This is the 1957 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State College Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department. This report includes information on the 1957 crop season, small grain research, soybean and sorghum variety testing, corn yield testing, grass and legume testing, plant disease control, potato, soybean  and small grain diseases, and fertility experiments

Department, Agronomy

Experiment Station, Agricultural

English

This is the 1961 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State College Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department. This report includes information on the 1961 crop season, fertility and cultural practice experiments,  small gain testing, legume testing, grass testing, sorghum and soybean testing, corn testing, crop disease control, weed control, and germination studies

Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1961

This is the 1956 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station,  and the South Dakota State College Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department. This report includes information on the 1956 crop season, small grain research, soybean and sorghum variety testing, corn yield testing, grass and legume testing, plant disease control, and fertility experiments

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1956

This is the 1964 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State University. This report includes information on the 1964 crop season, fertility and cultural practice experiments, corn and sorgham forage studies, small grain trials, corn performance trials, grain sorghum and soybeans, wheat strain test, weed research, crop disease control

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1964

This is the 1962 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State College Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department. This report includes information on the 1962 crop season, fertility and cultural practice experiments, legume testing, grass testing, small grain varieties, sorghum, corn, soybeans, crop disease control, potatoes

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1962

This is the 1958 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State College Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department. This report includes information on the 1958 crop season, insect control,  small grain variety testing, soybean and sorghum variety testing, corn yield testing, grass and legume testing, plant disease control, potato, soybean, flax, and small grain diseases

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1958

This is the 1959 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State College Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department. This report includes information on the 1959 crop season, fertility and cultural practice experiments, legume testing, grass testing, sorghum and soybean testing, corn breeding and yield testing, small grain testing, potatoes, and small grain diseases

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1959

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1957

This is the 1965 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State University. This report includes information on the 1965 crop season, fertility and cultural practice experiments, corn and sorgham forage studies, small grain trials, corn performance trials, grain sorghum and soybeans, wheat and flax strain test, weed research, crop disease control

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1965

This is the 1963 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State College Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department. This report includes information on the 1963 crop season, fertility and cultural practice experiments, corn and sorgham forage studies, alfalfa variety trials, small grain trials, corn performance trials, grain sorghum trials, wheat strain test, grass testing, weed research, soybeans, crop disease control

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1963

This is the 1960 annual progress report for the Northeast Research Station in Watertown, South Dakota. This report is issued by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Dakota State College Agronomy and Plant Pathology Department. This report includes information on the 1960 crop season, fertility and cultural practice experiments, corn breeding and yield testing, flax trails, grass testing, legume variety testing, sorghum and soybean testing, potatoes, corn diseases

