Efficiency of urea utilization may be affected by several factors. Among these are level and source of energy, level and source of protein and amount of urea in the total diet and in the supplement. Other essential nutrients in the diet should be properly balanced. There has been a tendency in recent years to use higher levels of urea than was earlier recommended. Under some conditions, urea has been satisfactory as the only supplemental protein to diets for cattle. However, consideration should be given to likely problems of palatability and potential toxicity as well as to efficiency of urea utilization

Davidson, B. E.

Embry, L. B.

English

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South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeSouth Dakota Cattle Feeders Field Day Proceedingsand Research Reports, 1972 Animal Science Reports1972Sulfur and Methionine Supplementation WithUrea for Feedlot CattleB. E. DavidsonSouth Dakota State UniversityL. B. EmbrySouth Dakota State UniversityFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_cattlefeed_1972Part of the Animal Sciences CommonsThis Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Reports at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Dakota Cattle Feeders Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports,1972 by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For moreinformation, please contact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationDavidson, B. E. and Embry, L. B., "Sulfur and Methionine Supplementation With Urea for Feedlot Cattle" (1972). South Dakota CattleFeeders Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports, 1972. Paper 10.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_cattlefeed_1972/10S outh Dako t a  S ta t e  Univer s i t y  Bro okings , S out� Dako ta Dep ar tment o f  Animal S c ience Agricultural Experiment S t a t i on S ul fur and Methion ine Supp lemen t a t i on With Urea for F e e d l o t  Cat t le B .  E .  Dav i d s on and L .  B .  Embry A . S .  S e r i e s  7 2 - 2 5 E f fi c ien cy of urea u t i l iz ation may be a f f e c t e d  by several f a c t ors . Among the s e  are level an d s o ur c e  of energy , level and source of p r o t e in and amount of ure a  in the t o t a l  d i e t  and in the sup p l ement . Other e s s en t i a l  nutrients in the diet should b e  prope rly h a lance d . Th e r e  has b een a tendency in r e c ent years to use hi;;her levels  of urea than wa s earlier r e c ommended . Und er som e  c ond i t i ons , ure a  has b e en s a t i s fact ory as t h l?  only supplemental p r o te in t o  d i e t s  f o r  cat t le . However , c ons iderat ion should be given t o  like ly p r ob lems of palatab i l i ty and po ten t i a l  toxic i ty as we l l  as to e f f iciency of ure a  u t i l i za t i on .  Research on f e e d ing ure a  has been extens ive an d var i e d . �fuch in terest has b een shown in amino a c i d  sup p l emen tat ion s in c e  pro t e in nee d e d  by anina l s  i s  a need f o r  amino a c i d s . S ome expe r imen t s  have shm-m t h a t  t h e  sulfur- c ontaining amino a c i d s  are the f i r s t  l imi ting one s  when ruminan ts are fed d i e t s  wi th ur e a  furn i s h ing the maj o r  sour c e  of n i t ro gen . I t  has also b e en shown that rumen nicroorganisms are abl e  to syn th e s i z e  the sulfur-con t a in inG amin o  ac id s  when ad equa t e  s u lfur i s  p r e s en t . Sul fur c on t en t  o f  f e e d s  app e a r s  t o  h e  c l o s ely related to the prote in c on t ent . Sub s t i t u t inc urea for pre fo rmed p r o te in lowe rs th e sul fur content of d i e t s  and a supplemental sour c e  r.iay become neces sary . Tl1e obj ec tives of this exper iment were to s tudy th e e f f e c ts of s u l f ur and 1:1e th ioni::i.e hydroxy analog add i t i ons to d i e t s  when ure a  was