Cereal grains constitute the major percentage of swine diets. Although they are used mainly as energy sources, these grains also supply a considerable amount of protein to the diet. With increased feed prices, much interest has been expressed in alternate ingredient sources in swine diets and combinations of ingredients that will be palatable and furnish the nutrients required. Starter diets for young weaned pigs are the most expensive diets because of the higher nutrient requirement at this stage of the life cycle. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of young weaned pigs fed different grains, alone and in combination, as the energy source in starter diets and to study the effect of lysine and protein levels of these diets on pig performance

Libal, George W.

Reiner, Leon J.

Wahlstrom, Richard W.

English

Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange

South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeSouth Dakota Swine Field Day Proceedings andResearch Reports, 1973 Animal Science Reports1973Energy Sources in Starter Diets for Early WeanedPigsLeon J. ReinerSouth Dakota State UniversityGeorge W. LibalRichard W. WahlstromFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_swine_1973This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Reports at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Dakota Swine Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports, 1973 byan authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For moreinformation, please contact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationReiner, Leon J.; Libal, George W.; and Wahlstrom, Richard W., "Energy Sources in Starter Diets for Early Weaned Pigs" (1973). SouthDakota Swine Field Day Proceedings and Research Reports, 1973. Paper 9.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/sd_swine_1973/9South Dakota S tate Univers ity B rookings , South Dakota Dep artment of Animal S cience Agricultural Experiment S tation A . S .  Series 73-45 Energy S ources in Starter Diets for Early Weaned Pigs Leon J .  Reiner , George W .  Libal and Richard C .  W ahls trom Cereal grains cons titute the maj or percentage of swine diets . Al though they are used mainly as energy sources , these grains also supply a considerable amount of protein to the die t .  With increased feed p ri ces , much interest has been expressed in alternate ingredient s ources in swine diets and combinations of ingredients A that will be palatable and furnish the nutrients required . S tarter diets for young weaned pigs are the mo s t  expensive die ts because of the higher nutrient 'I requirement at this s tage of the life cycle . Therefore , this experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of young weaned pigs fed different grains , alone and in combination , as the energy source in s tarter diets and to s tudy the effect of lysine and protein levels of these die ts on pig performance . Expe rimental Procedure This experiment cons is ted of three separate trials . Pigs were removed from their dams when they weighed from 15 . 5  to 1 9 . 5  lb . and were between 3 and 5 weeks of age . They we re placed directly on the expe rimental diets allotted on the bas is of ances try , we ight and sex .  The trial s  were continued for 5 weeks . All p igs were housed in concrete floored pens bedded wi th  s traw and confined indoors . Feed and water we re p rovided ad libitum . A total of 60 , 72  and 60 crossb red pigs we re used in trials 1 ,  2 and 3 ,  respec­tively . Each treatment was represented by three replicate lots of four pigs each . The experimental treatments for the three trials were as follows : Trial 1 - 1 .  2 .  3 .  4 .  5 .  T ri al 2 - 1 .  2 .  3 .  4 .  5 .  6 .  T rial 3 - 1 .  2 .  3 .  4 .  5 .  Normal corn die t - 18% p rotein Opaque-) corn die t - 1 8% protein Double mutant corn die t - 1 8% p rotein 0£aque-2 corn and oats , equal parts - 1 8% p rotein Opaque-2 corn diet - 1 4% protein . Normal corn diet - 1 8% p ro tein Hulled , rolled oats die t - 1 8% p ro tein Hulled , rolled oats diet - 1 5 . 