The word  by-product  is applied to a class of substances which during the process of manufacture at the mills and factories remain after the more valuable materials have been extracted. There are several kinds of these by-products in the market for sale as feeding stuffs, such as gluten meal, cottonseed Meal, oil meal, tankage, blood meal, bran, etc., and some have boon found to be of great value Lo the stockman when fed in conjunction with our commonly grown grains. They are valuable for feeding purposes because they contain, in abundance, the protein or nitrogenous part of a feed so necessary for the growth of the animal

Skinner, H.G.

Wilson, J.W.

English

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South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeBulletins SDSU Agricultural Experiment Station2-1905Tankage and Other By-Products for Pigs. ShrunkenWheat for Swine.J.W. WilsonSouth Dakota Agricultural CollegeH.G. SkinnerSouth Dakota Agricultural CollegeFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletinsThis Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the SDSU Agricultural Experiment Station at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research AccessInstitutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE:Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationWilson, J.W. and Skinner, H.G., "Tankage and Other By-Products for Pigs. Shrunken Wheat for Swine." (1905). Bulletins. Paper 90.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins/90BULLETIN 90 FEBl{UARY, 1905 SOUTH DAKOTA _AGRICULTU�AL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT STATION BROOKINGS, SOUTH DAKOTA T ankage and Other By-Products for Pigs. Shrunken Wheat for Swine. DEPARJMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBAND�Y. GOVERNING BOAR.D BOARD OF REGENTS Hon. I. W. Goodner, President ................. Pierre, S. D. Hon. F. A. Spafford .. . .. . . . . . . . ............ Flandreau, S. D. Hon. R. M. Slocum ....................... .... Herreid, S. D. Hon. A. W. Burtt .. ........ ........ ...... ..... Huron, S. D .  Hon. M. F. Greeley .. . . . . . . . . . .................. Gary, S. D.  Hon. I. D. Aldrich (Secretary of Regents) .... Big �tone, S. D. STATION COUNCIL R. M. Slocum ................................ Regent Member F. A. Spafford.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regent Member James Chalmers, PrcsidenL of the College. James W. Wilson, Director and Professor of Anima,l Hus-bandry. E .  0. Chilcott, Vice-Di1·ector ...................... Agronomist .James H. Shepard ................................... Ch<"mi st N. E. Hansen .............. .................... Horticulturist W. A. Wheeler .................... Botanist and Entomologist E. L. Moore ...... .... ............. Veterinarian and Zoologist R. A. Larson....... . . . . . . . . ....... Secretary and Accountant ASSISTANTS A. B. Holm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Soil Physics H. G. Skinner ............................ Anima,1 Husbandry Frank Norton .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. Chemistry William Wes I, ............. ........................ Agronomy Adolph Morlock ........ .... ............. .. ...... Horticulture T. B. Kelly ...................... .............. Stenographer Any farmer of the state can ha,ve the Bulletins of this Station free upon application to the Director. T ankage and _Other By-Products for Pigs. JAMES vV. WlLSON. H. G. SKINNER. The word "by-product" is applied to a class of substances which during the process of manufacture at the mills and fac­tories remain after the more v,Lluable materials have been ex­tI·acted. There are several kinds of these by-products in the market for salo as feeding st�Jfs, such as glut.en meal, cotton­seed me�Ll. oil meal, tankage, blood meal. bra,n, etc., and some have boon found to be of great value Lo the stockman when fed in conjunction with 0ur commonly grown grains. They are valuable for feeding purposes beca,use Lhey contain, in abun· dance, the proLein or nitrogeneous p,· Lrt of a feed so necessary for the growth of the animal. Young