The East Texas Radiocarbon Database is an important and relatively new database concerning one key aspect of the archaeological record of the Caddo peoples that lived in East Texas from as early as ca. A.D. 800/850. To date, there are a total of approximately 920 radiocarbon dates available from ancestral Caddo sites in the region in the East Texas Radiocarbon Database

Perttula, Timothy K.

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Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State Volume 2016 Article 67 2016 New Radiocarbon Dates from Four East Texas Caddo Sites Timothy K. Perttula Center for Regional Heritage Research, Stephen F. Austin State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita  Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Repository Citation Perttula, Timothy K. (2016) "New Radiocarbon Dates from Four East Texas Caddo Sites," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2016 , Article 67. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.67 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2016/iss1/67 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact cdsscholarworks@sfasu.edu. New Radiocarbon Dates from Four East Texas Caddo Sites Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2016/iss1/67 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 63, 2016New Radiocarbon Dates from Four East Texas Caddo SitesTimothy K. PerttulaINTRODUCTIONThe East Texas Radiocarbon Database is an important and relatively new database concerning one key aspect of the archaeological record of the Caddo peoples that lived in East Texas from as early as ca. A.D. 800/850 (cf. Selden and Perttula 2013).  To date, there are a total of approximately 920 radiocarbon dates available from ancestral Caddo sites in the region in the East Texas Radiocarbon Database (Robert Z. Selden Jr., May 2015 personal communication).Sites and New Radiocarbon DatesThe nine radiocarbon dates reported on in this article are from four archaeological sites: one in the upper Sabine River basin, two sites in the Angelina River basin at Lake Sam Rayburn, and the fourth site on Black Bayou in the Red River basin. None of the sites have had previously obtained radiocarbon dates. Available archaeological information indicates that all four sites were occupied after ca. A.D. 1400, during the late Caddo period, and one site may have been occupied after ca. A.D. 1680, in the Historic Caddo period.Burks (41WD52)The M. W. Burks site is a Late Caddo period Titus phase settlement and cemetery in the Little Dry Creek basin in the upper Sabine River drainage in the East Texas Pineywoods. Investigations of the site in 1978 ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????slipped sherds in the midden deposits, “it seems likely that the Caddo occupation took place in the 15th and 16th centuries, perhaps ending in the early 1500s” (Perttula 2005:25).????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????deposits, and samples of those organic remains recently were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The samples included charred maize cupules from Midden A (Unit 2, level 4, 30-40 cm bs) and charred hickory nutshells from Midden C (Unit 3, level 3, 20-30 cm bs and Unit 4, level 20-30 cm bs) (Table 1).Table 1. Radiocarbon dates from the Burks site (41WD52).Context Direct AMS # Conventional 2 Sigma Calibrated age (B.P.) age (A.D.)*Midden AUnit 2, 30-40 cm D-AMS 010117 369 ± 24 A.D. 1450-1525Midden CUnit 3, 20-30 cm D-AMS 010118 493 ± 26 A.D. 1409-1444Unit 4, 20-30 cm D-AMS 010119 502 ± 25 A.D. 1407-1442*Reimer et al. (2013), IntCal13 calibration curve; see also http://intcal.qub.ac.uk/intcal13/) for the Northern Hemisphere18 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 63 (2016)Although the calibrated radiocarbon dates from the Burks site are not in stratigraphic order in the shallow midden deposits, the results suggest two periods of use by Caddo peoples. The Midden C deposits have calibrated 2 sigma age ranges of A.D. 1407-1444, suggesting that this midden began to accumulate in the early years of the Titus phase (see Table 1). Perhaps a generation or more later, Midden A deposits were accumulated during a A.D. 1450-1525 Caddo occupation.Walter Bell (41SB50)The Walter Bell site is a small prehistoric Caddo farmstead or hamlet with two circular houses, a portion of a third house in the area of House 2, midden deposits, and six burials in the Angelina River basin at Lake Sam Rayburn (Jelks 1965:53-69). Four of the burials (Burials 1-3 and 6) were in close association (either ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????5 was in an open area, possibly a courtyard or work area between the two Caddo houses. Funerary offerings placed with the deceased included ceramic vessels, Perdiz arrow points, conch shell beads, deer ulna tools and ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????at the site (i.e., clay elbow pipes, a high proportion of brushed utility ware sherds from Broaddus Brushed vessels, and lower proportions of Pineland Punctated-Incised vessel sherds), the Walter Bell site was apparently primarily occupied after ca. A.D. 1450-1500, in the Late Caddo period and the Late Angelina or Bell phase (see Middlebrook 1994, 1997; Perttula et al. 2009:22; Perttula and Walters 2016).The radiocarbon samples from the site include a portion of a deer ulna awl from habitation deposits (Lot 178) and organic residue scraped from preserved remnants on two ceramic vessels: Vessel 958 (Burial 3) and Vessel 1012 (from a non-burial feature) (Table 2). Vessel 958 is an incised-punctated-brushed jar (Perttula and Walters 2016:Figure 4) and Vessel 1012 is a brushed-incised jar.Table 2. Radiocarbon dates from the Walter Bell site (41SB50).Context Direct AMS # Conventional 2 Sigma Calibrated  age (B.P.) age (A.D.)