The study reported herein was designed to determine the effect of dietary protein levels and varying levels of calcium and phosphorus on performance of early weaned pigs

Libal, George W.

Schiefelbein, Wayne E.

Wahlstrom, Richard C.

English

Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange

South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeSouth Dakota Swine Field Day Proceedings andResearch Reports, 1978 Animal Science Reports1978Effects of Dietary Protein, Calcium, andPhosphorus in Pig Starter DietsWayne E. SchiefelbeinSouth Dakota State UniversityRichard C. WahlstromGeorge W. LibalFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_swine_1978This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Reports at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Dakota Swine Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports, 1978 byan authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For moreinformation, please contact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationSchiefelbein, Wayne E.; Wahlstrom, Richard C.; and Libal, George W., "Effects of Dietary Protein, Calcium, and Phosphorus in PigStarter Diets" (1978). South Dakota Swine Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports, 1978. Paper 7.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_swine_1978/7SWIN E  DAY EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN, CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHORUS IN PIG STARTER DIETS Wayne E. Schiefelbein, Richard C. Wahlstrom, and George W. Libal Department of Animal Science Swine Section South Dakota State University A.S. Series 78-14 Gene t ic selection by the swine industry over the past 20 years has resulted in faster growing,  heavier muscled p igs . Previous research has shown that during the f irst 12 weeks of life in swine , maximum bone formation and muscle development occur . Recent research conducted at Ohio S tate Univers ity indicated that growing swine might respond to increasing dietary protein levels if both calcium and phosphorus are also correspondingly increased but maintained at approxima tely a 1 . 3:1 ratio . The study reported herein was designed to determine the effect of dietary protein levels and varying level s of calcium and phosphorus on performance of early weaned p ig s .  Experimental Procedure Three trials were conducted with 144 p igs in trial s 1 and 2 and 96 p ig s  in t rial 3 .  Pigs were weaned at an average weight of about 18 lb . and allotted to s ix treatment s in each experiment on the basis of ance stry and weight . The animals were housed in the environmentally controlled swine lab of the Animal Science Complex and the experiments conducted for 4 weeks . Corn-soy diets were ground and mixed at the Central Feed Unit and formu­lated to cont ain various levels of protein ,  calcium and phosphorus as shown in table 1 .  The protein levels were varied by altering the soybean meal : corn ratio and the various combinations of  calcium and phosphorus were ob tained us ing lime stone and dicalcium pho sphate .  Blood was collected initially and a t  termination o f  trials 1 and 2 and analyzed for serum calcium and pho sphorus . One pig from each pen in trial 2 was s acrif iced and metacarpals from the front feet extracted for bone ash analysis . Re sults Experiment _!_. Data on performance and blood analyses from exp eriment 1 are shown in table 2 .  There was a signif icant feed efficiency dif ference between protein levels ,  with p igs fed 21% protein diets being more efficient than tho se fed 18% p rotein diets . Pigs fed the higher prote in diets gained slightly f aster than tho se fed the 18% protein diets , but these dif ferences were not s ignificant . Analysis of termination serum phosphorus samples showed differences between protein levels among treatment s .  