animals which have been fed on a ration consist,ing of corn or barley, both highly carbonaceous, never become as largo and vigorous as those fed on a raii.on containing both protein and carbohydrates: or roughly speaking, the flesh­forming and fat-forming elements. As early maturity is highly desfrable in all live-stock mar­kets the necessity of adding a feed of this nature for the devel­opment of the framework of the body is very evident. Breeders of pure-bred swine. whose object it is to improve the quality of their ·herds from year to year, cannot afford· to feed their pigs on a ration that is of a highly carbonaceous nature, as this kind 01' a feed is deleterious to the health and general usefulness of the animal as a breeder. Disease would not be so prevalent among swine in some sections of the country if more attention were given to the character of the feed. 4 Skim milk may be considered a by-product on the farm, and for growing pigs it is doubtful wh"!ther there is any other feed quite so good to feed with the carbonaceous grains. This experiment shows its value. But skim milk is not always avail­able. Ground flax is also valuable for a pig feed but can hardly be considered in the same list as the by-products aforemen­tioned; however, Lhe effect of a small quantity raixed with the daily feed is soon noticeable. This ex1Jeriment was undertaken in order to determine the relative feeding value for pigs of tankage, blood meal. linseed meal, ground flax, a,nd skim milk when fed with ground barley as a basal grain ration. It was also desirable to determine t,he value of rape a,s a pasture for pigs when receiving all LhH grain they would eat; and further, to note the practicability of feeding these by-products with grain when the pigs were on rape pasture. 'I'he rape was sowed the latter part of May and was about 18 inches high at the beginning of the experiment. It was divided into six different lots containing about one-fourth acre each. A dry lot of equal size was also provided to serve as a check lot with the one receiving rape. Lot II, or the one th1:�t was receiving barley and rape, was the check lot for the lots receiving barley, the by-products, and rape pasture. On October fifth forty-two head of pigs of April a.nd May farrow were divided into seven lots of six head each. making them as uniform as to size and breed as possible, n,ntl weighed up for the experiment. Representatives of four different breeds and two cross breeds were included as shown by the tables of weights and gains. Lot I received ground barley; 101, II ground barley and rape pasture; lot III ground barley and blood meal mixed in the proportion of nine pounds of the forme1· •.,o one of the ]al ­ter, and rape; lot IV groun<l barley, tankage mixed in the pro­portion of six pounds of the former to one of the latter, and rape; lot V ground barley, oil meal mixed in the proportion of five pounds of the former to one of the latter, and rape; lot VI ground barley and skim milk, fed in the proportion of one pound of the former to three of tlHi latter, and rape; lot VII I ground barley and ground flax mixed in the proport,ion of nine pounds of the former to one of the latter, and rape. Each lot was fed morning and evening all they would eat of Lhese feed1 and had access to salt and soh coal at all times. 'I'here was one pig in lot VII that died during the test on ,ic­count of an abscess in the lung but otherwise the lots w0rc hec�lthy during the Pntire feeding period. 'I'he following ·were the local nmrket prices of the feeds use<l in the experiment: Ground barley, thirty-four cents per tlfLy pouuds. Flax, one.dollai· per bushel. 'I'ankage. forty dollars per ton. Blood meal, fifty-four dollars per ton. Oil meal, thirty-two dollars per ton. Skim milk, fifteen cents per hundred. These pigs had access to small houses in the rape pasture until cold weather, or December first, when'. they were brought to the barn and fed the same grain ration as before; except lot II which received a small allowance of beets daily. The gains, however, were not as good in any of the lots after their quar­ters were changed as when on the rape pasture, and with the lot that re�eived barley and beets the ga ,in wa,s no larger Lhan with the lot that received barley alone. TABLES OF WE IGHTS AND GAINS. LO'l' I. l.lAH:LEY. -NO. URE ED 001'. 