*Lot 178, habitation D-AMS 010124 327 ± 22 A.D. 1481-1643Vessel 1012 D-AMS 010120 322 ± 27 A.D. 1475-1646Vessel 958 D-AMS010121 476 ± 23 A.D. 1417-1447*Reimer et al. (2013), IntCal13 calibration curve??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????A.D. 1417-1447 (see Table 2). The other two calibrated radiocarbon dates have a 2 sigma age range of A.D. 1475-1646, during the Late Caddo period Bell phase.Wylie Price (41SA94)The Wylie Price site was on a low upland ridge about 1.6 km east of Attoyac Bayou at Lake Sam Rayburn ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????and northern parts of the site. Burial 1 was an adult female with three ceramic vessels placed near the head and shoulders of the deceased. Also in the burial were 21 blue glass beads that had been placed around the neck of the adult female (Jelks 1965:81, 193). These glass beads are clear evidence that this burial at the ??????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????the head facing to the northeast (Jelks 1965:Figure 36). Two complete vessels, one shell-tempered, and a large section of a third vessel had been placed near the left shoulder of the deceased, along with bird bone ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????to well after ca. A.D. 1400, in the Bell or late Angelina phase.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 63 (2016) 19The radiocarbon sample from the Wylie Price site consisted of charred organic residue scraped from the exterior surface of Vessel 170-1 from Burial 2 (Table 3). This vessel is a shell-tempered incised-punctated jar (Perttula and Walters 2016:Figure 9).Table 3. Radiocarbon date from the Wylie Price site (41SA94).Context Direct AMS # Conventional 2 Sigma Calibrated  age (B.P.) age (A.D.)*Vessel 170-1 D-AMS 010122 326 ± 23 A.D. 1480-1643*Reimer et al. (2013), IntCal13 calibration curveThe one calibrated radiocarbon date from the Wylie Price site (see Table 3) indicates that the Caddo occupation here also took place during the Late Caddo Bell phase. In fact, the radiocarbon-dated occupations at both the Walter Bell and Wylie Price sites are contemporaneous.The four new radiocarbon dates from the Walter Bell and Wylie Price sites add to the corpus of radiocarbon dates from Caddo sites at Lake Sam Rayburn: one date from the Etoile site (41NA11), one date from the Sawmill site (41SA89), and one date from the Blount site (41SA123) (Perttula 1998:332, 334).Goode Hunt (41CS23)Two radiocarbon samples were submitted for dating from the Goode Hunt site, a late 17th to early 18th century (ca. 1680-1720) Nasoni Caddo site in Cass County, Texas, contemporaneous with the nearby Clements site (41CS25), in the northeastern part of the state (Perttula 2015; Perttula et al. 2010). It is situated on a knoll ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????The Goode Hunt site is a large ancestral Caddo cemetery, and the radiocarbon samples discussed herein came from Burials I-5 and I-9 excavated in 1932 by the University of Texas (Jackson 1932). These burials ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????Burial I-5 is a piece of deer teeth that had been placed inside Vessel 43, a Simms Engraved carinated bowl, while the Burial I-9 sample was charred organic residue scraped off the surface of Vessel 68, a Mockingbird Punctated jar (Perttula 2015) (Table 4).Table 4. Radiocarbon dates from the Goode Hunt site (41CS23).Context Direct AMS # Conventional 2 Sigma Calibrated age (B.P.) age (A.D.)*Deer teeth, Vessel D-AMS 010125 315 ± 22 A.D. 1490-1646  43, Burial I-5Vessel 68, D-AMS 010123 250 ± 22 A.D. 1641-1746  Burial I-9*Reimer et al. (2013), IntCal13 calibration curveThe initial use of the Caddo cemetery at the Goode Hunt site took place during the 16th and early part of the 17th century A.D., based on the calibrated age of the deer teeth placed inside a vessel in Burial I-5 (see Table 4). The charred organic residue on Vessel 68 in Burial I-9 may date at a 2 sigma calibration to the mid-17th to mid-18th century A.D., later than Burial I-5 in the cemetery, but likely dated before A.D. 1700. 