple diet with pharmacological Zn and CARS had lower ADG and similar ADFI from day O to 7 to pigs fed the complex diets. ADG and ADFI were similar during the initial 14 days and greater during day 15 to 28 for pigs fed the simple diets with added Zn. Feed wastage was greater for pigs fed simple diets than those fed the phase I diet from day Oto 14 but similar to those fed the complex diets from day O to 7, day 15 to 28, and overall. Pigs fed the simple diets with added Zn had similar gain/feed ratios to pigs fed the complex diets. Overall, pigs fed the simple diet with added Zn had ADG, feed intake, and gain/feed that were similar to pigs fed complex diets. Implications Addition of GARB (55 mg/kg) or Zn (3000 mg/kg) supplied as ZnO increased gain and feed intake of weaned pigs fed simple diets consisting of corn, soybean meal, 1 % soybean 43 oil, and 20% dried edible whey. While the efficacy. of each additive was demonstrated, no evidence for an additive effect of GARB over the response to ZnO was observed. Maximum performance was obtained when Zn was supplied with or without GARB. Inclusion of 3000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO to simple diets provided for feed intake, gain, and feed efficiency similar to that obtained with complex diets consisting of more expensive ingredients. This suggests that more economical diets might be fed during the early growth stages of weaned pigs as long as ZnO is included at pharmacological levels. 

Effect of Diet Complexity and the Additive Effect of Pharmacological
Levels of ZnO and Carbadox on the Performance of Weaned Pigs

https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&amp;context=sd_swinereport_2001

Effect of Diet Complexity and the Additive Effect of Pharmacological Levels of ZnO and Carbadox on the Performance of Weaned Pigs

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