5% p rotein Diet 3 plus 0 . 1% L-lysine Die t 3 plus 0 . 2% L-lys ine Diet 3 plus 0 . 3% L-lysine . Normal corn diet - 1 8% p rotein Oat s diet - 1 8% protein Corn and oats , equal parts - 1 8% protein Corn and oats , equal parts , and 5 . 9% fat Oats and 1 1 . 5% fat - 1 8% protein . 3 2  - 18% p rotein - 2 -The compos itions of the diets are shown in tables 1 ,  2 and 3 for t ri als 1 ,  2 and 3 ,  respect ively . The opaque-2 and doub le mutant corn used in t rial 1 contained 0 . 40 and 0 . 3 7% lysine , respectively , while the normal corn contained 0 . 28% lysine . Dehulled soybean meal ,  48 . 5% p rotein , was used in trial 1 and 44% s olvent p rocessed s oyb ean meal was used in t rials 2 and 3 .  Results Trial 1 The results of this t rial are summarized in table 4 .  There were no s ignificant differences in average daily gain which ranged from 0 . 72 lb . per day for p igs fed the 1 8% pro tein , opaque- 2 corn die t to 0 . 8 7  lb . per day for p igs fed the diet of equal p arts of opaque-2 corn and oats . Pigs fed the 1 4% p rotein diet containing opaque- 2 corn gained s imilarly to those fed opaque-2 or normal corn in 1 8% p rotein diets . This is surprising s ince the lower protein diet contained about 0 . 70% lysine which is less than that considered to be needed by pigs of this size . The somewhat greater feed requirement of pigs fed the 1 4% p rotein die t  would indicat e  that it may have been deficient in lysine content to support op timum feed effi ciency . Pigs fed the diet of opaque-2 corn and oats consumed more feed daily and required less feed per unit of gain than those fed the corn diets . Since the diet containing oats would be higher in fiber content , it would not b e  expected to be as efficient . However , these pigs seemed to adap t to thei r diet more rap idly and this may account for the fas ter and more effi cient gains observed when p igs received the O£aque-2 corn-oats die t .  T rial 2 T ab le 5 sununarizes the results of trial 2 .  Pigs fed the corn diet gained signif icantly fas ter than those pigs fed the lower p ro tein , hulled oats diet with O ,  0 . 1  or 0 . 2% lysine and app roached significance with the lower p rotein, hulled oats diet p lus 0 . 3% lysine and the higher p rotein , hulled oats diet . Gains of pigs fed these lat ter two diets were also significantly fas ter than those of pigs fed the lower protein , hulled oats die t .  S ince the corn diet contained 0 . 9 4% lysine compared to 0 . 44 , 0 . 54 ,  0 . 64 ,  0 . 74 and 0 . 66% lysine for the lower p rotein , hulled oats die ts with 0 ,  0 . 1% ,  0 . 2% and 0 . 3% L- lysine and the higher p rotein , hulled oats diet , respectively , it would appear that all of these diets may have been lacking in lysine for optimum gains . The corn die t was also consumed in g reater amounts which may have b een due to a better amino acid balance or to other factors affecting palatabili ty . S ignificantly more feed pe r gain was required by pigs fed the lower p rotein , hulled oats diet than by pigs fed this die t  supplemented wi th 0 . 2 or 0 . 3% lys ine , the higher p rotein , hulled oats diet or the corn diet . Pigs fed the corn diet were also more efficient in feed conversion ( 2 . 0 7) than those fed the hulled oats diet supp lemented with 0 . 1% lysine ( 2 . 33) . 33 - 3 -Trial 3 The performance of the pigs in t rial 3 is shown in table 6 .  Pigs fed the corn diet gained 0 . 19 lb . per day faster than those fed the oats die t  ( 1 . 0 0  .!.!'!.· 0 . 8 1  lb . ) . I t  is assumed that this difference in gain is due at leas t in part to the higher energy content of the corn die t .  Pigs fed a mixture of corn and oats gained 0 . 9 3  lb . per day and those fed the corn and oats diet with fat added to equali ze the caloric content to that of the corn diet gained 0 . 95 lb . per day . Adding fat to the all oats diet to make it isocaloric to the corn die t  resulted in p ig gains of 0 . 87 lb . pe r day or 0 . 1 3 lb . per day less than pigs fed the corn diet . Although these diets were equal in energy , pigs consumed 0 . 