5 NOV.2 -- - ---581 Duroc-J ersey .. . . . . 84 trn a82 Poland China ....... 10-.2 120 265 Yorkshire .. , ....... 10-l I Vi fili74 Berkshire Cross ..... 110 145 4223 .Berkshire Cross ..... 108 148 HOO Yorkshire .......... 77 100 Gain ..................... - - -. . . . . .  201 AvGrage gai11 per head .... ...... 33 DE(.). l --1�4 145 1!;14 18ti HJ2 131 21C ;Ji; EC. 2.8 D• uAIN 180 !16 18.l 80 226 122 217 107 2:lO 122 rn2 85 �1--6�12 32 102 ' , LOT 11. llAltLEYJAND t·:Al'E. NO. :-isso Poland Chi11a....... JOO 130 mo l!JI I \ll 50!.l Ourvc-,Jersey .. . . . . . 101 142 188 222 118 225 Yorkshire........... 105 (,Iii 188 215 110 u45 Berkshire Cross... . . !13 J 31 ll>7 2, 11 108 00160 Yorkshire.......... 118 156 200 230 Ll2 5l2il Yorkshire.......... 97 135 178 216 IHI Gain ..... ....... .' ......... -..  -.-.. -. 223 241 � �8 Average gain per head ..... . _ _ 37 40 32 lO'J LOT 111. BARLEY, BLOOD MRAL AND RAPE. NO. l3REED OCT. 5 NOV.2 DEC. 1 DEC. 28 GAIN -- - -- --- - ---68H Yorkshire .......... 80 120 Hi8 200 120 208 Yorkshire Cross .... 110 152 l!Jj 230 120 121i Yorkshire .......... 131 187 2-17 283 152 3i7 Poland China ...... VI 132 17:i 212 121 2,l Duroc-,T ersey ...... 87 127 168 200 11:J 22 Berkshire Cross .... 123 173 204 256 133 Gain ...... - - 26V 26  �4 � . .. .... .... .. .. Average gain per head .... ...... <15 44 37 126 7 LO'l' CV. HARLRY, TANKAGE AND ltAPE. NO. BREED ---228 Chester White . . .. !lfiOl 8 Du roc-.J erse y . . .  1367 Yorkshire Cross .... 146:1 Yorkshire ...... .... 89 Berkshire Cross .... l!JI Yorkshire .......... Gain ...... ........ . . . . .... Average gain per head .... OCT. 5 - -98 !JO 128 85 I 13 00 - -. . . .  . .  . . . . .  NOV.2 - -132 Ll8 179 140 160 H2 267 44 LOT V. DEC. l DEC. 28 - - - --170 186 l86 220 23-1 275 193 220 208 · 250 200 .!38 3�0 ----ni8 53 33 BARLEY, OIL MEAL AND RAPE. I GAIN ---88 130 147 135 137 148 - -785-130 NO. BREED OCT. 5 NOY. 2 DEC. ! DEC. 28 CJAlN _ _ _ __ , ___ --- - -- - -:H3 Du roc-J ersey ... 91 J 33 l77 200 109 91i022 Berk!lbire l ·ross .... !J8 158 214 2,18 150 38i4 Chester White .. ... 92 128 173 200 108 513 Yorkshire . ..... 107 15'1 223 254 J47 -129 Yorkshire .......... J0\-1 155 203 2;!3 124 649 Berkshire Cross .. .. 108 14H 2-04 242 134 Gaiu ............... - - 272 I 317 � � Average gain per head . . .. . . . -15 I 53 ao 12!! NO. 8 LOT VL OC'L'. 5 �ov. 2 DEC. 1 DEC. 28 GAIN - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - --,I Yorkshire Cross.... l2H 1!16 2:50 2U<, 170 l·l\lni:l I llerkshi re Urust:1.... 127 J8a 240 t.77 150 HI Poland China...... liil 108 156 U.!3 120 1)33 Duroc-,J ersey..... . . 70 13 1 174 204 134 534 Chester White...... 99 .152 204 240 141 378 Yorkshire.. . . . . . . . 1 J:l 188 255 307 H14 Gain ...................... � 360 321  � �9· Average gain per bead.... . . . . . . 60 53 3 8  151 NO. --· lii2 5!1 2Hl 217 94 Gain .. LOT' V.11. BAltLEY, l•'LAX ANO ltAL'E. BHE£T> Poland China ...... Yorkshire .......... Yorkshire ....... . .. Du roe-Jersey ....... Berkshire Cross .... . . . .  . .  .... . . . .  . . . . . .  OCT. 5 --91 103 LIS 101 120 - -. . . .  . .  NOV.2 Dl:C. 1 - ---1 17  164 1'12 1!-)7 lf315 218 1, 1; 201 173 228 212 263 Average gain per bead .... . . . . . .  42 52 -- -VALUE OF RAPE. DEC. 28 GAIN --- - -195 104 232 12!1 235 l17 24.7 146 254 134 � � 3 1  12G At 1,ho close of this experiment these hogs were worth four cents per pound in the local market. From the above ta,bles i t  may be seen that the lot fed barley and rape gained forty-four pounds mbre than the lot fed b�rley without the rape. The two lots consumed practicaHy the same quantity of grain, and it required five and seventy-seven hundredths pounds of barley to produce a pound of gain in lot one, and for forty-four addi­tional pounds of gain it should have required two-hundred and fifty three and eighty-eight hundredths pounds more of barley at thirty-four cents per fifty pounds which is the value of the quarter acre of rape. 