This bulletin provides a brief overview of chickpeas. Information regarding plant description, nutritional value, seeding and growth details, and performance trails is included

Boe, A.

Kahler, A. L.

Tuwafe, S.

Wynia, R. L.

Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange

South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeBulletins South Dakota State University AgriculturalExperiment Station1-1-1986Chickpeas - A Potential Crop for the MidwestS. TuwafeA. BoeA. L. KahlerR. L. WyniaFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletinsThis Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station at Open PRAIRIE: OpenPublic Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorizedadministrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, pleasecontact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationTuwafe, S.; Boe, A.; Kahler, A. L.; and Wynia, R. L., "Chickpeas - A Potential Crop for the Midwest" (1986). Bulletins. Paper 703.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins/703Chickpeas-A potential crop for the midwest 8 698 Chickpeas-A potential crop tor the midwest S. Tuwafe, graduate research assistant; A. Boe, assistant professor; A.L. Kahler, research geneticist and adjunct associate professor; and R.L. Wynia, assistant in; Plant Science Department, SDSU Chickpea, also known as the garbanzo bean, w i I I grow in South Dakota. In fact, it often needs our droughty weather to reach maturity. While it wouldn't take many garbanzo beans to satis fy the South Dakota salad bar market, studies have shown that chickpeas can be fed to swine without cooking. The "unknown" in the potential chickpea industry is marketing. We wil I need more research into marketing and on feeding I ivestock an energy-rich, high protein chickpea supplement. Chickpea (� arjetjnum L.) is an annual legume. It is widely grown in Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, the Far and Middle East, Central and South America, and Mexico for its edible seed. Chickpea is the third most important pulse (grain legume) crop in the world with to­tal production exceeded only by dry beans and peas. India grows almost 90% of the world's production, which in 1 982 was 6.2 mil I ion metric tons from 22. 44 mil I ion acres CFAO 1 983). In the United States, I arge-seeded (Kabul i) types are used primarily in the salad bar market, with most produced in coastal areas of central California (ap­proximately 8000 acres annually) . Plant Description Chickpeas are 8 to 40 inches tal I <erect to prostrate) , branching, gray­green annuals with glandular, hairy, pin­nately compound leaves (fig 1 ) .  Plants have one to three white, pink, purplish, or blue self-pol I inated pea-I ike flowers per raceme. Pods are 3/8 to 7/8 inch long and generally contain one or two seeds . Depending upon type, seeds are cream, yellow, brown, black, or green, and more or less rounded with smooth or wrinkled coats. Kabul i seed types are medium to large, rounded, and cream colored. Desi types are smal I to medium in size, variously colored and shaped. They ac­count for approximately 90% of the world's production CMeuhlbauer et al, 1 982) (fig 2) • Seedling emergence is similar to that in peas and grasses, with cotyledons remaining at planting depth. If young plants are damaged by grazing, insects, freezing, hail, or wind, new shoots can ori9inate from protected buds below ground I eve I. Nutritional Value Pulses are one of the most important sources of nutrients, especially proteir., for people throughout the world (Table 1 ). Although chickpeas contcin less protein than soybeans and some other pul­ses, they have been success fully fed to swine without cooking. Chickpeas are a good source of lysine but are relatively low in methionine and cystine. On 16% protein diets where chickpeas replaced up to 88.8% of a corn and soybean meal mixture, pigs performed as wel I as those fed the control diet (Pond and Maner, 1 984). Gonzalez et al (1960) compared the nutritive value of a large, white-seeded variety used for human food with that of a smal I-seeded variety used mostly for 2 Table 1 .  