23 lb . per day more of the corn diet resulting in faster gains . Results of this trial were similar to trial 2 in that the best feed consump tion and daily gain were ob tained by pigs fed diets containing corn as the cereal grain . Feed per gain ranged from 2 . 32 for pigs fed the oats diet to 2 . 0 7  for pigs fed the corn-oats mixture con taining 5 . 9% fat . Feed per gain for pigs fed corn , com- oats and oats plus fat diets were 2 . 1 1 ,  2 . 14 and 2 . 1 8 ,  respectively . There were no significant diff erences among the treatmen ts in feed p er gain . Summary One hundred ninety- two pigs averaging 1 7 . 5  lb . were used in three trials to evaluate 1 4  different s tarter diets for weanling pigs . An 18% p rotein , normal corn diet was used as a con trol die t in all three trials . In t rial 1 ,  there were no significant differences in average daily gain or f eed per pound of gain among the five treatmen ts . Average daily gain ranged from 0 . 87 lb . for pigs fed the 1 8% protein , opaque-2 com-oats die t  to 0 . 72 lb . for pigs fed an 1 8% p ro tein , opaque-2 corn die t .  Feed pe r pound of gain ranged from 2 . 00 lb . for pigs fed the 1 8% p rotein , opaque-2 com-oats diet to 2 . 26 lb . for pigs fed the 14% p rotein , opaque-2 diet .  In t rial 2 ,  pigs fed a hulled , rolled oats diet calculated t o  con tain lS . 5% p ro tein had an average daily gain of 0 . 54 lb . ,  which was s ignifican tly ( P< . 0 1) lower than the gain of pigs fed the corn or hulled oats diets calculated to contain 1 8% protein . As lysine supplementation increased in the diets , the average daily gain of the pigs increased. The same pat tern developed with feed per pound of gain . As lysine supplementation in creased from 0 . 1% to 0 . 3% ,  the feed per pound of gain decreased from 2 . 33 to 2 . 1 3 poun ds . The data indicate that the low p rotein , hulled , rolled oats diet supplemented wi th 0 . 3% lysine p romo ted equal pig gains and feed efficiency to an 1 8% p rotein , hulled , rolled oats die t .  In t rial 3 ,  isocaloric die ts of oats and equal parts of corn and oats were compared to an 1 8% p rotein corn diet and an 1 8% p rotein oats diet . There were no significant diff erences in average daily gain among the five treatmen ts , although pigs fed the oats die t  gained 1 9% slower than those fed the corn diet . Also , adding 1 1 . 5% supplemental fat to the 18% p rotein oats die t  did not significantly improve average daily gain . Feed per pound of gain ranged from 2 . 32 for pigs fed the oats diet to 2 . 0 7  for pigs fed the corn-oats-f at supplemented diet . Again , the differences in feed eff iciency were not s ignifican t ,  although pigs fed di ets with s upplemental fat tended to be slightly mo re eff icien t .  34 I i - 4 -The results from this experiment indicate that a 16% p rotein , hulled , rolled oats diet is deficient in the amino acid lysine . Also , con trary to some rep orts that oats should not be over one-third of the grain diet , the 18% p rotein , oats­opaque- 2  corn die t  p romoted the fas tes t rate of gain and the bes t feed effi ciency in trial 2 .  Therefore , diets of up to 50% oats appear to meri t cons ideration in s tarter diets for early weaned pigs . Table 1 .  Percentage Composi tion of Diets , Trial 1 Diets 0Eague-2 Normal 0Eague- 2  Double mutan t  corn and OEague-2 Ingre dients corn corn ( 1 8%) corn oats corn ( 14%) Normal corn 74 . 8  0Eague-2 corn 74 . 8  3 8 . 5  85 . 1  Double mutant corn 74 . 8  Ground oats 3 8 . 5 Soybean meal ( 48 . 5% )  2 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 .  7 1 9 . 6  1 1 . 3  Trace mineralized s al t  0 . 5  0 . 5 0 . 5  0 . 5  0 . 5  Dicalcium phosphate 1 . 5  1 . 5 1 . 5 . 1 .  6 1 .  7 Limes tone 0 . 7  0 . 7  0 . 7  0 . 6  0 . 6  Vitamin-antib iotic p remix a 0 . 8  0 . 8 0 . 8  0 . 8  0 . 8 Crude p rotein , % 17 . 8  17 . 1  1 7 . 2  1 7 . 8  13 . 6  ( chemi cal analysis) �rovided per lb . of diet: Vitamin A ,  2200 IU; vitamin D, 240 IU; riboflavin , 1 . 9 mg. ; pantothenic acid,  7 . 5  mg. ; niacin , 15 mg. ; choline ,  75 mg . ;  vitamin Biz , 11 mcg . ;  aureomycin , 50 mg . ;  sulfamethazine , 5 0  mg. ; peni cillin , 2 5  mg. 35 - 5 -Tab le 2 .  Percentage Composition of Diets , Trial 2 Diets Hulled Hulled Hulled Hulled oats oats Corn oats oats + 0 . 1% + 0 . 2% Ingredients 1 8% C . P . 1 8% C . P .  1 5 . 5% C . P .  lysine lysine Ground yellow corn 70 . 0  Hulled oats 87 . 7  9 6 . 7  96 . 6  96 . 5 Soybean meal ( 44%) 26 . 6  9 . 0  T race mineralized salt 0 . 5  0 . 5  0 . 5 0 . 5  0 . 5  D icalci1.DI1 phosphate 1 . 4 1 . 1  1 . 2  1 . 2  1 . 2  Limes tone 0 . 7  0 . 8  0 . 8  0 . 8  0 . 8 L-lysine 0 . 1  0 . 2  Vit amin-antibiotic p remix a 0 . 8  0 . 8  0 . 8 0 . 8  0 . 8  C rude p rotein , % 1 6 . 8  15 . 9  1 3 . 7 14 . 0  1 4 . 3  (Chemical analysis) a See footnote a ,  tab le 1 .  T ab le 3 .  Percentage Composition of Diets , T rial 3 Diets Hulled oats + 0 . 3% lysine 9 6 . 4  0 . 5 1 .  2 0 . 8 0 . 3  0 . 8 1 3 . 6  Corn-oats Oats Corn Ground oats Corn-oats + + Ingredients 1 8% C . P .  1 8% C .P . 1 8% C . P .  fat fat Gro\llld yellow corn 7 0 . 0  36 . 6  32 . 8  Gro\llld oats 76 . 8  3 6 . 6  3 2 . 8  6 1 . 0  S oybean meal ( 44%) 2 6 . 6  1 9 . 8  2 3 . 4 25 . 1  2 4 . 1 Trace mineralized s alt 0 . 5  0 . 5  0 . 5  0 . 5  0 . 5  Dicalcium phosphate 1 . 4 1 . 6 1 . 5  1 . 6  1 . 7 Limes tone 0 . 7  0 . 5  0 . 6  0 . 5  0 . 4 Vitamin-antibiotic p remixa 0 . 8  0 . 8 0 . 8  0 . 8 0 . 8 Fat 5 . 9 1 1 . 5  Chemical Analysis Crude p ro tein, % 1 7 . 5  1 7 . 5  1 7 . 3  1 8 . 2 1 8 . 9 Ether extrac t , % 2 . 8  2 . 4  2 . 8  9 . 1  1 4 . 4  a See footnote a ,  t ab le 1 .  36 - 6 -T ab le 4 .  Results of Feeding Opaque- 2 and Double Mutant Corn to Young Pigs 0Eaque-2 Normal 0Eague-2 Doub le mutant corn and corn corn ( 1 8%) corn oats Numb er of pigs 1 2  1 2  1 2  1 2  Avg . initial wt • , lb . 1 7 . 4  1 7 . 5  1 7 . 4  1 7 . 4  Avg . final wt . , lb . 44 . 0  42 . 6  4 5 . 2  4 7 . 9  Avg . dai ly gain, lb . o .  76 0 .  72 0 . 80 0 . 87 Avg .  daily feed , lb . 1 . 5 8  1 . 5 3  1 . 65 1 .  74  Avg . feed/gain 2 . 0 8  2 . 14 2 . 08 2 . 0 0  Tab le 5 .  Effects of Lys ine Supp lementation in Hulled Rolled Oats Diets Hulled Hulled Hulled Hulled Hulled oats oats oats Corn oats oats + 0 . 1% + 0 . 2% + 0 . 3% 1 8% C . P .  1 8% C . P . 15 . 5% C . P .  lx:sine l:rsine lisine Numb er of pigs a 1 2  1 1  12  1 2  12  1 2  Avg .  initial wt . , lb . 1 7 . 5  17 . 6 1 7 . 6  1 7 . 6  1 7 . 6 1 7 . 5  Avg .  final wt . ,  lb . 4 8 . 5 44 . 1  3 6 . 6 b, d 40 . 4  4 1 . 2  4 3 . 5  Avg . daily gain , lb • 0 . 89 0 . 75 0 . 54  0 . 65c 0 . 68c 0 . 74 Avg . daily feed , lb . 1 . 83 1 . 6 1  1 . 3%, 1 . 5 2 1 . 51 1 . 59 Avg . feed/gain 2 . 0 7  2 . 1 3 2 . 54 e 2 . 3 3c 2 . 18 2 . 13 a bone pig died , data not included . Significantly different from the corn diet (P< , 0 1 ) . �S ignificantly different from the corn diet (P< . 05) . Significantly dif ferent from the 1 8% hulled oats and 1 5 . 5% hulled oats + 0 . 3% lysine diets (P< . 0 1 ) . eS ignificantly dif ferent from the 1 8% hulled oats , 1 5 . 5% hulled oats + 0 . 2% lysine and 1 5 . 5% hulled oats + 0 . 3% lysine diets (P< . 0 1 ) . 3 7  0Eague-2 corn ( 1 4%) 1 2  1 7  . 5  4 3 . 2 0 . 74 1 . 66 2 . 26 - 7 -Tab le 6 .  E ffect of Adding Supp lemental Fat to Oats Diets Corn-oats Oats Corn Ground oats Corn-oats + + 1 8% C . P .  18%  C . P . 18% C . P .  fat fat Number of pigs 12 1 2  1 2  1 2  1 2  Avg .  initial wt . ,  lb . 1 7 . 1 1 7 . 0  1 7 . 1 1 7 . 1  1 7 . 0  Avg . final wt . ,  lb . 52 . 2  45 . 5  49 . 5  50 . 4  4 7 . 5  Avg . daily gain , lb . 1 . 00 0 . 8 1  0 . 9 3  0 . 9 5  0 . 8 7  Avg . daily feed , lb . 2 . 1 1 1 . 89 1 . 9 7  1 . 9 7 1 . 88 Avg .  feed/gain 2 . 1 1  2 . 32 2 . 1 4 2 . 0 7  2 . 1 8  3 8  

Energy Sources in Starter Diets for Early Weaned Pigs

https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&amp;context=sd_swine_1973

Energy Sources in Starter Diets for Early Weaned Pigs

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