A new hulless oat, James, C.I. 5015, has been described. This variety was derived from the cross of ( Bond x Double Cross Bond) x Nakota. It is stiff-strawed, mid-early and has produced a high yield of good quality grain in eastern South Dakota. James has the White Russian type of stem rust resistance, Puccinia graminis avenae, Eriks, and Henn., and the Bond type leaf rust resistance, Puccinia coronata (Pers.) Cda. It is resistant to both species of smut, U stilago kolleri Wille. and Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr

Dirks, V. A.

Grafius, J. E.

English

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South Dakota State UniversityOpen PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access InstitutionalRepository and Information ExchangeBulletins South Dakota State University AgriculturalExperiment Station3-1-1950James Hulless OatsJ. E. GrafiusV. A. DirksFollow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletinsThis Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station at Open PRAIRIE: OpenPublic Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorizedadministrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, pleasecontact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu.Recommended CitationGrafius, J. E. and Dirks, V. A., "James Hulless Oats" (1950). Bulletins. Paper 401.http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_bulletins/401BULLETIN 401 M�RCH 19so L OATS James H·ULLESS OATS By J.E. GRAFIUs and V. A. DrnKs1 A demand for hulless oats in South Dakota was created by the release of Na­kota in 1939 by the South Dakota Agri­cultural Experiment Station. N akota proved to be desirable as swine and poul­try feed but was lacking in leaf rust resis­tance, Puccinia coronata (Pers.) Cda., and because of this· was eventually dis­carded in favor of varieties of common oats that were resistant to this pathogen. In the spring of 1950, over 2,000 bush­els of James, a new hulless oat, were re­leased by this same station. James has the same leaf rust resistance that is to be found in Clinton and Mindo. In addi­tion, it has many other desirable charac­teristics, including high yield. History James was derived from the cross of (Bond x Double Cross Bond, C.I. 3650) x N akota. Previous to naming, this vari­ety was designated by the cross number 4018-135, C.I. 5015.2 The object of the cross was to obtain a hulless oat with the many desirable characteristics of N ako­ta, plus leaf rust resistance. This objec­tive was accomplished. James has been tested for performance in four areas in South Dakota. It has also lAgronomist and A·ssistant Agronomist, respectively. Figure 1. Comparison of Clinton (left) and James. Note the multiple florets on the hulless oat (James) contrasted to two and three florets per spikelet on the common oat. been tested in neighboring states so that information is available to farmers in adjacent areas. Farmers in other states should contact their experiment station for recommendations before purchasing seed of this variety. Plant and Seed Characteristics James is a mid-early, stiff-strawed, hulless oat (Figs. 1 and 2). The seed and plant characteristics of this variety can be described best by comparing it with the varieties shown in Table 1. In comparison with Nakota, James shows an improvement in earliness, lodging resistance, leaf rust resistance and test weight. The increase in test weight is largely due to increase in leaf rust resistance. It should be pointed out that. James, like Clinton and Minda, is susceptible to race 45 of leaf rust and 2The unselected Fa seed was obtained in 1942 from Dr. H. C. Murphy U.S.D.A. in cooperation with Iowa State Col­lege, Ames, Iowa. This generosity advanced the release of James by at least two years. Table 1. Average plant and seed characteristics of James, Clinton Vikota, Mindo, and Nakota, grown at Brookings, 1946-49. Helm in-Test* Leaf thosporium Date Lodging Height weight Stem rust rust victoriae Variety headed resistance inches lbs./bu. resistance resistance resis�ance James ________ 6/18 Rt 33 45.0 MR MR R Clinton ______ 6/18 R 32 36.8 MR MR R Vikota ________ 6/18 MS 30 33.5 MR R s Mindo ________ 6/15 R 30 36.4 MR MR R Nakota ______ 6/20 MS 34 40.9 MR s R "The legal test weight for hulltss oats is 42 pounds per measured bushel. tR-resistant, S-susceptible, MR-moderately resistant, MS-moderately susceptible. races 3 and 7 of stem rust, Puccinia graminis avenae, Eriks. and Henn. While no good tests on shattering are available, field observations indicate that it is equal to N akota which was satisfac­tory in this respect. The new release has the Markton type smut resistance and hence is resistant to all known races of both U stilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr. and U stilago kolleri Wille.3 James, like N akota, has a tendency to "throw" a slight percentage of hulled oats (about 0.1 percent) of which about