Contents of whole chickpea seed per 1 00 grams. * Oi I Calories Moisture Protein Fat Carbohydrate Fiber Ash Ca p Fe B carotene equiv Thiamine R i bof I av in Niacin *Duke ( 1 98 1  ) • 4.6% 362/ 1 00 g seed 4.5- 1 5.6% 1 4.9-24.6 g 0.8-6.4 g 63.5% 2. 1 - 1 1 .7 g 2.0-4.8 mg 1 40-440 mg 1 90-382 mg 5.0-23.9 mg 0-275 mg 0.2 1 - 1 . 1 0 mg 0. 1 2-0 .33 mg 1 .3-2.9 mg feeding swine in the central valleys of Mexico. They found the large-seeded variety to be slightly higher in protein (22%, as opposed to 20% for the smal 1-seeded variety) but substantially lower in crude fiber. Compared to broadbeans and lentils, the other two major legumes consumed by Middle East inhabitants, chickpeas were the most suitable for protein-rich food for infants and children (Tannous et al, 1 965) • Uncooked legume seeds often contain anti-nutritional factors, such as hemogl utinon and antitrypsin, that can be toxic if consumed in large quantities. Although reports of antitrypsin activity have been made for chickpeas, we are not aware of any toxicity in raw seeds fed to I ivestock. r \>Wing Chickpeas Temperature. Moisture. Chickpeas are a spring or summer crop in South Dakota, although they are a "winter" crop in the tropics. They are adapted primari­ly to low rainfal I regions, but yield wel I under irrigation on wel I drained soils. In South Dakota there is enough residual soil moisture in land that was summer fallowed for a chickpea crop; it w i I I require on I y average or s I i gh I y be I ow average precipitation during the growing season. In 1 982-84 evaluations at Brookings, Highmore, Rapid City, and Wal I, irrigation was not required for high yields. Drought during August actually facilitated maturity. Excessive rainfal I and high humidity, especially after initial flowering, can cause excessive vegetative growth, con­tinuous flowering, and delayed maturity. Montana test plots that were irrigated in above-normal rainfal I years lodged more and produced 30% less seeds (Baldridge et a I , 1 982) . Seeding. Chickpeas can be planted in South Dakota from early to mid spring, depending on soil type, temperature, and avai I able moisture. Late May and early June plantings at Brookings (in 1 98 1  and 1 984) flowered continuously and matured late, reducing seed yield. The same seed sources planted in early May ( 1 982) ma­tured properly and produced excel lent yields. More research is needed on planting date in South Dakota, but because chickpeas are quite frost tolerant, it is best to plant soon after soil temperatures have reached 430F at planting depth. Seeding depth can vary from 3 to 6 inches, depending on available moisture. Seeds should be treated with a fungicide to prevent damping off of seedlings caused by soil-borne fungi. Seeds with cracked coats are susceptible to soil-borne pathogens, and the resulting damaged embryos have a poor germination rate. Seeds must be handled gently during planting. A H ighmore trial showed that yields increased as row spacing decreased from 36 to 6 inches with a consistent seeding rate of 2 to 3 seeds per I inear foot of row <Table 2). Fertilizers. Information on fertilizer effect is very I imited. Seed that is properly inoculated with Rhizobium needs no supplemental nitrogen fertilizer. When a soil test indicates that levels of phosphorus, potassium, or other nutrients are low, fertilize according to recommen­dations for dry beans, since specific recommendations for chickpeas in South Dakota are not available at this time. Weed Control. The EPA has included chickpeas in the crop category "beans, " al lowing us to use pesticides which are registered on beans, field beans, or dry beans. Before applying any herbicide regis­tered for beans, consult the product label for specific recommendations for chickpeas. Harvesting. Chickpeas can be direct-combined or swathed, but seeds must contain less than 12% moisture for safe storage. Cylinder speed and concave clearance must be watched closely to prevent seed cracking or breakage <Baldridge et al, 1982). Performance Trials. Other States Trials of large-seeded commercial cultivars in Idaho (Auld et al, 1982), Montana (Baldridge et al, 1982), and Washington CMeuhlbauer et al, 1982) show that the cultivars Spanish Common, UC-5, and Mission are fairly wel I adapted to those regions. Seed yields in those tri­als generally ranged from 1200 to 3500 lb/acre. The Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station recently released two cultivars (Aztec and Lyons) for growers interested in producing seed for export markets (Auld et a I , 1 985 ) • Fig 1. Young chickpea plants in a trial at Brookings in 1982. Table 2. Mean seed yields for SDGl6 planted in four different row spacings at Highmore in 1984. Row width Inches 6 12 24 36 Seed yield lb/acre 2936 2674 2135 1900 Fig 2. Desi (upper and lower) and Kabul i (left and right) chickpea seed types. 3 4 Performance Trials, SouTh DakoTa A large number of germplasm col lec­tions from the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (!CA R DA) at Aleppo, Syria, were evaluated for South Dakota conditions at four loca­tions from 1 982 to 1 984. Data for the five highest yielding I ines in each of three performance trials are presented in tables 3,4,and 5. The F3 populations were derived from crosses with parents that possessed resis­tance to Ascochyta blight, high yield, and wide adaptation. The large-seeded trial included materials which showed superior performance in regional and international trials conducted by !CAR DA. Races widely grown throughout the Middle East and some materials from India and Egypt were in­cluded (Tuwafe, 1984). Among the I CAR DA materials, the smal I and medium seed size types were the highest yielding and best adapted to South Dakota environments. Four of the five top yielding populations in the adaptation trial are of Indian origin; and the other, SDGl6, is from Turkey. Al I five of the high yielding populations in the large­seeded trial are from Spain. The 1 00-seed weight of these I ines averaged 42 g, which is a I ittle below the desirable weight for the current salad bar trade. Approximately 80% of the more than 200 germplasm collections tested at Highmore, Wal I, and Rapid City from 1 982 to 1 984 produced seed yields greater than 1 000 lb/acre. This indicates that a large amount of the tested germplasm is rela­tively wel I adapted to South Dakota en­vironments and should provide considerable genetic variability from which improved cultivars could be developed. The primary reason for low yields in our South Dakota trials has been stand depletion from Ascochyta blight, a seed­borne fungal pathogen. However, several medium seed size types, including SDGl6, are resistant to Ascochyta, and thus may increase crop stand. Future research at S D SU should in­clude further performance evaluations in additional locations and hybridization of promising medium and smal I-seeded types with large-seeded commercial cultivars. We need an evaluation of medium and smal 1-seeded types as energy-rich, high protein feed supplements for I ivestock. Potential markets also need to be studied. Table 3. Mean seed yields for the five top yielding medium seed size F3 and F4 populations of chickpeas grown in 1983 and 1984+. Popu-1 a ti on Source SOB 1 Syria SOB 2 Syria SOB 3 Syria SOB 4 Syria SOB 5 Syria SOGI 6 Turkey Location mean Range 1983 F3 populations Brookings Highmore 1984 F4 populations Highmore Wall Overall Mean -----------------------lbs/acre---------------------3164 1283 2331 747 1881 3058 1372 2311 992 1933 3263 1356 2584 700 1972 2708 1461 2852 1225 2062 3075 1211 2192 1031 1877 1576 1300 2822 1275 1743 2536 1269 2386 926 1576-3263 961-2852 1915-2852 617-1275 +F3 populations were hand-weeded and F4 populations were treated with Trifluralin for weed control. Late harvest and late summer rains resulted in severe pod drop and reduced yields in F4 populations at Wall. Table 4. Mean seed yields for the five top yielding populations in the large­seeded chickpea trial conducted in 1983 at Highmore and Rapid City. Population Source SOGI 1 Spain SOGI 2 Spain SOGI 3 Spain SOGI 4 Spain SOGI 5 Spain Location 111ean Range Highmore Rapid City Overa 11 mean -------------------lbs/acre---------------2756 2582 2669 2413 2813 2613 2413 2711 2562 2346 2764 2555 2468 2353 2411 2207 2468 2155 1094-2756 1603-2813 5 6 Table 5. Mean seed yields for the five top yielding medium- to smal I-seeded populations in the chickpea adaptation trial grown at three locations+. Population Source Seed+ Brookings Highmore Highmore size+ 1982 1982 1983 Rapid City 1983 Overa 11 mean --------------------lbs/acre---------------------SDGI 6 Turkey M 2447 5192 1214 2901 2939 SDGI 7 India s 743 4565 1938 3376 2657 SDGI 8 India s 992 4242 1544 2803 2395 SDGI 9 India s 1139 4095 1185 2672 2273 SDGI 10 India s 995 3914 1475 2554 2234 Location mean 889 3214 1174 2588 1966 Range 220-2447 1484-5192 615-1938 1822-3376 +Comparisons should be made only between populations within locations and years, because of differences in harvesting methods and hand versus chemical methods of weed control. For example, the relatively low yields for some populations at Brookings in 1982 and Highmore in 1983 were most likely due to weed competition early in the growing season or hand weeding just prior to flowering which may have caused differential root damage. Trifluralin was used for weed control at +Rapid City in 1983. +S = small-, M = medium-seed size. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors express their thanks to Lakew Desta for his assistance in harvest­ing, threshing, and obtaining data from al I research plots; Lon Hal I for his as­sistance in planting; and Mike Volek, Clair Stymiest, and Harry Geise for assis­tance at Highmore, Rapid City, and Wal I, respectively. R EFE R ENC E S  Auld, D. L. , R. H. Cal I ihan, G. A. Murray, L. E. O'Keeffe, and B. L. Bettis. 1 982. Garbanzo beans - a potential new pulse crop for Idaho. U of Idaho A E S  Bui 6 1 5. ___ , J. E. Crock, M. J. Silbernagel, B. L. Bettis, and G. Singh. 1 985. Registration of Lyons and Aztec chickpeas. Crop Sci 25:365. Baldridge, D. E. , L. E. Welty, and R. H. Lockerman. 1 982. Garbanzo beans in Montana. MSU CE S  folder 239. Boe, A. , and S. Tuwafe. 1 983. Chickpea research, progress report. SD SU Plant Science Department Pamph #73. Duke, J. A. 1 98 1 . Handbook of legumes of world economic importance. Plenum, NY. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations CFAO). 1 983. FAO Production Yearbook 37. FAO, Rome. Gonzalez, A. , W. H. Martinez, and V. L. Frampton. 1 960. Effect of autoclaving on the basic amino acids and proteins of the chickpea. Agric and Fd Chem 8: 331 • Meuhlbauer, F. J. , R. W. Short, W. J. Kaiser, D. F. Bezdicek, K. J. Morrison, and D. G. Swan. 1 982. Description and culture of chickpeas. W SU CES  EB 112. Pond, W. G. , and J. H. Maner. 1 984. Swine production and nutrition. AV I Pub Co, Westport, CT. Tannous, R. I. , J. W. Cowan, F. Rinnu, R. J. Asfour, and Z. I. Sabry. 1 96.?. Protefn-rfch food mixtures for feeding infants and preschool children in the Middle East. hn J Cl in Nut 1 7:1 43. Tuwafe, S. 1 984. Genetic variation in chickpea (Cjcer arjetjoum L). PhD thesis, SD SU. and A. Boe. 1 982. Chickpea research, progress report. SDSU Plant Science Department Pamph #77. and 1 984. Chickpea research, progress report. SDSU Plant Science Department Pamph (in press). and 1 985. Chickpea research, progress report. SD SU Plant Science Department Pamph (in press). Cover photo: Mature chickpea plants with heavy pod set at Highmore in 1 983. Published in accordance with an Act passed 1n 1881 by the 14th Leg1slat1ve Assembly, Dakota Territory. establishing the Dakota Agriculture College and with the Act of re-organization passed in 1887 bv the 17th Leg1slat1ve Assembly. which established the Agricultural Experiment Station at South Dakota State Un1vers1ty File: 1 .4-13--January 1 986 7 

Chickpeas - A Potential Crop for the Midwest

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Chickpeas - A Potential Crop for the Midwest

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