u s e d  as the supplenen t a l  p r o t e in . A d i e t  o f  p;round ear c orn was s e l e c t e d . The grain por tion furn ished a r e l a t ively h igh c on c entrate d i e t  and th e c ob p o r t ion furni she d a low p r o t e i n  roughage . :fo i t her are cons i d e r e d  o f  h i gh qua l i t y  p r o t e in as mea s ur e d  i n  terr.is o f  amino a c i d  c on t ent in relation to req u i r enen t s  f o r  nonruminants . A l ow pr o t e in f e e ri  wa s d e s ired in order to use a sub s t an t ia l  quant i t y  o f  urea . P ro cedure s N ine ty- s ix Hereford s t e e r s  w�re used in the experiment . They received a f u l l  f e e d  of a l f a l fa-hromegras s haylage for abou t 3 weeks prior to s t a r t ing on the t r ia l . The c a t t l e  wer e  allotted into 1 2  pens of 8 each for 6 r ep li c ate d  t reatmen ts a s  f o llows : 1 .  S oybean meal control 2 .  Urea 3 .  Urea + sodinm s u l f a t e  4 .  Urea + c a l c ium sul fate 5 .  Urea + ncthionine hyd roxy analog 6 .  Urea + sod ium s u l f a t e  + methionine hyd r oxy analog Prepared for the S ix t e enth Annual C a t t le F e e d e r s  Day , O c toher 2 7 , 19 7 2 .  81 - 2 -D i e t s  c on s i s t ed o f  ground ear c orn and 2 lh . p e r  head d ai l y  of protein s up ­p l emen t . The d i e t ary treatmen t s  were provided by the prot e in supp l ements . Urea supp lemen t s  were formulated u s ing c orn grain , feed r,ra de ure a  ( 45 %  N) , l ime­s t one and d i c a l c ium phosphate to be approxima t e ly er1ual to the soyb ean meal supp lement in p r o t e in , calc ium and pho sphorus content s . Inorgan i c  su l fur , when in c luded in the ut"e a supp l emen t s , was added to provide 1 par t sulfur to 10 parts nit rogen f r om ure a . Meth ionine hydroxy analog was included in the supp lel'lent s  t o  provid e  3 grams per head d a i ly for thi s  treatmen t . Calc ium su l f a t e  and s od i um s u l f a t e  were the sources o f  sul fur . When calcium sul f a t e  was used , the cal ciun l eve l was adj u s t e d  t o  that o f  the o ther supp lemen t s  by n�duc ing the amount o f  l imes t on e  added . Chemic a l  and ingre d i en t  compos i t ions o f  the supp lemen t s  are shown in tables 1 and 2 .  Ground e ar c orn fed for the f i r s t  3 months of th e experiment wa s f i e ld harve s t e d  a t  approximately 30% mo i s tur e . I t  was ground with a hammer mi l l  a n d  s t o re d  in a n  up ri ght con c r e t e  s t ave s i l o . T h e  s i l o  was re f i l led a f ter this t ime wit h  ear corn with wa ter ad d ed t o  give a final mo i s ture c ontent o f  ab out 2 0  percent . The cat t le were fed 5 lb . per head d a i ly o f  the ear corn at the b e � inning of the exper iment . Amount o f  ear corn . o f f ered was increased by 1 lb . per h e ad d a i ly unt i l  a full feed wa s reached . Ther e a f t er , it was fed in amoun t s  t o  b e  nearly consumed by the next f e e d ing . Feed in� wa s once daily in ou t s ide , p ave d p ens wi thout acces s to shade or sh e l t e r . The experiment was termina ted a f t e r  2 2 4  days . The cat t le were not marketed unt i l  4 weeks later . Re sults are pres en t e d  on ly for we i rrh t  and feed data dur ing the 2 2 4-day experiment . Resu l t s  Res u l t s  o f  t h e  f e e d l o t  p e r formanc e  a r e  shown i n  tab l e  3 .  P e r f ornance of the s t e e r s  fed a ground ear c orn diet was good for all treatmen t s  wi th an average d ai ly gain o f  2 . 7 2 p ound s . All supp lemen t s  were calculated t o  be ison i tr ogenou s , and anp r oxina t e lv 80% of the ni t ro gen wa s f urnished hy urea in the suppler1en t s  cont a i ning th is ingre d i ­ent . Thi s amount o f  urea provided about 2 5 %  o f  t h e  t o t a l  die t ary n i t ro gen . I t  p r e sented no apparent palatab i l ity prob l ems , and we i ght ga in for the urea c on t r ci l  supp lement was about equal to that from soybean me<i l .  