Pigs on the 18% protein diets had higher serum phosphorus concentrat ions than those on the higher protein diets . The serum phosphorus concentration from pigs receiving . 80/ . 60% Ca : P  in 21% protein diets was lower than those for all other treatments at termination . Also , p igs 2 7  - 2 -getting 1 . 30/1 . 00% Ca : P  at the 18% protein level had lower serum phosphorus concentrations than those on diets containing . 80/ . 60 or 1 . 05/ . 80% Ca:P at the s ame protein level .  Although these differences in blood phosphorus were significant , they did not appear to be related to growth performance of the pigs . Experiment 2 .  The results of pig performance and blood and bone analyses from experiment 2 are listed in table 3 .  Again , pigs fed 21% protein diets gained more ef ficiently than those fed the 18% protein diets .  There were also feed efficiency differences among treatment s in this trial . Pigs provided 1 . 00% dietary phosphorus in 21% protein diets gained more efficient ly than all groups of  pigs fed the lower protein diet . Those pigs receiving the 21% protein diet treatments at . 60 and . 80% dietary phosphorus were more efficient in feed/gain than were tho se pigs fed the diets containing . 60 or 1 . 00% phosphorus at the lower protein level . Among the 18% protein level treatment s ,  pigs fed . 60% dietary phosphorus grew more ef ficiently than tho se on 1 . 00% phosphorus . In this experiment , differences were found in both t ermination s erum calcium and phosphorus concentrations . Averaging over protein levels ,  pigs receiving diets with . 60% dietary phosphorus had higher serum calcium concen­trations than did those receiving 1 . 00% phosphorus . Among the treatments , feeding the diet containing . 60% phosphorus at the 21% protein level resulted in pigs with lower serum phosphorus concentrations than all other treatment s .  There were dif ferences observed in both bone weight and percent bone ash .  The pigs fed 18% protein diets had higher bone weight s than did tho se on the 21% protein diet s .  However ,  the higher protein diet s resulted in pigs with higher percent bone ash than those fed lower protein diets . Differences were noted in bone weights and percent bone ash among mineral levels when averaged over protein levels . Pigs receiving . 80% phosphorus in their diets had heavier bone weights and higher percent bone ash than tho se pigs receiving . 60% dietary phosphorus . Also , diets containing 1 . 00% dietary phosphorus resulted in pigs with higher percent bone ash than those pigs receiving diets with . 60% phosphorus . Some bone weight and percent bone ash differences were also observed among treatments .  Pigs provided . 80% dietary phosphorus in the 21% protein diet and 1 . 00% phosphorus in the 18% protein diet had heavier bones than those receiving . 60 or 1 . 00% phosphorus in the 21% p rotein diet and more bone ash than pigs fed either . 80% phosphorus in the 18% protein diet or 1 . 00% phosphorus in the 21% protein diet . Experiment 3 .  A summary o f  performance data from experiment 3 is presented in tab le 4 .  As in trials 1 and 2 ,  pig s  fed the higher protein diets grew more e fficiently than those on the lower protein diets .  Pigs fed the 2 2 %  protein diet required an average 1 . 47 lb . of feed/gain compared t o  1 . 65 lb . for pigs fed 18% dietary protein .  Dietary Ca:P levels of 1.00/ . 80 and 1 . 25/1. 00% resulted in pigs having more efficient gains than pigs fed diets with . 75/ . 60% Ca:P . Also , the pigs receiving 22% protein diets gained approximately 10% faster ( P< . 