• Ag<Ol>QG(f fep�h< HI AJl!lUAL fROCIIBS1> IU!POllt .. t<rt.all I••• in Jt:,t and ••rly ln •�• lJ� ..,a,on hclp.d rho ccop O�tlool, .u,,,atderably. the ratc.t.aU for th'« rec.111rded pst"iod ••• ll.. 04 Loe.Jiu. vh.lc:b h J.3Z: 1.acbu b•tow tiQ.nul. ,i,. au!)a.o.1l llloht:ur1 at .the end of tb« IJBll ...&Tdn •1.Pnfl vat ttrt 1ov. acc.uaU7 tho lnvut lt haa bHn •Ince the- f&n1 vet Hatt«td. r�p•r.t..uru, 1" lt.tu".fd,. veu �elW uor-1 hi, ttN •uWD.C\, a.au .. ,.1.n r••JiqDl.f .. fa��bly �o cb1 coole:r t"'orncuu•, .. nd ri:odocad qu,,� well. 'nl• ccrn t'.es.pClnittd t• t'111 cool ploffltl-., •tANlrl 11r.4 qan..1l bll wttb Ab,o•;e nofll&l Jl•ld•• ttw ·�• ptrcft\t moutu-�" in tba torn .at ;plckJnc, tt .  vu J!L The Ph,ld t.e.y thb 7ea.r vu r«.8.lonably •u.ec.e.nJuL Cwllt gu.UU 4nd ,..ud COCt?'OL l11 flu rbffCifll• •;>p•a•d to be tbl 9Qllt .iote:r••ti,m ta the pei>pl� K&it1 rr �- Ii. Sec""•• .. ((11<,,lnua) r. !lo rrh (s«notor,,) w. ntcr,� tl<tn al d tu ,foy rtihr creileth Otto leycrr OI i- Hatt-ya Al fD>d ln<ovly ·apb 217.,�� CO(I iftgtO(I Co4t.na<<>n o., :ti.a r-11 hill 1 JLobuu Cr•nt-1!.mUq IMMI Cla1'k w.�rt.9'111· R'nvu 4 1h t. rtc!IM-LU y &rUton St.uct.an Rivlll" !.,tell lac t\durU c.1 .. r-li. 1'tfh cRport "'• prt;tar•d by r:f1� 1t.•tf tCUetPb«.u ot &ollt.b o.,.k.t,ta tea.ti Collq• 41 ludt�•t� fo •11ch ••ctlo11, •nd Hlt111tbld b1 Q. J. Una&d•>'• ,i\g-rona.)I Oe:?•rtel!pf.. '" ., -2-FERTILITY AND CULTURAL PRACTICE EXPERDtENTS Q. s. Kingsley and F. E. Shubeck Table l. Residual Effect of Commercial Fertilizer on Yield of Oats 1956 Fertilizer Fertilizer Applied in 1960 Treatment 1956-57·58·59·60 Yield of Oats :M P205 R20 N P205 K20 Bu/A 0 0 0 0 0 0 68.8 40 20 0 40 20 0 67.l 80 40 0 0 0 0 62.9 120 60 0 0 0 0 60.7 160 80 0 0 0 0 68.9 200 100 0 0 0 0 64A9 L.S.D. at 5% level N.S. For experiment objectives, cropping sequence and other details, see Agronomy Pamphlet 153. Th.ere were no significant differences in oats yields due to treatments. In this experiment in 1959, the oats yields were 10 to 12 bushels per acre, so very little fertility was removed. This would explain why the check plot yield in 1960 was relatively high. It would appear that a ceiling was imposed on yields by climatic factors rather than lack of fertility. Table 2. Comparison of Legumes, Commercial Nitrogen and Fallow for Increasing Yields of Spring Wheat Preceding crop or treatment 1. Oats (check plot) 2. Oats 3. Alfalfa for hay 4. Red Clover for hay 5. Sweet clover for seed 6. Sweet clover fallow L.S.D. at 5% level N.S. Pounds per Acre of Fertilizer Applied to Wheat tt Pz05 K20 0 40 0 30 40 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 Spring Wheat. Bu/A 23.5 22.2 22.6 16.6 21.0 24.6 Neither legumes nor commercial nitrogen significantly increased the yields of spring wheat over that of the check plot. Treatment number l is considered to be the check plot because no nitrogen or legumes were used in that rotation. Yields were limited by climatic factors rather than plant food deficiencies. Table 3. 1959 Crop Influence Oats + 30{1 N/ A " ,, .. .. Alfalfa hay .. ft ti t1 Sweet clover {allow .. It 11 11 of Crop Sequence 1960 Crop Wheat " " " 0 Wheat .. ft It II Wheat II II It ti ·3-on Percent of Water in Soil Under Wheat Depth in '%. Water % Water feet 4/19/60 8/18/60 0-1 18.4 10.1 1-2 14.8 8.0 2·3 11.8 6. 3 3-4 u.o 7.5 4-5 11.2 10.l 0-1 18.4 9. 7 1·2 15. 2 6. 6 2-3 11.6 6.3 3-4 9.8  6. 6 4-5 11.0 7.4 0-1 21. 5 10.9 1-2 18.3 7.9 2-3 12.9 7. 0 3-4 10.3 8. 2 4-5 10.0 9.3 At the beginning of the season, there was a little more water for wheat in the top 3 feet of soil when the wheat came after the sweet clover fallow treatment. The yields of wheat were not significantly increased by this treatment, however (see Table 2). At the end of the growing season, there was very little available subsoil moisture under wheat in any of the rotations. Table 4. Influence of Commercial Nitrogen and Residual Effect of Legumes in Rotation on Yield of Corn 1958 Crop 1959 Crop 1. Oats (check plot) Wheat 2. Oats Wheat 3. Alfalfa for hay Wheat 4. Red Clover for hay Wheat 5. s. Clover for seed Wheat 6. Fallow Wheat L.S.D. at 5% Lbs. of Fertilizer Applied per Acre Each Year N P2o5 l<:iO 0 40 0 30 40 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 Yield of Corn in 1960 Bu/Acre 50.1 50.3 45.8 50.1 54.7 56.5 6.22 Thirty pounds of nitrogen did not increase the yield of corn over that of the check plot (rotation #1). The fallow treatment in 1958 appeared to have Q beneficial carry-over effect on the yield of corn in 1960. • -4-Table 5. Effect of Fertilizer and Methods of Application on Yield of Flax Lbs. per Acre Method of Weed Yield in " P205 ICiO Fert. Application Control* Bu/A 0 0 0 None applied None 10.9 0 0 0 None applied Weed control 8.8 40 30 0 Drilled with seed None 8.7 40 30 0 Drilled with seed Weed control 11.1 40 30 0 Disced in None 6. 