The sl i ght lv h i ghe r feed intake for s t eers fed the ur ea supp lemen t with ab o u t  th e sane rate o f  ga in a s  f or tho s e  f ed s oyb ean neal resu l t e d  in a s l i r� t  in crea s e  in feed r e q u i r emen ts whi ch was s t a t i s t i ca l ly s i gni f i c ant ( P < . 0 5 ) . This wou l d  ind icate tha t urea as the p r ir.:ary sup p l er.:en t a l  pro t e in to th e g r o u n d  e ar corn d i e t  did n o t  a f f e c t  weight ga in b u t  th�t i t was u t i l ized s l i rh t ly les s ef f i c i cn t lv than soyb e an meal . H i r,he s t  rates o f  ga in were ob t a i ne d  when the urc ;1 -c 0n t ;i ininr, supp l emen ts ·we re s upp lemented with calc ium sulfate or sod i um s u l f a t: I' . Th e d .i  f f e rences anoun t e d  t o  an average o f  onl y  abou t J�I, c omnarecl t o  t1 1 e  ur e a  con t ro l <:lnd were not s t a t i s t ica lly s i gn i f i c an t .  Res u l t s  on we i r, h t  ("a i n  we re e s s r>n t ia l l y  the s ar.1e for the two sulfur compound s . Feed int ake was s l i gh t ly louer when sul fur ua s adn e c1  to th e. ur!?.a s unpl ec:1en t .  This lower feed in t ake wi t h  s l ightly h i zher rate o f  gajn r e s u l t e d  in l oH�r feed requirement s  for the sulfur-s upp l emented s t eers in conT' a ri s on t o  tl1 e ure a  control ( P < . 05 ) . 8 2  - 3 -The calculated ratio of sulfur to nitrogen in the urea control diet was 1 to 19 . 1 .  The sulfur additions reduced the ratio to about 1 to 15 . 7 .  While this resulted in a more favorable ratio of sulfur , the diets might still be  considered borderline in sulfur in relation to  a ratio considered to  furnish adequate sulfur ( about 1 : 10 to 1 : 12 by some researchers ) . When methionine hydroxy analog was added to provide 3 grams per head daily with the urea supplement or with urea plus sodium sulfate , rate of gain was about the same as for steers f ed the urea control supplement . Feed consumpt ion was slightly lower than for the urea control and feed requirements were reduced slightly , being statistically signif icant (P< . 05) for the methionine plus sodium sulfate treatment . �}lllilary Urea-containing supplements with urea providing most of the supplemental protein and about 25% of the total dietary nitrogen to a ground ear corn diet for finishing steers resulted in about the same rate of gain as was obtained from soybean meal . Feed intake was slightly greater for the urea supplement resulting in slightly higher feed requirements . Results indicate that the urea had no effect on weight gain in comparison to soybean meal but that it was used less efficiently . Additions of sulfur as calcium sulfate or sodium sulfate to furnish 1 part sulfur to 10 parts of nitrogen from the urea resulted in slightly higher (not statistically significant) weight gains . The improvement amounted to only about 3 percent . Feed intake was slightly lower when sulfur was added and there was an improvement in feed efficiency in comparison to the urea contro l .  The two sources of sulfur appeared to be  about equal . No improvement in rate of gain resulted from adding methionine hydroxy analog to the urea diets , either with or without added sulfur . There was a slight reduction in feed requirements in comparison to the urea control , being lower (F< . 05 )  for methionine plus sulfur . While effects of sulfur supplementation to the urea diet were quite  small in the experiment , the results were consistent . Diets apparently were not seriously deficient in sulfur before supplementation and large improvements probably should not b e  expected . Because of the apparent close relationship between sulfur and nitrogen contents of feeds and requirements of cattle , it would appear that sulfur supplementation is advisable when urea is substituted for preformed protein . 8 3  Table 1 .  Chemical Compos ition of Ear Corn and Protein Supplements (Moisture-Free Basis) Urea + Urea Urea sodium Ground + + Urea sulfate ear Soybean Urea sodium calcium + + corn control control sulfate sulfate MH.Aa MHAa % % % % % % % Protein 9 . 25 40 . 84 42 . 96 40 . 19 43 . 21 43 . 19 42 . 44 Calcium 0 . 012 4 . 79 4 . 00 3 .-24 4 . 68 3 . 78 3 . 46 co Phosphorus 0 . 28 0 . 54 0 . 67 0 . 24 0 . 67 0 . 69 0 . 58 � + Sulfur 0 . 092 0 . 318 0 . 143 0 . 789 0 . 602 0 . 189 0 . 866 I Calculated nitrogen to 16 . 29 20 . 5 3 48 . 04 8 . 15 11 . 48 36 . 56 7 . 84 sulfur ratio aMethionine hydroxy analog . co 01 Table 2 .  Ingredient Composition of Supplements for Experiment Soybean Urea Ingredient control control 7. % Soybean meal 85 . 5 3 Ground corn -- 72 . 93 Urea ( 281%) -- 11 . 10 Limestone 8 . 80 8 . 30 Trace mineral salt 5 . 00 5 . 00 Dicalcium phosphate 2 . 00 --Antib iotic premixb 0 . 35 0 . 35 Diethylstilbestrol premixc 0 . 25 0 . 25 Vitamin A premixd 0 . 07 0 . 07 Sodium sulfate -- --Calcium sulfate -- --Methionine hydroxy analog -- --aMethionine hydroxy analog .  bchlortetracycline at 35 mg . per pound of supplement .  cDiethylstilbestrol at 5 mg . per pound of supplement . d10 , ooo I . U .  vitamin A per pound of supplement . T�pe of suE2lement Urea Urea + + sodium calcium sulfate sulfate % % 70 . 7 3 71 . 53 11 . 10 11 . 10 8 . 30 6 . 70 5 . 00 5 . 00 2 . 00 2 . 00 0 . 35 0 . 35 0 . 25 0 . 25 0 . 07 0 . 07 2 . 20 ---- 3 . 00 -- --Urea + sodium Urea sulfate + + MHAa MHAa % % 72 . 60 70 . 40 11 . 10 11 . 10 8 . 30 8 . 30 5 . 00 5 . 00 1.11 2 . 00 2 . 00 0 . 35 0 . 35 0 . 25 0 . 25 0 . 07 0 . 07 -- 2 . 20 0 . 33 0 . 33 00 Ul Table 2 .  Ingredient Composition o f  Supplements for Experiment S oyb ean Ing_!'_edi._ent__ _ control S oybean meal Ground corn Urea ( 281%) Limestone Trace mineral salt Dicalc ium phosphate Ant ib iotic premixb Diethylst ilbes trol premixc Vitamin A premixd S odium sulfate Calcium sulfate Methionine hydroxy analog % 85 . 5 3 8 . 80 5 . 00 0 . 35 0 . 25 0 . 0 7  Urea control % 72 . 93 11 . 10 8 . 30 5 . 00 2 . 00 0 . 35 0 . 25 0 . 07 aMethionine hydroxy analog . bchlor tetracycl ine at 35 mg . per pound of supp lement . cn iethylstilbestro l  at 5 mg . per pound of supplement . d10 , ooo r . u .  vitamin A per pound of supp lemen t . Type of supplement Urea Urea + + sod ium calcium sulfate sulfate % % - - -70 . 7 3 71 . 53 11 . 10 11 . 10 8 . 30 6 . 70 5 . 00 5 . 00 2 . 00 2 . 00 0 . 35 0 . 35 0 . 25 0 . 25 0 . 07 0 . 07 2 . 20 3 . 00 Urea + MHAa % --72 . 60 11 . 10 8 . 30 5 . 00 2 . 00 0 . 35 0 . 25 0 . 0 7  0 . 3 3 Urea + sodium sulfate + MHAa % 70 . 40 11 . 10 8 . 30 5 . 00 2 . 00 0 . 35 0 . 25 0 . 07 2 . 20 0 . 33 ll1 co (J"l Table 3 .  Sulfur and Methionine Supplementation With Urea for Feedlot Cat tle (February 17 to September 29 , 19 71 - 224 Days) Ty�e of su22lement Urea Urea + + Urea Soybean Urea sodium calcium + Item control control sulfate sulfate MHAa Number of steers 16 15 15 16 16 Initial shrunk wt . ,  lb . 484 486 480 490 487 Final shrunk wt . , lb . 1092 1091 1099 1112 1089 Avg . daily gain , lb . 2 .  71  2 . 70 2 . 76 2 . 78 2 . 69 Avg . daily feed , lb . Ground ear corn 20 . 7  21 . 4  20 . 7 20 . 6  20 . 7  Protein supplement 2 . 0  2 . 0  2 . 0  2 . 0  2 . 0  Total 22 . 7  23 . 4  221)7 22 . 6  22 . 7  Feed per 100 lb . gain , lb . 335b 865 823 s14c 844 aMethionine hydroxy analog . bSignificantly different (P< . 05 )  from urea control . cSignificantly different (P< . 01 )  from urea control . Urea + sodium sulfate + MHAa 16 484 1084 2 . 68 20 . 3  2 . 0  °' 22f, 3 834 

Sulfur and Methionine Supplementation With Urea for Feedlot Cattle

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Sulfur and Methionine Supplementation With Urea for Feedlot Cattle

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