20 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 63 (2016)Summary and ConclusionsA total of nine new radiocarbon dates have been obtained from four ancestral Caddo sites in East Texas, namely three dates from the Burks site (41WD52) in the upper Sabine River basin; three dates from the Walter Bell site (41SB50) and one date from the Wylie Price site (41SA94) in the Angelina River basin at Lake Sam Rayburn; and two dates from the Goode Hunt site (41CS23) in the Black Bayou basin. Dated organic materials include charred maize and charred hickory nutshells (n=3), deer ulna and teeth fragments (n=2), and charred organic residue preserved on the exterior surface of ceramic vessels (n=4). The conventional radiocarbon ages of the radiocarbon samples from these four sites range from as early as 502 + 25 years B.P. (Burks site) to as late as 250 + 22 years B.P. (Goode Hunt site), all falling in the Late Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1400-1690) in East Texas. Two sigma IntCal13 calibrations suggest two periods of use by Titus phase Caddo peoples at the Burks site (41WD52): A.D. 1407-1444, and then perhaps a generation ??? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????Bell site (41SB50) may have taken place between cal. A.D. 1417-1447. The other two calibrated radiocarbon dates from features have a 2 sigma age range of A.D. 1475-1646, during the Late Caddo period Bell phase. The one calibrated radiocarbon date from the Wylie Price site (41SA94)) indicates that the Caddo occupation here also took place during the Late Caddo Bell phase (A.D. 1480-1643), and the radiocarbon-dated occupations at both the Walter Bell and Wylie Price sites are contemporaneous. Finally, the two calibrated radiocarbon dates from the Goode Hunt site (41CS23) pinpoint its initial use as a Caddo cemetery during the 16th and early part of the 17th century A.D. (A.D. 1490-1646, 2 sigma calibration). The charred organic residue on a vessel in another burial has at a 2 sigma calibrated age range of A.D. 1641-1746, but its most likely age range is before A.D. 1700.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI thank the staff at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin for access to the collections from the Walter Bell, Wylie Price, and Goode Hunt sites. I also thank Dr. Ugo Zoppi of the DirectAMS Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Lab for processing the radiocarbon samples.REFERENCES CITEDJackson, A. T.????? ???????????????????????????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin.Jelks, E. B.1965 The Archeology of McGee Bend Reservoir, Texas. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin.Middlebrook, T. A.1994 An Update of Archaeological Investigations at the Tyson Site. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 3:1-36.1997 The Caddoan Occupation of the Attoyac and Angelina River Basins in the Middle Caddoan Period. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 10:36-40.Perttula, T. K.1992 “The Caddo Nation”: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Perspectives. University of Texas Press, Austin.1998 A Compendium of Radiocarbon and Oxidizable Carbon Ratio Dates from Archaeological Sites in East Texas, with a Discussion of the Age and Dating of Select Components and Phases. Radiocarbon 39(3):305-342.Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 63 (2016) 212005 The M. W. Burks Site (41WD52), A Late Caddo Hamlet in Wood County, Texas. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 23:1-27.2015 Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Goode Hunt (41CS23) and Clements (41CS25) Sites in the East Texas Pineywoods. Special Publication No. 42. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Austin and Pittsburg, in press.Perttula, T. K. and M. Walters2016 Caddo Ceramic Vessels from Lake Sam Rayburn Sites. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 61:65-89.Perttula, T. K., R. Cast, B. Gonzalez, and B. Nelson2009 ????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ?????of Engineers, Fort Worth District Collections Housed at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin. Special Publication No. 13. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin.Perttula, T. K., B. Nelson, R. L. Cast, and B. Gonzalez2010 The Clements Site (41CS25): A Late 17th to Early 18th-Century Nasoni Caddo Settlement and Cemetery. Anthropological Papers No. 92. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Reimer, P. J., E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J. W. Beck, P. G. Blackwell, C. Bronk Ramsey, C. E. Buck, H. Cheng, R. L. ????????? ???????????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??L. Hoffman, A. G. Hogg, K. A. Hughen, K. F. Kaiser, B. Kromer, S. W. Manning, M. Niu, R. W. Reimer, D. A. Richards, E. M. Scitt, J. R. Southon, R. A. Staff, C. S. M. Turney, and J. van der Plicht2013 IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0-50,000 Years Cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869-1887.Selden, R. Z., Jr. and T. K. Perttula2013 Radiocarbon Trends and the East Texas Caddo Tradition (ca. A.D. 800-1680). Southeastern Archaeology 32:85-96.

New Radiocarbon Dates from Four East Texas Caddo Sites

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New Radiocarbon Dates from Four East Texas Caddo Sites

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