one-half will produce hulless types the next generation. The use of the Carter disk for seed cleaning will tend to keep , the hulled types at a minimum. Under field conditions, an average of one hulled type for every two square rods has been found in the foundation seedl'stock. Yield Data The yield data are presented in Table 2. The 1945 yields are not included in the averages in order to avoid the bias introduced by the use of the yield data for the year in which the variety was selected. That is, the superiority of a va­riety in the year it was selected is obvi­ous, as high yield is one of the factors for which the variety was selected. The yield in the selection year is therefore not competitive and one degree of freedom is sacrificed. In calculating the yields of hulless oats it is necessary to adjust for hulls in order that the data may be comparable to that from common oats. This adjustment was made on the assumption that approxi­mately 0.3 of the weight of common oats was due to the hull and that the remain­ing 0.7 was due to the groat. The yield of hulless oats in terms of common oats would then be: weight in lbs./ acre _ b h l _7 x 32 - us e s  per acre It will be observed that the average yields of James, when adjusted for hulls, compare favorably with the yields of the standard varieties. At Brookings the 4-year average for James exceeds all others by a statistically significant difference. Ecologically, this variety is best suited to Figure 2. Seed of the new hulless oat. Actual Size 3Conclusions from data furnished by Dr. E. D. Hansing, Kansas State Coll�ge, Manhattan, Kansas. Table 2. Yield comparisons in bushels per acre of James with four standard varieties at four locations in South Dakota. Variety Brookings 1946-49 James* _____________________________________ 82.0 Clinton -------------------------------_______ 75. 4 Vikota _______________________ · _______________ 63.5 Min do ________________________________________ 72. 4 N akota * ____________________________________ 68.2 Least significant difference ____ 5.1 •Hulless, adjusted for hulls by dividing by 0.7. eastern South Dakota and should be re­stricted west of the Missouri river to small acreages for a special purpose crop and to areas in the Black Hills. Average yields by themselves are often misleading as they do not show the year­ly fluctuation of a variety. The ability of a variety to produce an acceptable yield every year is just as important as the total or average yield over a period of years. This stability of yield can be seen in Table 3. Yields of James have been consistently good when compared with .Clinton (Table 3) and in no case was the yield of Table 3. The stability of yield of James, Vikota, Mindo and Nakota in respect to Clinton Station and variety 1946 1947 1948 1949 av! Brookings + + + James __________ 01 0 Vikota ______ - 0 0 0 Min do ________ o 0• 0 0 0 Nakata ---- + 0 Clinton ______ o 0 0 0 0 Highmore James -------- + + 0 + Vikota ------ 0 0 Mindo ________ 0 + 0 0 Clinton ------ 0 0 0 0 Cottonwood James ________ 0 0 0 + Vikota ________ 0 0 0 + Mindo ________ 0 0 0 + Clinton ------ 0 0 0 0 Eureka James --- ---- 0 0 0 Vikota ----- 0 0 0 Mindo _______ 0 0 0 Clinton ______ 0 0 0 10 = no statistically significant increase over Clinton; + = a significant increase; - = a significant decrease. 2Based on avenges in Table 2. Highmore Cottonwood Eureka 1947-49 1947-49 1948-49 74.8 36.6 30.5 64.4 31.4 30.0 70.5 37.1 31.4 69.0 38.8 31.0 5.6 5.0 4.5 James statistically less than the yield of Clinton. Cultural Practices in South Dakota James oats should be seeded at the rate of 50 pounds per acre. No special equipment is needed for harvesting. James may be cut with a binder, windrowed, or direct combined in accordance with the best practices for common oats in the particular area. H ulless oats should not be cut green as this will cause the oats to be light weight and hard to thresh. For feed purposes no special cleaning is required. For seed purposes, it is best to scalp with a fanning mill and then use a Carter disk. Storage under South Dakota condi­tions presents no serious problem. Hull­ess oats tha�have a moisture content of 13 percent or less have been found to store well. Summary A new hulless oat, James, C.I. 5015, has been described. This variety was de­rived from the cross of ( Bond x Double Cross Bond) x Nakota. It is stiff­strawed,mid-early and has produced a high yield of good quality grain in east­ern South Dakota. James has the White Russian type of stem rust resistance, Puc­cinia graminis avenae, Eriks, and Henn., and the Bond type leaf rust resistance, Puccinia coronata (Pers.) Cda. It is resis­tant to both species of smut, U stilago kolleri Wille. and Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr. 

James Hulless Oats

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James Hulless Oats

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