05 )  and consumed less feed daily than tho se pigs fed 18% protein diet s .  2 8  - 3 -Sunnnary Three trials were conducted using a total of 384 crossbred p igs to evaluate the effects of dietary protein ,  calcium and phosphorus in starter diet s . Essent ially no real dif ferences in average daily gain or average daily feed consumption were obs erved among treatments . However ,  p igs fed the higher protein and mineral treatment did gain slightly faster than those on the other treatments in all three experiments .  In experiment 3 ,  p igs fed the 22% protein diets gained significantly (P< . 05 )  faster than p igs fed 18 % protein diet s .  In all three experiment s ,  pigs fed the higher protein diets required s ignif icantly less feed/gain than tho se fed lower protein diets . The lower serum phosphorus values for the higher protein diet with lower mineral levels in both trials 1 and 2 suggest an increased dietary mineral requirement with increased protein levels . 2 9 Ingredients Corn SBOM (48%) Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Trace mineral salt Premixa Percent protein Percent calcium Percent phosphorus Corn SBOM (44%) Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Trace mineral salt Premix Percent protein Percent calcium Percent phosphorus Corn SBOM (44%) Dicalcium pho sphate Limestone Trace mineral salt Premix Percent protein Percent calcium Percent phosphorus - 4 -Table 1 .  Composition of Diets (Percent) 1 72 . 91 24 . 00 1. 15 1. 24 . 4  . 3  18 . 8  . 6  71 . 07 25 . 80 1 . 18 1 . 25 . 4  . 3  18 . 8  . 6  70 . 54 26 . 50 1 . 16 1 . 10 . 4  . 3  18 . 75 . 6 Dietary treatments 2 3 4 Experiment 1 71 . 42 24. 30 2 . 25 1 . 3 3  . 4  . 3  18 1 . 05 . 8  7 0 . 04 24 . 50 3 . 34 1 . 42 . 4  . 3  18 1 . 30 1 . 0 Experiment 2 7 0 . 44 25 . 90 2 . 26 . 7  . 4  . 3  18 . 8  . 8  69 . 7 9 26 . 00 3 . 35 . 16 . 4  . 3  18 . 8  1 . 0 Experiment 3 69 . 06 26 . 80 2 . 26 1 . 18 . 4  . 3  18 1 . 0  . 8  67 . 5 9 2 7  . 10 3 . 35 1 .  26 . 4  . 3  18 1. 25 1 . 0 65 . 45 31 . 60 1 . 00 1 . 25 . 4  . 3  21 . 8  . 6  62 . 91 34 . 10 1 . 03 1 . 26 . 4  . 3 21 . 8  . 6  59 . 31 37 . 90 . 96  1 . 13 . 4  . 3  22 . 75 . 6  5 6 3 . 96  31 . 90 2 . 10 1 . 34 . 4  . 3  21 1 . 05 . 8  62 . 26 34 . 20 2 . 12 . 72  . 4  . 3  21 . 8  . 8  5 7 . 83 38 . 20 2 . 06 1 .  21 . 4  . 3  22 1 . 0  . 8  6 62 . 47 32 . 20 3 . 19 1 . 44 . 4  . 3  21 1. 30 1 . 0  61 . 5 2  34 . 40 3 . 20 . 18 . 4  . 3  21 . 8  1 . 0 56 . 41 38 . 45 3 . 15 1 . 29  . 4  . 3  22 1 . 25 1 . 0 a Supplied per lb . of d iet : vitamin A, 2000 IU; vitamin D ,  200 IU; vitamin E ,  3 mg; vitamin K ,  1 . 2  mg; pantothenic acid , 6 mg; niacin , 9 . 6  mg; choline , 30 mg; vitamin B12• 6 mcg; aureomycin , 50 mg; penicillin , 25 mg and sulfamethazine , 50 milligrams . 30 - 5 -Tab le 2 .  Effect o f  Varying Dietary Protein , Calcium and Phosphorus on Per formance and Blood Analysis of Young Weaned Pigs in Experiment 1 Diet ary treatments Percent protein 18 18 18 21 21 21 Ca : P ,  % . 80/ . 60 1 . 05/ . 80 1 . 3/1 . 0 . 80/ . 60 1 . 05/ . 80 1 . 3/1 . 0  Avg final wt . ,  lb . 45 . 0  45 . 7  44 . 7 44 . 8  45 . 7  49 . 1  Avg daily gain , lb . . 90 . 92 . 89 . 89 . 9 3 1 . 04 Avg daily feed 1. 65 1 .  76  1 . 65 1 . 55 1 . 5 6  1 .  7 7  consumpt ion , lb . Feed/gain , lb . a 1 . 84 1 .  90 1 . 87 1 .  74 1 . 68 1.  70 Init . serum calcium , 10 . 47 10 . 58 10 . 70 10 . 61 10 . 64 10 . 45 mg/100 ml Termination serum 10 . 38 10 . 50 10 . 51 10 . 61 10 . 5 7  10 . 37 calcium , mg/100 ml Init . serum phos- 9 .  72 9 . 63 9 .  71 9 . 58 9 . 47 9 . 64 phorus , mg/100 ml 9 . 64d 10 . 13cd 10 . 16 cd Termination serum 10 . 5 3c 10 . 