'fhe t.able of weights and gains for these two lots shows this additional gain was rnade while they were on rape pa.5ture, 9 as the gains for these two lots after bringing to the barn were the same. The following table shows the kinds of feeds fed, the num­ber of pigs at the close of the test, pounds of g1·ound barley fed, pounds of by-products fed, the proportion in which the feeds were mixed, total gain, total number of pounds of feed fed, pounds of feed per pound of gain, average gain per head daily, and the cost of producing one hundred pounds of gain fJr each lot. .. .,, .. "' ., ]- " • o  0 -.,, CQ� " .E! " . .£ '1) :0- '¢-: " "' OS .:.:: --- s_ ... 0§.: .., .. ..<1"" .. ,,, "' c� '1: t:  t) . d "  ., ..,  " :>"O "' 'O >, � �  e s;  c. al ='· ... �-- " "'  " ., "' ,n ... 'ZJ �&� ei:>. ::,;:: .. _ -�- 0 ,o :.::: "'  .. .. o"g ·- o .. - " - "'  .. 0 " 0 .. �it .., :1  . .. ::; : : c. """" P,.::Q gc: 0 :,  c, o � ::> o,  E-1 8. � -,: 0 '" - - - - - - - - - - _.,,_ Lot I Barley . . . . . . . . .  6 35�5 3'>35 614 5.17 102 3.91 Lot lI Barley and rape 6 3540 3540 658 5 38 110 3 .9"2 Lot Ill, Barley .Blood meal and 12fi I 4.46 rape . . . . . . . .  6 3282 364 9 to 1 3641) 759 4.80 Lot IV, Harley l 4 . 33, 'fankage a n d 3187 531 6 to I 37L8 785 4 .73 131 rape . . . . . . . . .  6 Lot V, Barley I Oil meal a n d  rape . . . . . . . . .  6 2978 595 5 to l 3573 772 4.62 128 I 4.o8 Lot VI, .Harley Skim M i l k  and rape . . . . .  6 S487 10161 1 to 3 13948 009 1 5 . 34  ir,1 -Uil Lot VII, Harley G r o u n d  tlax and rape . . . . . . .  5 2631 2!J2 !J to 1 2112a 630 4 .1\a 121; 3.93 .. In calculating the cost of producing one hundred pounds of gain, the rape pasture is valued at $7.0-! per acre as this was found Lo he its actual value according to the di fference in gain made by lot II and lot I at four cents per pound. rrhe difference in the cost of producing a pound of gain in the six different lots on rape pasture was 59 cents per hundred pounds. an item worthy of notice, while the difference in the average gain per head wa-, -U pounds. As;,uming that all conditions were equal for ea0h lot this 10 test indicates that for a rapid growth skim milk was unequaled, but for the cheapest gain rape and barley were the best. With the other four ·lots fed on tankage, blood meal. oil meal and ground flax there was only a difference of five pounds of gain per head during the whole experiment, but the differ· ence in the cost of producing this extra gain amounted to 54 cents ·per hundred which is also worthy of notice in pig raising. However, the lots that received the by-products consumed a larger quantity of feed and made larger gains than those fed barley and rape or barley alone. This condition may be ac­counted for from the fact that the by-products evidently served as an appetizer and increased the palatability of the different rations over that of the lots not receiving a by product. In lot III by: adding 364 pounds of blood meal, which cost $9. 82, there was a saving of 258 pounds of grain, which was worth $1. i6, and an extra gain of 101 pounds was made which at 4 cents per pound was worth $-1.04. Deductiug the latter two items from the former there was a loss of $4.02 for the lot by feeding blood meal as compared to returns from the lot fed barley and rape. In lot IV by adding 531 pounds of taukage worth _$10.62 it caused a saving of $3.06 worth 0£ grain but produced 12i pounds extra gain over lot II and was worth $5.08 which de· ducted from the extra cost renders a loss of $!2.48 for the lot. T<\nkage is a by-product from the slaughter houses and con· sists of waste meat scraps and trimmings. It is prepared by heating up the whole mass in a vat. thereby destroying all germs. The grease is then drawn off and the refuse is dried under steam heat and sold as tankage. In lo•v by adding 595 pounds of oil meal, worth $9.52, there was a saving of 562 pounds of ba,rley, worth $3.d2; and an extra gain of 114 pounds, worth $,l.56. Deducting the sum of the two latter from the former there is a loss of $1.1-:1 for the lot. In lot VI by adding 10,:161 pounds of skim milk, worth $15. 69,. Lhere was a saving of: 3:l cents worth of grain for an ex­tra gain of 251 pounds, worth $10.04. Deducting the sum of the two latter items from the former there was a loss of $5.31 as compared to lot II. Ho�·eYer, skim milk is considered on many ,farms as a waste product but for rapid gains this test 11 shows that it is unequalled. And in lot VII by adding ground flax to their barley ration there was a gain of 16 pounds per hea<l over lot IL This was the only lot receiving a mixture that made a gain cheaper than the market price of hogs. It is evident that all of these by-products are valuable for the growth of the pig and the extent to which they can be fed with profit would depend on the price of grain and the finished animal on the market. On account of the more rapid gains, breeders of pure-bred swine can afford to feed any of the by-products used in this ex­periment at  a profit but before doing so a careful study should bo made of the table of weights and gains for each lot included therein. THE VALUE · OF SHRUNKEN WHEAT . FOR FEEDING SWINE. During the past season a large per cent. of the wheat throughout the Northwest was more or less damaged by rust, thus diminishing its value for mllling purposes. This experi­ment was undertaken in order to determine the comparative value of this quality of wheat for feeding purposes. Two lots of wheat were purchased, one grading 57 an<l the other 44 pounds per bushel. Four cross-bred Yorkshi-:e and Poland China hogs were selected from the college herd, divided int,o two pens of two head each and weighed up for the experi­m ent. These hogs were of the same litter and as near uniform in every respect as possible. 'l'he feed for each lot was ground, weighed, and mixed into a thick slop before feeding. The following table shows the kind of wheat fed, number of pigs, weight at beginning, weight at end, gaio, pounds of whea,t fed, pounds of wheat per pound of gain, gain per head daily and ,·alue received per bushel, with hogs at four cents per pound, for each lot. i:: ·ea .... 0 .... 0 "O .::! :.:;; ,...., - - -57 lbwheat ---44 lbwheat 12 TABLE OF FEEDS AND GAINS . Q) ""O. � .:,,9 i:: ,,:;) Q) «l "' «l  Q) Q) ell (I) (I) (I) .cl ..c ..c: ..c: � ;tb A � ..., ·� � bO ..., .... ..... ""O «l i:: OS 0 O A en �-- """' ,n fb ::I ..... .cl A .a 't:l 'O O 0 bO A bO A A 't:l  i:: .::,.  0 ·ai "E;j, "QJ ·a :;:: .<P ;:l ;: � o""' O r..  z ::!) 0.. o..,B --- -- - ---2 448 706 258 980 3.8 -- - - - - --2 426 648· 222 939 4.2 ] .cl ... 8._t:. c·� ·a-o � 2 . 3  .63 2 .  .57 In other words, when wheat was turned into 4 cent pork, 63: cents per bushel was realized for 57 pound wheat and 5i cents for 44 pound wheat. The following analysis of the wheat v·as made by James. H. Shepard, Chemist of this Station. ANALYSES O.F WHEAT. Water .... ..... . . . . ......... .. Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . Ether Extract .......... . .... . Crude J.<'iber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . Crude Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . N-free Extract ....... ........ . AIR DRY WATER FR.EE SvBSTANOE Sl'BSTANOE 57 lb 44 lb 57 lb 44 lb. Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat 5 . 76 2 . 36 2 . 46 3.45 13. 21 72.76 6.07 2.14 2 . 84 4.93 12.01 72.01 2.5! 2 .Hl  3.66 14.01 77 .18 2 .28 3 .02 5 .25 1 2 . 79 7n.66 Total .Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . 2.32 2 . .  11 2.46 2. 2·1 Albuminoid Nitrogen 1.91 1.81 2.02 l .V2 In both of these analyses the per cent. of orude protein·tis. larger in the fifty-seven than in the forty-four pound wheat,. while the per cent. of crude fibre in the-forty-four pound "·heat is considerably larger, which condition may be auributed to the­decreased gain in the poor wheat lot on account of its incligest� ible nature. 

Tankage and Other By-Products for Pigs. Shrunken Wheat for Swine.

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Tankage and Other By-Products for Pigs. Shrunken Wheat for Swine.

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