7 40 30 0 Disced in Weed control 8. 7 40 30 0 Plowed under None 10.7 40 30 0 Plowed under Weed control 9.9 20 15 0 Drilled with seed None 10.9 20 15 0 Drilled with seed Weed control 10.2 L.S.D. at 5% N.S. * Weed coutrol consisted of 5 lbs./A of TCA to control grassy weeds and 1/4 lb./A of MCP for broadleaved weeds. No definite yield advantage was obtained for weed control treatment or for method of fertilizer application. under the conditions of this experiment. Table 6. Effect of Time of Plowing Legum.es on Yields of Flax and Corn 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1957 Crop Flax+ alf. Flax + alf. Flax+ alf. Flax+ .alf. Flax + alf. 1958 Crop Alf. hay Alf. hay Alf. hay Alf. hay Alf. hay 1959 Crop Alf. hay Alf. hay Alf. hay Alf. hay Alf. hay Time of Plowing 1960 Crop Yield in Bu/A June after 1st hay crop 14.9 flas July after 2nd hay crop 11.2 flax Early the following spring 9. 4 flax Spray to kill after 1st hay crop, then plow in spring 13.1 flax July after 2nd hay crop 43. 2 corn By plowing alfalfa early (after the first hay crop was re.moved) the yield of the following flax crop was improved. The question then arises, which would be more advantageous to have, the second cutting of alfalfa or 3-4 bushels of flax'? TI\e spraying of alfalfa was evidently successful in conserving soil moisture as indicated by the greater flax yield from this rotation than the flax yield of rotating number 3 where the alfalfa was spring plowed. Another objective of this experiment was to determine whether it was best to follow alfalfa with a short season crop like flax or a long season crop like corn. Despite the deficiencies in subsoil moisture at the beginning of the season, the yields of corn after alfalfa were relatively high compared to the yields of flax after alfalfa. CORN BREEDING AND YIELD TESTI� D. 8. Shank and D. W. Beatty Three corn yield trials were conducted by the Agronomy Department on the Northeast Research Farm in 1960. All three contained primarily experimental entries, with adapted commercial hybrids being used only as checks. One test was made up of experimental double crosses, one of South Dakota produced three-way crosses, and one of three-way crosses being tested regionally. Yields were good, averaging 42.9, 47.6, and 49.5 bushels per acre for the three tests. Most of the entries produced good quality corn, with moisture percentages being down to the twenties or low thirties by the end of the first week in uctober. Stalk and root lodging were negligible in all cases. Any new promising hybrids adapted for the area represented by this research farm would come out of the trial on double crosses. The check hybrids for this test, SD210 and SD220, yielded 50.6 and 53. 2 bushels per acre and contained 25.1 and 27.8 percent moisture at time of harvest, respectively. Five hybrids out-yielded the better of these two checks, but they were, however, slightly later in maturity. Three-way tests contain hybrids made up of three inbred lines and are conducted to find new inbred lines having a high yield potential when combined with a good single cross hybrid. In the trial containing South Dakota produced three-way hybrids, 36 out of 54 other entries out-yielded the two check hybrids, SD210 and SD220. Of the regional three-way crosses, made up of inbreds developed outside of South Dakota, only two entries out-yielded the same two check hybrids. These last results point up the fact that material developed in the area where it is to be used is generally the best adapted. SMALL GRAIN VARIETY TESTING Oat and Flax Variety Trials D. D. Harpstead Oats Trials Oat varieties which have shown superior performance at the northeast station are largely a group which has had only average performance at the Menno station. This is probably the reaction to the cooler night temperatures common to the higher elevations in the Watertown area. Among the varieties which have the highest average five-year yields are Rodney, Garry, Andrew and Minhafer. These varieties represent a wide range of characteristics and enable the producer to select the type which will fit well into his farming system. While diseases have not been limiting factors in the past five year period the variety Minhafer offers the greatest protection from rust. Varieties offering similar protection but later in maturity are being tested in this area. Successful oat production which will produce maximum yields in this area would appear to depend on early planting on soils which have the available nutrients for rapid growth of the crop. If the maturity of the crop is delayed, very low test weights are the usual result. The 1960 c�op yields are reported in Agronomy Pamphlet #57. ,, -6-Flax Trials The five recol!l'nended flax varieties, Marine, Bolley, Arny, Redwood and B�Sl28 remain as good production choices in the northeast area of South Dakota. Numerous trials have shown that only the varieties Marine and Dolley should be considered 1£ planting must be delayed after May 15. Hard freezes can damage young flax plants. In 1959 the flax crop was severely set back from this cause. The occurrence of these frosts has been infrequent enough so that early planting of flax can be considered a safe and worthwhile farming practice. Wheat Trials v. A. Dirks The problens associated with wheat production at the northeast farm in 1960 were threefold: stand procurement, heat and drouth in July and diseases, notably the rusts. Earliness and disease resistance were major factors favoring varietal performance; stand problems were caused by heavy rain shortly after seeding, and were randomly distributed. The range of yields was extreme, from over thirty bushels per acre to six. Earlier varieties also tended to have superior test weights. The bread wheat varieties Lee and Selkirk, were in the highest yielding group. The badly rusted late variety Marquis was low, and Ceres close to it. The durum wheat performance of Wells, Langdon, Lakota and RA.Unsey was in the top class, approaching thirty bushels per acre. The 1960 results are very similar to the long time trends at this station, which indicate a slight superiority for durum wheat. Winter wheat survival at the northeast farm was excellent in 1960. The per­formance of these winter wheats indicates the importance of the "escape value" of earliness and the promise of this crop if dependable hardiness could be coupled with earliness. Experimental spring wheat lines in the nursery exceeded the yield of the best varieties by ae much as twenty-five percent and indicate the importance of continued selection of lines for this specific area of the state. Barley Trials P. B. Price The barley plots at Watertown were planted in relatively dry soil. Despite the marginal soil moisture conditions during a large part of the growing season• yields were quite satisfactory. Hot windy weather the last two weeks prior to harvest reduced test weight somewhat. Diseases were neither prevalent nor severe. Septoria infection was at a lower level than during 1958 and 1959. Rusts and other leaf diseases were slight and did not influence crop yields to any extent. Traill, as indicated, was the top yielder. Betzes, a two-row barley, performed surprisingly well, as it is not considered to be well adapted to thie area. • -7-GRASS TESTING R. A. Moore and J. G. Ross Smooth bromegrass continues to be the highest yielding grass species tested at this location. Homesteader is a northern type, well adapted to this area. All varieties respond to commercial nitrogen. Application of nitrogen is essential for seed production. Intermediate wheatgrass approaches bromegrass in yield and quality, and in dry years, surpasses bromegrass. Poor seed production limits the use of this species. Nordan crested wheatgrass and the fairway types of crested wheatgrass are excellent for early spring and late summer forage production. FORAGE LEGUME VARIETY TESTIN:; M. D, Rumbaugh and R. A. Moore Alfalfa: The four recommended varieties, Ladak, Ranger, Teton, and Vernal continued to perform well at Watertown in 1960. Teton has yielded relatively better at this location than expected on the basis of its performance in other trials throughout the state. This variety is primarily recommended as the legume component of pasture mixtures. Red Clover: The six red clover varietie& tested produced an average yield of .63 tons of dry forage per acre. Differences between the varietal means were not significant. On the basis of prior trials, Dollard is the red clover variety approved for use in South Dakota. Sweet clover: The biennial, yellow-flowered varieties, Goldtop and Madrid are recommended for use throughout South Dakota. These varieties yielded well at Watertown in 1960 as in previous years. Goldtop has a somewhat lower coumarin content than Madrid and is also slightly more resistant to the blackstem disease. Birdsfoot Trefoil: Due to excess variability within the test. the performance of trefoil varieties in 1960 could not be evaluated adequately; The Empire variety is recommended when it is desired to utilize this forage species. Trefoil is not as winter hardy as alfalfa and difficulty in obtaining stands is frequently encountered. It is suggested that the use of trefoil be restricted to pasture mixtures with desirable grasses. SORGHUM AND SOYBEAN TESTING C. J. Franzke The sorghum and soybean testing at the Northeast Research Farm is to evaluate the performance of standard varieties and hybrid sorghums and Groups O and I soybean varieties and strains. Despite the rather dry weather conditions in 1960� there were 8 sorghum hybrids out of 27 tested that yielded 40 bushels per acre and over. The sorghum yields varied from 3.5 bushels to 62.7 bushels per acre. Even though the season was dry, there were only 5 hybrids out of 27 tested which would not need extra drying of the grain before storing. This would indicate the majority of the hybrids tested were too late maturing. ii ·8· The Northeast Research Farm it in the transitional area between maturity Groups O and I. Therefore, soybean varieties and strains of both groups were tested to detet'IDine which varieties of a maturity group are adapted. Due to dry weather the soybean yield, were low. The highest yield recorded was 15 bushels per acre. High temperatures and low humidity at flowering and pollination time causes much "blasting" or nonfertilization of the flowers. v�getatively, soybeans are drought enduring. PorATOBS K. D. Fisher Plant Pathology Department Yield, quality, and disease severity of sixteen selected potato lines were studied at the Northeast Research Farm in 1960. Although leaf roll e.nd scab resistance are quite high in 1everal lines, yield and quality of most lines were not superior to the check varieties, Norland and Red LaSoda. Yields of one USDA selection were aignificantly higher than both cbecke, how­ever, quality wae somewhat impaired by late maturity. Table 7. Yield Performance of Sixteen New Potato lines grown at the Northeast Research Farm, Watertown, South Dakota, 1960 Yield/Acre* 11. s. ti Variet:x: Hundred Wt. Percent B2368 .. 4 112 97 50B9-8 85 94 B605-10 83 86 B3696-13 83 83 B3857-19 83 90 83637-4 82 78 B4090-3 81 93 B3352-8 77 91 82368-13 71 85 B3900-3 65 82 B3903-l 55 85 84134-14 49 82 83947-2 46 78 83309-8 41 80 '84158•1 39 49 B3139-24 33 82 Norland (check) 09 90 Red LaSoda (check) 93 90 *L.S.O. (Least Significant Difference) 13 e>,,t/Acre. That is to say, if the yields of any two lines differ slgnlficantly from one another, the difference is equal to or greater than 13 Cwt/Acre. • -9-CROP DISEASE CON'IROL Corn Diseases C. M. Nagel Plant Pathology Department Root rot and lodging due to stalk rot are serious disease problems of hybrid corn in the eastern area of the state. Doth of these disea•es are caused by fungi (molds) which are capable of infecting corn plants in the field in midseason and result in important yield lo1ses to farmers • The disease performance experiments with hybrid corn were continued in 1960. Two-hundred and forty-two experimental hybrids were produced in 1959 and grown the paet season to incorporate these newly developed disease resistant inbred lines of corn in hybrid combinations so they may be tested as hybrids for their disease resistance and yield performances uoder the climate and soil conditions prevalent in the area of the Northeast Research Parm. In 1960 experimental hybrids which contain the new disease resistant parents again performed very well in four experiments conducted at the Northeast Research Farm as the data will indicate in Table 8. Certain of these experimental disease resistant hybrids have rated at the top during each of the four years in which they have been under test. These experiments were conducted on the basis of three replications, grown in randomized blocks and all results analyzed etatistically according to accepted procedures. The experimental plots were harvested on October 20, 1960. Table 8. Perfor,uance of 62 experimental corn hybrids having varying degrees of resistance to root rot in comparison to 4 of the best perfonning col!lllercial hybrids grown at the Northeast Keeearch Farm, Watertown. s. Dak., 1960. Expt1 1 Hybrid or Com 1 1 B.ybr id No. Expt•t l II 2 S.Dak. 210 Expt 1 l G DeKalb 46 Expt 1 1 27 S.Dak. 220 Expt'l 37 Pioneer 300 Expt 'l 55 " 62 Yield* nu/A 56. 71 53.79 50.65 S0.32 47.00 46.91 45.49 45.47 41.31 41.27 29.06 Ear Moisture at Harvest Percent 29.2 21.7 20. 3 27.l 20.1 27.9 21. 4 25.6 30.2 25.9 35.0 Performance Rating 2 1 6 10 16 32 27 37 60 53 66 *L.S.D. (Least Sl.a'rlJ.ficant Difference) 7.15 nu./Acre. This means that for any two hybrids to be significantly different in yield from one another, a yield difference of 7.15 bushels per acre is required. 

Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1960

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Northeast Research Station Watertown, South Dakota Annual Progress Report, 1957

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