35 c 9 . o5e p ho sphorus , mg/100 mlb a S ignif icant (P< . 01) protein effect (1 . 71 lb . for 21% vs . 1 . 87 lb . for 18% protein) . b Signif icant (P< .02) protein effect (10 . 17 mg/100 ml for 18% vs . 9 . 75 mg/100 ml for 21% protein) . c , d , e  Means with different superscr ipts are s ignif icantly different (P< . 01) . 31 - 6 -Table 3 .  Effect of Varying Dietary Protein ,  Calcium and Pho sphorus on Performance and Blood and Bone Analys is of Young Weaned Pigs in Experiment 2 Dietary t reatment s Percent protein Ca:P , % 1 8  . 80/ . 60 1 8  . 80/ . 80 1 8  2 1  . 80/1 . 00 . 80/ . 60 2 1  . 80/ . 80 2 1  . 80/ 1 .  00 Avg f inal wt . ,  lb . Avg daily gain , lb . Avg daily feed constunp tion , lb . Feed/gain , lb . a Init . serum calcium , mg/100 ml Termination serum calcium , mg/100 mlf Init . serum phos­phorus , mg/100 ml 44 . 8  . 88 1 . 63 1. 85bc 10. 03 1 0 . 2 6  9 .  7 2  Termination serum 10 . 93 phosphorus , mg/ 1 00 ml Bone weight , ghi 4 . 04bc Percent bone ashjk 5 1 . 1 46 . 7  . 95 1 .  7 1  1 . 8obd 10 . 1 6 9 .  9 6  9 . 94 10 . 55 4 . 02bc 5 2 . 6 45 . 4  . 9 1  1 .  7 1  1 . 89bc 10 . 10 9 .  7 1  9 . 54 10 . 73  4 . 2 6c 5 3 . 7 45 . 3  . 90 1 . 5 6 1 .  7 2de 10 . 0 7  10 . 06 9 . 8 1  9 . 80g 3 . 76b 5 1 . 8  46 . 5  . 95 1 . 62 1 .  72de 9 . 87 9 . 94 9 . 86 10 . 5 7  4 . 28c 54 . 0  47 . 8  . 98 1 . 5 7  l . 66e 9 . 98 9 .  7 7  9 . 9 1 10 . 95 3 . 8 1b 5 2 . 7  a S ignificant (P< . 0 1 )  protein effect ( 1 . 70 lb . for 2 1 %  p rotein vs . 1 . 85 lb . for 1 8 %  protein) . b , c , d , e  Means with different superscr ipts are s ignificantly dif ferent (P< . 05 ) . f S ignificant (P< . 05 )  mineral effect , averaged over p rotein levels ( . 80/ . 60% Ca:P at 1 0 . 16% vs • •  80/ 1 . 00% Ca:P levels at 9 . 74%) . g S ignificantly les s ( P< . 02 )  than other t reatment s .  h Significant (P< . 0 1 )  protein effect ( 4 . 1 1  grams for 1 8 %  prote in vs . 3 . 95 grams for 2 1% protein level ) .  i Significant (P< . 0 2 )  mineral effec t ,  averaged over protein levels ( . 80/ . 80% Ca:P level s  yield ing 4 . 1 5  grams vs • .  80/ . 60 %  Ca:P levels at 3 . 90 grams ) . j Significant (P< . 05 )  protein effect ( 5 2 . 8% for 2 1 %  protein vs . 52 . 5% for 1 8 %  protein) . k S ignificant (P< . 0 1 )  mineral ef fect averaged over protein levels , both . 80/ . 80% and . 80/ 1 . 00% Ca:P values at 5 3 . 3  and 5 3 . 2 % ,  respectively , vs . . 80/ . 60% Ca:P mineral level .  32 - 7 -Table 4 .  Effect of Varying Dietary Protein ,  Calcium and Phosphorus on Performance of Young Weaned Pigs in Experiment 3 Dietary treatments Percent protein 18 18 18 22 22 22 Ca : P ,  % . 75 / . 60 1 . 00/ . 80 1 . 25 /1. 00 . 75 / . 60 1 . 00 /  . 80 1 . 25 /1 . 00 Avg final wt . ,  lb . 40 . 7  41 . 8  43 . 1  44 . 0  44 . 0  45 . 0  Avg daily gain , lb . a . 78 . 82 . 87 . 90 . 90 . 9 3  Avg daily feed 1. 7 9  1 . 46 1 .  70 1 . 51 1 . 45 1 . 44 consumed ,  lb . Feed/gain , lb . b , c  2 . 29 1 .  7 9  1 . 96 1 .  71 1. 61 1 . 5 5  a S ignificant (P< . 05 )  protein effect ( . 91 lb . p e r  day for 2 2 %  protein vs • . 82 lb . p er day for 18% protein) . b Significant (P< . 01) protein effect (1 . 62 lb . for 22% vs . 2 . 01 lb . for 18% protein ) . c Significant (P< . 05 )  mineral effect (more feed/gain required for . 75 / . 60% Ca : P  than 1 . 0 / . 80% and 1 . 25/1 . 0% Ca:P levels , 2 . 00 lb . vs . 1 . 7 0  and 1 . 76 lb . ,  respectively) . 33 i i: I I i I I ! i 

Effects of Dietary Protein, Calcium, and Phosphorus in Pig Starter Diets

https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=sd_swine_1978

Effects of Dietary Protein, Calcium, and Phosphorus in Pig Starter Diets

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange